Academisch proefschrift--Leyden. / Summary in French.

Academisch proefschrift--Leyden. / Summary in French.

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This thesis analyses three issues raised by the application of the general principles of law to commercial arbitration. First, it is essential to assess the core and the substance of the general principles of law. Our first hypothesis purports that the UPICC reduces considerably the uncertainty of the general principles of law in international trade. Secondly, an analysis of the nature of the UPICC is needed, in order to determine whether they have the essential features of a transnational norm and can thus escape the application of national legal norms. We will thus analyse the existing mechanisms to assure the autonomy, of PUCCI, from national law. Thirdly, we will analyse the legitimacy of the UPICC. In doing so, we shall refer to the concept of reflexive legimitacy, a legitimacy obtained through the consensus of the merchant community. This reflexive legitimacy over the UPICC is generally admitted. Two rules within the UPICC, however, raise doubts and concerns over their acceptability in the merchants' community: the hardship and the gross disparity provisions. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

Both the civil and the common law legal systems have, as a result of their historical development, elaborated different conceptions of the law of agency. Given the existing divergence in approaches and rules relating to agency, the international unification of law in this field, although highly demanded by commercial practice, seems a problematic, but not impossible, task. The decades long efforts of a large number of states, international organisations and individuals to provide uniform rules of international agency law have resulted in the adoption of two conventions, namely, the Hague Convention on the Law Applicable to Agency (1978) aimed at the unification of the conflict rules of agency, and the UNIDROIT Convention on Agency in the International Sale of Goods (1983) which attempts to provide uniform material rules. / This thesis provides a detailed analysis of the uniform rules set out in both agency Conventions. The main purpose of this analysis is to assess the extent to which uniformity is achieved by these Conventions. However, in order to reveal the divergence of approaches between the civil and common law legal systems and define the "conflict areas" of international agency, the present study also contains a comparative survey of material and conflict rules of agency existing in the two systems.

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LL.M. (International Commercial Law) / The principle of party autonomy is a fundamental characteristic of private international law. The contracting parties’ freedom of choice regarding the law governing their contract is one which optimises the fundamental principle of party autonomy. It is generally accepted that a choice of a governing law by the parties should be respected by adjudicating bodies such as domestic courts and arbitral tribunals. It would often benefit contracting parties to choose a neutral legal system so that there will be a “fair playing field” in case a dispute arises between them. However, some domestic legal systems and regional, supranational and international commercial instruments limit the choice of law to that of a recognised domestic legal system. Accordingly, choosing the UNIDROIT Principles on International Commercial Contracts as governing law will, in most cases, not be a viable option for the parties concerned. Such a limitation on the choice of a governing law does not promote the fundamental principle of party autonomy, which is characteristic of private international law. Parties to an international commercial contract should be able to choose a non-state system of law to govern their contract. The UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts provide a comprehensive, complete and easily obtainable system of law compiled by legal experts in the various fields which form part of international commercial law. It follows a via media system of law with regards to Civil Law and Common Law legal systems. This paper will discuss the principle of party autonomy, as well as the possibility of a choice of non-state law, in particular the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts, as the law governing an international commercial contract. The choice of law will be discussed with reference to the position taken in domestic courts as well as that in international arbitration. To review the impact and success of the UNIDROIT Principles in the realm of international commercial contracting, various international commercial instruments will be discussed.

S’inscrivant dans le champ de l’histoire des relations culturelles internationales, cette thèse analyse de manière comparatiste l’élaboration d’une diplomatie culturelle par l’Argentine, le Brésil et le Chili dans la période de l’entre-deux-guerres, en s’appuyant sur des organismes de coopération intellectuelle à vocation internationale ou régionale. Notre but est de montrer comment, à partir des toiles tissées par les différentes structures et dynamiques de la coopération intellectuelle, internationale, continentale ou latino-américaine, l’Argentine, le Brésil et le Chili ont forgé les instruments d’une diplomatie culturelle et ont bâti une certaine image d’eux-mêmes sur la scène internationale. Cette thèse vise à montrer que les initiatives argentine, brésilienne et chilienne sur le terrain de la diplomatie culturelle ne prennent corps et sens que dans la mesure où elles s’insèrent dans des dynamiques qui dépassent leurs frontières.Dans le cadre d’une étude sur la diplomatie culturelle, qui implique que le pays qui en fait usage ait une image à proposer sur la scène internationale, la question de l’identité nationale est au cœur de la réflexion. Nous nous inscrivons donc dans une perspective qui relève tout autant de l’histoire des relations internationales que de l’histoire culturelle, aux confins des débats sur l’identité nationale et sur la définition de la politique étrangère. / Contributing to the field of history of international cultural relations, this thesis proposes a comparative analysis of the engagement in cultural diplomacy by Argentina, Brazil and Chile in the period between the two World Wars. This surge in cultural diplomacy relied upon organizations for intellectual cooperation, both on an international and regional level. The goal of this work is to show how, from various networks embedded in the structures and dynamics of international, continental and Latin American intellectual cooperation, Argentina, Brazil and Chile forged deliberate instruments of cultural diplomacy and constructed a certain image of themselves on the international scene. This thesis aims to show that these initiatives in cultural diplomacy could neither have happened nor acquired their importance without being part of larger dynamics transcending their own national borders. At the heart of any reflection on cultural diplomacy and its concern with projections of national images into international settings is the question of national identity. Therefore, the work takes a perspective that is as much part of history of international relations as it is cultural history, retracing the frontier of debates on national identity and the definition of foreign policy.

Im Hinblick auf die Größe (ca. 300 Studierende) und das Alter ist das Internationale Hochschulinstitut Zittau ein Winzling in der universitären Landschaft. Und dennoch können wir auf 20 erfolgreiche Jahre zurückblicken, die in einem angemessenen Rahmen gefeiert werden sollten. Im akademischen Umfeld ist es gute Tradition, einen derartigen feierlichen Anlass mit der Herausgabe einer Festschrift zu würdigen. Im ersten Teil der Festschrift finden sich drei Beiträge zur Entwicklung des IHI Zittau und dem in Zittau entwickelten kooperativen Promotionsmodell. Der zweite Teil umfasst 22 Beiträge von Promovierenden, die ihre Promotionsvorhaben beschreiben.

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