The diploma thesis deals with New Zealand's economy and position in the international tourism market. The aim of the thesis is to analyse macroeconomic indicators and evaluate position of New Zealand in the international tourism market along with assessment of competitiveness in both areas. Firstly, the thesis evaluates economic situation of New Zealand and its competitiveness. A comparative analysis of selected macroeconomic indicators with chosen countries from the region Asia and Pacific is also provided. Secondly, the thesis focuses on tourism in New Zealand, its characteristics, main destinations, attractions and the latest statistics along with the evaluation of competitiveness and position in the international tourism market. Finally, the thesis describes problematic areas and current policies of tourism in New Zealand, and mentions its possible future development. The findings are presented in SWOT analysis.

The diploma thesis discusses the island state of Mauritius, especially from the point of view of the macroeconomic situation and in terms of analysis and description of international tourism. The first chapter considers the theoretical foundations of international tourism, the world economy and the problems of developing countries, particularly small island developing states. The second chapter describes the island of Mauritius and its historical, geographical, social and political characteristics. The third chapter deals with macroeconomic characteristics of the island. In this section the main points rank the structure of the economy, indicators of economic performance, as well as the conditions for investment and also evaluation of the competitiveness of the economy. The fourth part reflects Mauritius as an important destination of international tourism. The island's economy is very dependent on international tourism. This chapter describes its characteristics, structure, focusing on inbound tourism and future trends of tourism. Diploma thesis concludes with a chapter on the comparison of the competitiveness of tourism in Mauritius and Seychelles.

This mini-dissertation examines the nexus between international co-operation in tourism and economic diplomacy through the lens of modern diplomatic practice. In this 21st century, characterised by globalisation, economic diplomacy is emerging as one of the ubiquitous mode of modern diplomatic practice in both the developed and developing nations. It takes many forms, such as negotiation of bilateral and multilateral trade regimes, establishing foreign economic relations, nation branding, attraction of foreign direct investment and promoting international tourism to pursue national development imperatives. This mini-dissertation focuses on one function of economic diplomacy, that of international co-operation in the field of tourism. This is a case study research design based on literature review, analysing the nature and character of the evolving economic diplomacy practiced through tourism co-operation between South Africa and China. The literature review indicates that there is an abundance of analysis on the significance, nature and conduct of economic diplomacy between South Africa and China and that economic diplomacy is central to their growing diplomatic ties since 2009. However, there is lack of understanding of tourism’s role in South Africa’s economic diplomacy architecture, meaning the exact role of tourism co-operation in advancing economic diplomacy remains undocumented in the mainstream literature discussing South Africa’s evolving economic diplomacy agenda. This lacuna has motivated this study and its findings will contribute to the body of knowledge on the evolving nature of modern diplomatic practice. This mini-dissertation investigates the extent to which economic diplomacy practiced through tourism co-operation advanced economic diplomacy between South Africa and China from 2009 to 2017. The nature of economic diplomacy practiced by South Africa through international tourism co-operation postulated in this mini-dissertation includes mainly four pillars: 1. Negotiation, signing and implementation of tourism co-operation agreements; 2. Representation of South Africa’s tourism interests in China; 3. Country branding and positioning to increase inbound tourism arrivals; and 4. Building business relations through tour operators to promote tourism. The four pillars constitute the central tenets of analysis in this study, with the key finding being that co-operation in tourism is emerging as a major constituent of the burgeoning economic diplomacy between South Africa and China. The report recommends a more focused research agenda on this theme of tourism co-operation in diplomacy studies and provides policy recommendations on how South Africa can strategically use this form of co-operation as an effective instrument of economic diplomacy. / Mini Dissertation (MA Diplomatic Studies)--University of Pretoria, 2017. / National Department of Tourism / Political Sciences / MA Diplomatic Studies / Unrestricted

Tourism - in particular its determinants and effects - is an issue presently attracting much attention worldwide. International tourism is considered to be the largest single item of the world's foreign trade and for some countries it is the most important export industry and earner of foreign exchange. In addition to its economic significance, tourism contributes to the quality of life. It produces intangible benefits which are directly related to the physical and psychological health of people, and the enjoyment of the right to rest and free time. This applies with equal validity to both domestic and international tourism; the latter establishing international economic, political and socio-cultural links, as well as strengthening the domestic character of a nation. At the individual level, tourism satisfies the need to travel in search for relief from the stress of work and the routine of daily life in the big urban centres. At macro (country) level, tourism is, therefore, a human and economic activity which concerns most of us in many parts of the world, directly or indirectly. One country for which foreign tourism is of considerable importance is Greece. In order to identify likely supply constraints (e. g. tourist accommodation and basic infrastructure) and to establish the major market segments of Greek tourism, the growth and structure of foreign tourism in Greece between 1960 and 1984 is examined. Special attention is given to the magnitude of tourism in Greece and its economic effects on the national economy. The non-economic effects of tourism are also considered. This is followed by the construction of a tourist profile so that the types of foreign visitors that go to Greece are identified. Subsequently, an econometric model is developed and empirical results provided to explain foreign tourist arrivals in Greece and to assess the impact of promotional expenditure by the Greek National Tourist Organisation in a number of foreign tourist generating markets. Finally, a tourism marketing planning model is devised which highlights the main variables affecting the international tourism marketing policies of the Greek National Tourist Organisation and, in particular, empirical results are used in conjunction with- a tourism market choice matrix for selecting market targeting strategies. The major conclusion emerging from the research is that as the tourist industry in Greece is of vital importance, the adoption of a strategic, interdisciplinary and integrated tourism planning process along with the establishment of a tactically orientated task unit could provide important improvements in the effectiveness and contribution of tourism in Greece. A few proposals regarding future policies by the Greek authorities are made, such as the establishment of a co-ordinating body orchestrating the efforts of the appropriate groups relevant to the multifaceted nature of tourism. / Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC)

yes / International tourism is now the predominant industry driving growth in many small island developing states (SIDS). Governments of small islands in the Indian Ocean, Caribbean and Pacific have seemingly put most of their eggs into one development basket – the all-inclusive holiday in a luxury hotel, resort or cruise ship. While this industry generates employment, foreign direct investment, and income for island governments and the private sector, it also brings with it dependencies which are borne from the transnational ownership of these all-inclusive accommodations, the risks from exogenous factors – many of which are tied to the wider security of the global system – as well as the domestic economies in the source markets in Europe and North America. We reflect upon these dependencies and risks through a case study of the Seychelles based on fieldwork research conducted in 2012. Our findings highlight that the international tourism industry in the Seychelles – even in a situation of high or growing demand – creates structurally driven precarity for tourism workers who are predominantly low paid, low-skilled, and increasingly recruited from overseas. These findings provide new evidence that contributes to the growing research into tourism in IPE. Our findings highlight the precarious condition of labour in this fast growing service sector of the world economy and in so doing also adds much needed empirical insights from the South to recent debates about an emerging precariat in contemporary capitalism.

The peripheral region of South Sinai in Egypt is experiencing large-scale tourism development on the Gulf of Aqaba coast. Its Bedouin community is facing great challenges in its struggle for livelihood and transformation from a pastoral and fishing community to an urbanized one. This case study employs a political ecology approach to examine development on the coast in relation to its Bedouin community. The study revealed that the contextual sources of rapid development beginning in 1986 included urban, economic, and national defense policies; increased integration within international tourism markets; and support from international aid agencies. The study concluded that the tourism development boom contributes to Bedouin marginalization. Bedouin livelihood no longer depends on fishing and grazing as means of subsistence as expansion of tourism resorts along the coast has displaced other land-uses and denied Bedouin fishermen access to the sea. Tourism resorts and tourism operations controlled by multinational corporations leave little economic benefits to local Bedouins who engage in marginal tourism-related activities. Migrant entrepreneurs from other parts of Egypt compete with Bedouins over work opportunities. Regional and local plans point to increased tourism development and in-migration. This will result in further marginalization of Bedouins if development planning does not consider Bedouin interests. This research comes at a critical time to address some of the issues related to Bedouin marginalization and to recommend alternative development approaches and Bedouin community-based projects. It sets the stage for further research on regional development of South Sinai; the role of national parks in sustaining Bedouins; and future role of civil society. / Master of Urban and Regional Planning

Cette recherche a pour objet d’examiner l'importance des facteurs technologiques dans la spécialisation internationale touristique. Le test consiste, à partir des données liées au tourisme et à la technologie, à synthétiser la corrélation existante entre tourisme et facteurs technologiques dans les dépenses du tourisme domestique et international, l’investissement touristique et les dépenses en recherche et développement (R&D), à partir d’une analyse comparative de données de 2000 à 2010, en fonction d’une classifications des pays par groupes (Pays avancés, pays en voie de développement, et pays moins avancés). Les résultats ont montré que l’investissement touristique et la dépense de R&D sont des facteurs significatifs en terme d'augmentation des recettes touristiques d'un pays. Cette interprétation, mise en évidence par la théorie de « cycle de vie du produit » de Vernon, s'est avérée être un outil fortement démonstratif quant aux avantages du niveau technologique dans la valeur ajoutée dans la qualité et le développement d’un produit. Par ailleurs, la théorie de la demande de Linder est également concernée, notamment pour déterminer la spécialisation du tourisme domestique et international. On a constaté que la plupart des pays avancés ont un secteur technologique performant et une économie d'innovation qui soutient un fort développement du tourisme. Il est évident que si les données de dépenses de R&D sont principalement présentes dans les groupes de pays avancés; cet élément influence également la qualité du développement de tourisme à long terme. Dans les pays en voie de développement, caractérisés par des populations importantes, les dépenses du tourisme domestique sont plus fortes que des dépenses du tourisme international, la population reflétant par ailleurs la taille de son marché intérieur. En revanche, la proportion des dépenses touristiques internationales est plus importante que celle des dépenses touristiques domestiques dans les pays considérés comme destination touristique à part entière. Par conséquent, ces groupes de pays attirent les touristes internationaux. Le potentiel de dépenses par les populations locales dans les pays moins avancés est également faible. En conséquence, il affecte la proportion du ratio entre dépenses domestiques et internationales. Cependant, les théories des avantages comparatifs d’Hechscher & Ohlin, et/ou des avantages absolus peuvent être ici considérées pour les pays moins avancés. Ils sont en effet un avantage pour ces destinations touristiques, qui pourraient permettre, en appliquant les technologies concernées, de maintenir la compétitivité de la destination touristique. Ceci concernerait non seulement les capitaux physiques mais il leur permettrait également d'investir dans les ressources humaines (éducation, formation, savoir-faire, et connaissance). / This research examines the importance of technological factors in international tourism specialisation. The test application consists in finding tourism data related to technology, as well as in synthesising the correlation between tourism and technological factors which appear in domestic tourism expenditures, visitor exports, tourism investment, and expenditures on research and development (R&D) in order to compare their proportions between 2000 and 2010 and analysed the information by country group classification (Advanced countries, Developing countries, and Least Developed countries). The results show that tourism investment and R&D are significant factors in enhancing the tourism receipts of a country. This interpretation relates more precisely to Vernon's “Product Life Cycle” theory which has proven to be a highly demonstrative tool as to the advantages of level technology in terms of added value in product quality and product development. The theory of Demand of Linder is also concerned in order to enhance each other between domestic and international tourism specialisation. It was found that most countries in the advanced group display a solid technological sector and an innovating economy as well as the data on R&D expenditures are mainly allocated in advanced country groups; this fact also influences the quality of tourism development in the long term. In developing countries, the domestic expenditures have shown stronger than visitor exports in countries with large population. The high population in the country reflects the size of its domestic market. In contrast, the proportion of visitor export is higher than domestic expenditures in the tourism destination countries; these country groups attract international tourists. The potential of expenditures by local populations in LDC countries is also weak, it obviously affects to the ratio of both domestic and international expenditures. The theories of Heckscher&Ohlin, Comparative advantage, and/or Absolute Advantage can be considered for LDC countries, they should take advantage of being tourist destination countries by applying the technology concerned to maintain the destination. Not only would this allocate physical capital but it would also enable them to invest in human resources (education, training, knowhow, and knowledge).

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Ao longo dos anos, o turismo internacional vem crescendo rapidamente ao ponto de ser considerado a maior indÃstria do mundo, com contribuiÃÃes significativas na economia e no desenvolvimento de pequenos paÃses. Cabo Verde à um pequeno Estado insular, composto por dez ilhas, especializado na indÃstria do turismo, com forte Ãnfase na demanda turistica internacional. Considerando que o turismo internacional tem grande participaÃÃo no produto interno bruto e no setor de serviÃos de Cabo Verde, à essencial que o paÃs continue a atrair e reter turistas para apoiar o desenvolvimento da economia e do paÃs. Para isso, à necessÃrio saber o que influencia a demanda turÃstica internacional no paÃs. Destarte, o objetivo da pesquisa à analisar o potencial do mercado turÃstico internacional de Cabo Verde, com destaque para a capacidade de atraÃÃo da demanda internacional e a anÃlise da competitividade turÃstica das ilhas que compÃem o arquipÃlago. Trata-se de uma pesquisa analÃtica, com enfoque quantitativo, utilizando dados secundÃrios fornecidos pelo Instituto Nacional de EstatÃstica de Cabo Verde e pelo Banco Central de Cabo Verde. Os dados foram analisados no software estatÃstico Eviews7Â, por meio de um modelo economÃtrico autorregressivo. Calcularam-se ainda Ãndices de preferÃncia e de saturaÃÃo turÃstica das ilhas de Cabo Verde, assim como suas quotas de mercado. Os resultados mostraram que a demanda turÃstica internacional por Cabo Verde à influenciada positivamente pela oferta hoteleira, pelo fluxo turÃstico passado e pela taxa de cÃmbio. Os Ãndices de preferÃncia turÃstica indicam que as ilhas do Sal e da Boavista sÃo as que mais atraem turistas em Cabo Verde, mas tambÃm apresentam problemas de saturaÃÃo turÃstica, o que pode culminar em danos sociais e ambientais. Conclui-se que Cabo Verde reflete problemas de saturaÃÃo turÃstica, o que mostra a necessidade de planejamento integrado e detalhado no sentido de minimizar problemas sociais e ambientais, bem como direcionar investimentos para ilhas preteridas, inovando para tornÃ-las atrativas de modo que possam contribuir para o desenvolvimento e a formulaÃÃo de estratÃgias que promovam o turismo sustentÃvel no paÃs.

Cette thèse, engagée à partir des débats autour du gavage et du foie gras, se propose d’appréhender l’alimentation touristique comme un « laboratoire » de la mondialisation de l’alimentation. Elle place la régulation de l’incertitude inhérente aux relations entre mangeurs et animaux au centre de l’analyse. Ce faisant, la recherche renseigne le renouvellement des régulations de l’alimentation contemporaine, caractérisée par l’internationalisation des marchés alimentaires et les mobilités généralisées des mangeurs. L’investigation est conduite au moyen de dispositifs d’enquête complémentaires. Une étude sociohistorique analyse les débats européens relatifs au gavage et à la consommation de foie gras. Des entretiens sont effectués auprès d’acteurs socio-professionnels et institutionnels impliqués dans la production et la valorisation touristique du foie gras et auprès de touristes-mangeurs. Des observations d’interactions touristiques - notamment de visites de fermes productrices de foie gras - sont conduites. Enfin, un questionnaire est administré auprès de 662 touristes-mangeurs séjournant en Périgord Noir et résidant aux Pays-Bas, au Royaume-Uni et en France. Les analyses effectuées démontrent la prise d’importance des mouvements de la société civile dans la définition des représentations de l’alimentation au niveau global. Ces représentations sont cependant diversement traduites dans les modèles alimentaires locaux. Pour finir, les expériences touristiques, socio-culturellement construites et sensiblement vécues, participent de l’actualisation individualisée des modèles alimentaires. En s’intéressant aux circulations généralisées des aliments, des représentations et des mangeurs, la recherche éclaire les mouvements dialectiques d’uniformisation-diversification de différents niveaux du fait alimentaire. / This thesis is based on issues concerning foie gras, the force-feeding program. From the framework of food tourism, it sheds light on the globalisation of food. It also places the inherent unease that exists within the relationship of the human consumer and animals at the core of the analysis. Thus, the study informs regulations of the contemporary food, characterized by the internationalization of the food markets and the mobility generalized of the eaters. The research was conducted using complimentary investigative methods. A socio-historical study was made analysing European debates concerning force-feeding and the consumption of foie gras. Interviews were conducted with actors and representatives involved in the production of foie gras and developing tourism as well as with tourist eaters. Interactions with tourists were also observed notably during guided tours to farms producing foie gras. Finally, a questionnaire was completed by 662 tourist eaters visiting the Perigord Noir who have come from the Netherlands, The United Kingdom and France. Conclusions from the findings demonstrate an increasing importance by the international civil society in defining representations of food at a global level. What it represents is also diversely translated in local food models. Finally, the tourism experience, socio-culturally constructed and sensitively lived becomes an integral part in the individual updating of food models. When looking at the general circulation of food, what it represents and the consumer, the research clarifies a dialectic movement of standardisation-diversification of food imaginaries and practices.

This diploma thesis deals with the economy and the position of Sri Lanka in the international tourism market. The aim of the thesis is to analyze the performance of Sri Lankan economy and the country's position in the international tourism market. The thesis also concentrates on assessing the competitiveness of both the economy and the tourism industry. The development of the country is analyzed since the end of the civil war. The first chapter theoretically defines key concepts related to the issue of international tourism. The second chapter deals with the economy of Sri Lanka. Firstly, the structure of economy is introduced. Secondly, macroeconomic indicators and international trade are assessed and thirdly, the competitiveness of Sri Lankan economy is analyzed. The third chapter deals with tourism in Sri Lanka. After the presentation of tourism preconditions, the economic characteristics of the sector and of its impact on the national economy follow. The organizational structure and the tourism competitiveness are evaluated afterwards. Finally, SWOT analysis of the tourism industry in Sri Lanka is conducted.