Under the competences of the European Union's intergovernmentally controlled Justice and Home Affairs policy, counter-terrorist co-operation and co-ordination of efforts have progressed at a rapid pace following the 11 September attacks on the USA. Given, however, that Europe has experienced entrenched terrorist campaigns for the past three decades, one could be forgiven for questioning, in light of the unique co-operative position of Western Europe, why it has taken so long for the membership of the EU to reach a common definition of terrorism. Also why is it that even now, the EU has failed to develop a common policy against terrorism? Political explanations are traditional responses to such questions, but there is a risk of underestimating the complexities of the European Project, and the effect which this has had on so many areas of transnational co-operation. By focusing therefore on the often-overlooked role played by European integration on counter-terrorist co-operation, in addition to empirical analysis of the efficiency of the co-operative structures, we place ourselves in a more beneficial position to understand the current situation. Intergovernmentalism, the controlling force of JHA co-operation, we find is not mutually exclusive to law-enforcement co-operation. Two theories tested for supranational influences - neo-functionalism and federalism - have also played their part, from the early 1960s onwards, in facilitating co-operation. The historical emphasis is important, because co-operation prior to the regulation of much of this area within the EU, following the Treaties of Economic Union, provides us with ample material for analysis and greater insight into the JHA process and counter-terrorism. Intergovernmentalism has helped push counter-terrorist co-operation along, but equally we find that it now serves as a hindrance in completing its development because of its in-built tendency to retain subsidiarity. Counter terrorist co-operation, we conclude, need not be restricted to intergovernmental control any longer.

Economic stagnation in sub-Saharan Africa since 1970 is well documented. While the causes are varied, the paradigm of nationalistic state-led economic development has changed. Economic development occurs in a global marketplace. Manufacturing has shifted from developed to less developed countries, an opportunity that was seized in Asia and Latin America. South Africa’s labour, unskilled and costly by world standards, is at a disadvantage as an agile and competitive world market seeks skilled labour at the lowest cost. South Africa’s Gear economic policy suggests that 300 000 new jobs need to be created annually until 2004 in order to reduce unemployment. Small, medium and microenterprise growth is central to meeting this target. Numerous government structures to assist small enterprises have been created. Few, however, assist small business with the demands of the marketplace. Most focus on generic skills training and questionable small business finance. This thesis suggests that interfirm linkages between large and small enterprises is one strategy that can assist the growth of small business, create employment and, increase labour skills. International experience shows that generic training is less effective in promoting small business than linking business training to actual market-demands. Interfirm linkages, most often through subcontracting, is a strategy used successfully in Taiwan, Indonesia, Malaysia and Brazil. Such linkages are usually government supported and provide incentives for both large and small businesses to work together productively. Three South African interfirm linkage case studies are critiqued. Case study findings indicate that interfirm linkages expose emerging businesses to market conditions, and can provide access to process technology training, low cost raw materials, creative finance, and new markets. Small business ‘learns by doing’ and also ‘learns while earning’. The state has a role in the development of a vibrant small, medium and microenterprise sector in South Africa. Current support strategies are largely unrelated to market conditions. Interfirm linkages are an approach that applies market forces in the development of small business. Government policy would be wisely directed to support such business interactions.

This qualitative research addressed systems psychodynamic consultation to boundary management. The systemic, dynamic and chaotic aspects of organisational life formed the backdrop against which the research was conducted. The general objective of the research was to describe a relevant consulting model for organisational consulting psychologists related to boundary management. Literature was reviewed in order to describe organisational consulting and organisational boundaries from the systems psychodynamic perspective. Key principles for boundary management consulting were also described. The objectives of the empirical study were to apply psychodynamic consulting to boundary management and to describe the process. A further objective was to produce research hypotheses about boundary management from both an organisational and a consulting perspective. A case study design was followed. Descriptive data was gathered by means of a participative observer. The data was analysed by means of systems psychodynamic discourse analysis. Ten working hypothesis were produced. These hypotheses culminated into two research hypotheses, describing the primary task of boundary management and boundary management consulting. The first research hypothesis was that the primary task of boundary management is to hold the polarities of integration and differentiation, not allowing the system to become fragmented or overly integrated. The second research hypothesis was that the primary task of the consultant in boundary management consulting is to help the organisation’s managing its own boundaries. This is carried out through taking up the role of organisational consultant, performing the consulting tasks and by applying a consulting process. The researcher concluded that boundary management is an activity of the whole organisation. Boundary management consulting facilitates or supports this organisational activity.

As relações interorganizacionais, em seu contexto mais específico da gestão de custos interorganizacionais (GCI), geram aos participantes dificuldades quanto à falta de confiança, ao modo como os benefícios serão compartilhados, se as informações são verídicas, entre outros problemas. No âmbito das pesquisas interorganizacionais, o ambiente competitivo de Investor-owend Firms (IOFs) tem se favorecido. Nesse contexto, a pesquisa nas relações com as cooperativas pode favorecer tanto a literatura da GCI, quanto ajudar no segmento cooperativo agrícola, que tem perdido produtos para IOFs dos seus cooperados. Nessa visão, a pesquisa tem como objetivo verificar se e como se estabelece a configuração da GCI nas cooperativas e IOFs da cadeia de valor do café, comparando-as e relacionando as variáveis já discutidas na literatura de GCI, com a base teórica da ECT, enfoque desta tese. Utilizou-se a pesquisa qualitativa, com entrevistas semiestruturada, individuais, com produtores rurais, representantes de cooperativas e IOFs, que comercializem café e tenham relação direta, delimitados geograficamente no estado de São Paulo e Minas Gerais. Foi realizado um pré-teste, com um produtor rural, uma cooperativa e uma IOF, para validação das questões da entrevista. Posteriormente, realizou-se a análise de similitude pelo software IRAMUTEQ, confirmando as variáveis e abrindo a possibilidade de estudar uma variável nova (fidelidade comercial) não contemplada na literatura interorganizacional. Realizadas as entrevistas, com as novas questões inseridas, um total de 21 para produtores e 21 para cooperativas e IOFs, as respostas foram transcritas, utilizando o software Atlas TI para a contagem e as variações das palavras, conferindo quais estavam relacionadas com cada uma das variáveis para, assim, organizar e fazer a análise de conteúdo. Como resultado, identificou-se a relação das variáveis de GCI e ECT entre elas, dado a qualidade-funcionalidade no âmbito cafeeiro não limitar o preço pago ao produtor rural, que utiliza a qualidade-funcionalidade para aumentar o preço e o mercado futuro para minimização da incerteza na oscilação do mercado. Percebeu-se a prática do OBA na relação unilateral produtor-cooperativa, com informações acerca da qualidade e produção e também de forma unilateral, verificando que os benefícios, a cooperação e a (inter)-dependência ocorriam nesta relação. Na variável (inter)-dependência, notou-se, pelos relatos dos produtores, a utilização da venda de insumos e armazenagem na cooperativa de forma oportunista, fazendo com que o produtor tenha que manter a estabilidade da relação, para poder ter os benefícios oferecidos pela cooperativa e não arcar com taxas da retirada do café, percebendo também a falta de visão dos produtores quanto aos resultados futuros das compras com trocas de café. Ainda na prática do OBA, evidenciou-se a ocorrência de forma indireta, com informações sobre os custos dos produtores rurais, pelo programa EDUCAMPO, repassados à cooperativa. No comparativo das duas relações produtor-cooperativa e produtor-IOF, a prática da GCI é mais favorável nas cooperativas com os produtores, também no tipo de cadeia, contrariando a literatura que evidenciava essa relação ser mais democrática, sendo que, pela pesquisa, verificou-se ser mais tipificada do principal a familiar. Também nos ativos específicos, verificou-se que as cooperativas oferecem mais especificidades que as IOFs, a ponto de o produtor rural gerar uma fidelidade comercial de forma não exclusiva. / Interorganizational relations in their more specific context of interorganizational cost management (IOCM) give participants difficulties regarding lack of confidence, how benefits will be shared, if information is truthful, among other problems. In the scope of interorganizational research, the competitive environment of Investor-owned Firms (IOFs) has been favored. In this context, the research on relations with cooperatives can favor both the literature of the IOCM and help in the agricultural cooperative segment that has lost products to IOFs of its members. In this view, the research aims to verify if and how to establish the IOCM configuration in cooperatives and IOFs of the coffee value chain, comparing them and relating the variables already discussed in the release of IOCM with the theoretical basis of the transation cost economics (TCE) approach of this thesis. The qualitative research was used, with individual semi-structured interviews with farmers, representatives of cooperatives and IOFs that commercialize coffee and have a direct relations, delimited geographically in the state of São Paulo and Minas Gerais. A pre-test was carried out, with a rural producer, a cooperative and an IOF, to validate interview questions. Subsequently, the analysis of similitude was performed by the software IRAMUTEQ, confirming the variables and opening the possibility of studying a new variable (commercial loyalty) not contemplated in the interorganizational literature. After the interview with the new questions, a total of 21 for producers and 21 for cooperatives and IOFs, transcribed, Atlas TI software was used for counting and the variations of the words conferring which were related to each one of the variables, in order to organize and do content analysis. As a result, it identified the relationship between the IOCM and TCE variables among them, given that the quality-functionality in the coffee field does not limit the price paid to the rural producer, which uses quality-functionality to increase the price and the future market to minimize uncertainty in oscillation of the market. It was perceived the practice of the OBA in the unilateral producer-cooperative relationship, with information about quality and production and also unilaterally, found that benefits, cooperation and (inter)-dependence occurred in this relationship. In the (inter)-dependence variable, it was noticed by the producers\' reports the use of the sale of inputs and storage in the cooperative in an opportunistic way, causing the producer to maintain the stability of the relationship, in order to have the benefits offered by cooperative and not to pay coffee withdrawal rates, noting also the lack of vision of the producers regarding the future results of purchases with coffee exchanges. Also in the OBA practice, the occurrence of an indirect form was evidenced, with information on the costs of the rural producers, through the EDUCAMPO program, passed on to the cooperative. In the comparison of the two producer-cooperative and producer-IOF relations, the practice of the IOCM is more favorable in cooperatives with producers, also in the type of chain, contrary to the literature that showed this relationship to be more democratic and by the research found to be more typified of the and the specific assets that the cooperatives offer more specificities than the IOFs, to the extent that the rural producer generates a commercial loyalty in a non-exclusive way.

Esta pesquisa buscou identificar, sob a óptica da Economia dos Custos de Transação, como o Open-Book Accounting e a confiança influenciam a satisfação com o relacionamento entre fornecedores e comprador na cadeia de suprimentos do setor automotivo. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida por meio de estudo de casos múltiplos, caracterizado como explanatório, composto por uma montadora de veículos e três de seus fornecedores diretos (first tier). Para a coleta de dados, foram utilizadas, além de análise documental, entrevistas semiestruturadas, em que o discurso foi analisado por meio de análise de conteúdo. Os resultados encontrados evidenciam que o OBA é unilateral, forçado pela montadora, constituindo-se em um processo seletivo de informação, uma vez que os fornecedores tentam, na medida do possível, proteger o valor de suas informações. Encontrou-se, ainda, que o OBA é usado principalmente para reajuste de preços e em condições conflitivas baseadas mais em pressão para redução de preços que em estratégias conjuntas. Outro achado refere-se ao nível de detalhe das informações compartilhadas, que apresenta correlação positiva com a probabilidade de concessão de reajuste de preço reivindicado pelos fornecedores. Os resultados mostram, adicionalmente, que a confiança é parcial (calculative trust) e a cooperação não é espontânea, ambas motivadas pela busca de benefícios. Foi verificado, também, que o OBA pode ter tanto um efeito positivo quanto negativo sobre a satisfação econômica e social dos fornecedores, dependendo de como são utilizadas as informações pela montadora. Pela mesma razão, o OBA pode tanto gerar quanto destruir confiança no relacionamento. Embora os fornecedores tenham relatado elevada satisfação com o OBA, contraditoriamente verificou-se que nenhum deles compartilharia suas informações espontaneamente, levando à conclusão de que os mesmos percebem pouca vantagem na aplicação do OBA. Os resultados indicam que a satisfação da montadora com o OBA está relacionada com o nível de detalhe das informações: quanto mais detalhadas, maior a satisfação da montadora com o OBA e com os resultados econômico-financeiros advindos dos relacionamentos (satisfação econômica). Finalmente, encontrou-se que a confiança exerce influência positiva sobre a satisfação econômica e social, tanto da montadora quanto dos fornecedores. De modo geral, à luz dos casos analisados, algumas conclusões puderam ser extraídas em relação ao OBA: (i) essa ferramenta, na prática, tem pouca utilidade; (ii) é desvirtuada de seu propósito principal - gestão de custos na cadeia de suprimentos -; (iii) não necessariamente gera benefícios para todas as empresas envolvidas no processo; e (iv) não é, necessariamente, uma ferramenta de IOCM. Concluiu-se, ainda, que existe um descolamento entre a literatura e a realidade das empresas pesquisadas em relação aos assuntos tratados nesta tese. / This research aimed to identify, by the perspective of the Transaction Cost Economics, how the Open-Book Accounting and the trust influence the satisfaction in the relationship between suppliers and buyer on the automotive sector supply chain. The research was developed through multiple cases study, characterized as explanatory, consisting in a automaker and three of its direct suppliers (first tier). For data collection were used, in addition to documental analysis, semi-structured interviews, in which the speech was analyzed using content analysis. The results show that the OBA is unilateral, forced by the automaker, thus becoming a selective information process, once the vendors try to, as far as possible, protect the value of their information. It was found also that the OBA is used mainly to price adjustments and in conflicting conditions based more on pressure to reduce costs than on joint strategies. The detail level of the information shared presents positively correlation with the probability of price adjustment grant claimed by suppliers. The results shows that the trust is just partial (calculative trust) and the cooperation is not spontaneous, being motivated by the search of benefits. It was also verified that, depending on how the information is used by the automaker, the OBA can have a positive or negative effect on the economic and social satisfaction of the suppliers. For the same reason, the OBA can either generate as much as destroy trust in the relationship. Although suppliers have reported high satisfaction with OBA, paradoxically it was found that none of them share their information spontaneously, leading to the conclusion that they perceive little advantage in the application of OBA. The results indicate that satisfaction of the automaker with the OBA is related to the level of information detail: the more detailed, the greater satisfaction of the automaker with the OBA and the economic-financial results arising from relationships (economic satisfaction). Finally, it was found that the trust has a positive influence on the economic and social satisfaction of both the automaker as suppliers. Generally, considering the analyzed cases, some conclusions could be drawn relative to the OBA in practice: (i) this tool have little utility; (ii) is distorted on its primary purpose - cost management in the supply chain -; (iii) does not necessarily generate benefits for all companies involved in the process; and (iv) it is not necessarily an IOCM tool. It was also possible to conclude that there is a detachment between literature and reality on the companies surveyed in relation to the matters dealt with in this thesis

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo propor uma estrutura conceitual para análise de como se dá a relação entre as normas contratuais formais e relacionais na composição da estrutura de governança das relações interorganizacionais. A pesquisa foi fundamentada nas teorias dos Contratos Relacionais, na literatura de contratos formais em relações interorganizacionais e na Teoria Economia dos Custos de Transação. É argumentado que em diferentes contextos transacionais a função e o conteúdo dos acordos formais, bem como o conteúdo dos acordos relacionais diferem. Sendo a presente pesquisa qualitativa-exploratória, foram analisadas seis relações interorganizacionais, quais sejam: as relações de três empresas incubadas em diferentes estágios de incubação; a relação de uma empresa com o conglomerado formal do qual a mesma participa; a relação de uma empresa calçadista e seus fornecedores, sendo todos participantes de um conglomerado informal de empresas; a relação de uma usina e seus fornecedores de cana-de-açúcar, uma vez que estas relações tendem a ser de longa duração. Para aplicação da Análise do Conteúdo foram seguidas as fases de pré-análise, exploração do material, e tratamento dos resultados e interpretações conforme Bardin (2011). A partir do protocolo de coleta de dados, as entrevistas transcritas foram exploradas a partir das categorias do protocolo. Considerando as proposições elaboradas observou-se que as características contextuais \'incerteza\', \'dificuldade de mensuração de performance\' e \'especificidade de ativos\' corroboram a presença de maior formalidade contratual na relação nos casos extremos de menor e maior intensidade dessas características. Diferentemente, a característica de expectativa de continuidade aparece de maneira homogênea em todas as relações analisadas, não sendo possível indicar tal variável como tendo a função diferenciadora na composição contratual. Na análise dos aspectos exploratórios observou-se que fatores como troca de conhecimento, aprendizagem e manutenção de padrão de qualidade do recurso transacionado, o ciclo de vida da organização, a atuação em mercados internacionais e a cultura destes mercados para a negociação, o setor de atuação da empresa e a existência de diversidade em formas de obtenção de insumos, alteram a percepção de presença e intensidade das variáveis que determinam o contexto no qual as relações são governadas alterando, por sua vez, a composição da estrutura de governança destas relações. Também foi verificado que o ciclo de vida, o tamanho da empresa e o tipo de insumo transacionado, foram indicados como aspectos que alteram o padrão da relação no espectro relacional, indicando que tais fatores poderiam também compor o modelo de análise de conteúdo contratual proposto neste trabalho. No que se refere ao conteúdo relacional, não foi possível verificar homogeneidade na composição das normas relacionais utilizadas, indicando que, possivelmente, a alteração do contexto da relação influencia a intensidade com que as normas relacionais são utilizadas, corroborando para a hipótese desta pesquisa. Na análise do conteúdo contratual formal, suas funções e nível complexidade, verificou-se que, na presença de maior intensidade de incerteza, dificuldade da mensuração da performance e especificidade de ativos, a complexidade dos contratos formais tende a ser influenciada por estas características contextuais. Em se tratando das funções contratuais formais, destaca-se que, apenas nos casos em que há especificidade de ativos de maneira mais intensa, houve corroboração da função contratual de salvaguardar. / This paper aims to propose a conceptual framework for analyzing how is the relationship between formal and relational contracts in the composition of the governance structure of inter-organizational relationships. The research was based on the theories of Relational Contracts, in the literature of formal agreements on inter-organizational relationships and Theory Economics of Transaction Costs. It is argued that in different transactional contexts the function and content of formal agreements, as well as the content of relational agreements differ. As this is a qualitative exploratory study, we analyzed six inter-organizational relationships using the Content Analysis applied on collected and transcribed interviews, namely: the relationship of three companies incubated at different stages of incubation; the relationship of a company with the formal conglomerate which it participates; the relationship of a footwear company and its suppliers, which all share an informal group of companies; the ratio of a plant and its sugarcane suppliers, since these links tend to be long lasting. From elaborated propositions, it was revealed that the contextual characteristics \'uncertainty\', \'difficulty in measuring performance\' and \'asset specificity\' support the presence of more contractual formality in relation to extreme cases of lower and higher intensity of these characteristics. Unlikely, the continuity of expectation feature appears evenly in all analyzed relationships, not being possible to indicate such a variable as having a distinctive role in the contractual composition. In the analysis of exploratory aspects, it was observed that factors such as exchange of knowledge, learning and standard of maintenance quality transacted resource, the organization\'s life cycle, the performance in international markets and culture of these markets for trading, the sector the company operates, and the existence of diversity in ways of obtaining inputs, change the perception of presence and intensity of the variables that determine the context in which the relationships are governed changing, in turn, the composition of the governance structure of these relationships. It was also found that the life cycle, company size and type of traded inputs (i.e. presence / absence of technology and innovation in the contracted feature), were indicated as aspects that alter the pattern of the relationship in the relational spectrum, indicating that such factors could also compose the contractual content analysis model proposed in this paper. With regard to the relational content, it was not possible to verify the homogeneity in the composition of the relational rules used, indicating that, possibly, different contexts influence the intensity with which the relational rules are used, supporting the hypothesis for this study. In the analysis of the formal contract content, its functions and complexity level, it was found that in the presence of higher intensity of uncertainty, difficulty of measuring the performance and asset specificity, the complexity of the formal contract tends to be influenced by these contextual characteristics. In the case of formal contractual functions (i.e. safeguard, coordinate, adapt), it is emphasized that only in cases where there is intense asset specificity, there was corroboration of the contractual function of safeguarding.

Ed. D.

The problem for research in this study was: What are the effects of certain selected factors on interagency teamwork within the Roanoke Valley Council of Community Services? Other questions central to the study were: 1. How do the operational processes--goals, communication, leadership, and group effectiveness--of the RVCCS affect interagency teamwork? 2. How do the agency partners perceive what the role of the Council should be? 3. How do certain characteristics such as agency mission, funding source, clientele income level, program planning level, and decision-making level affect the perception of various RVCCS partners of the role of the interagency mechanism? 4. How do the agency partners perceive the role of non-elected community leaders and local elected officials in an interagency mechanism? This was a study of the Roanoke Valley Council of Community Services, a voluntary regional interagency mechanism. The respondents studied were forty of the eighty-three agency heads, twenty board members, seven local officials, and three staff members. The interview method was used to gather the data with subjects responding to closed-ended and open-ended items on the instrument. The statistical methods utilized in analyzing the data were profile analysis, chi square, one-way analysis of variance, and percentages. The findings indicated that certain selected factors affect, facilitate, or hinder interagency teamwork within the Roanoke Valley Council of Community Services. The perception of RVCCS goals by the agency partners appears to facilitate Council's operation. Yet, a lack of goal clarity by the agency heads appears to be a hindering factor. The difference in perception of the communication process between the agency heads and other agency partners would seem to be a major hindering factor to Council's operation, especially a significant lack of trust by the agency heads. The RVCCS leadership seems to be a facilitating factor in the interagency mechanism's operation. The group effectiveness of the Council as perceived by the board, local officials, and staff seems to facilitate its operation, but the perceptions of the agency heads of RVCCS as not being as cohesive and prestigious as the other partners appear to hinder its effectiveness. A strong consensus among the agency members regarding the roles of RVCCS and community leaders appears to be major facilitating factors in its operation. Staff competence, capability, and relationships also seem to facilitate the interagency mechanism. Likewise, Council's credibility and ability to focus on community needs and problems appear to be a facilitating force. The role of local officials in RVCCS appears neither to facilitate or hinder the operation of the Council. Finally, the RVCCS is an effective interagency mechanism, but more agency heads and a broader representation of community citizens need to be involved in its operation in order to better facilitate coordination within the Roanoke valley area. It was recommended that further study be undertaken to determine additional effects of goals, communication, leadership, and group effectiveness on the operation of interagency mechanisms. / Doctor of Education

Bakgrund: Bakgrund: Under de senaste 20 åren har svensk offentlig sektor präglats av konkurrensprövning genom privatisering av tidigare offentlig sektor. Det skapar en ny marknad där privata och offentliga aktörer skall samverka under statlig samordning och övervakning. Stockholm stads gymnasie- och hemtjänstmarknad är två exempel på kvasimarknader där staten står som finansiär av välfärdstjänsten samtidigt som den utförs av både privata och offentliga aktörer. Tidigare forskning belyser den problematik som uppstår då staten övergår från att vara en primär producent till en övervakande roll. Då statens roll förändras krävs tydligare regler och strukturer för att kunna samordna och styra kvasimarknader. Syfte: Studiens syfte är att beskriva och förstå hur kvasimarknader styrs, med avseende på upplevda verksamhetskrav och uppföljning. Genomförande: Studien är en kvalitativ fallstudie med ett hermeneutiskt perspektiv. Empirin har inhämtats genom semistrukturerade intervjuer om hur beslutsfattare och marknadsaktörer upplever Stockholm stads gymnasie- och hemtjänstmarknad. Slutsatser: Studien konstaterar att hemtjänstmarknaden, som styrs via tydliga avtal, ger större möjlighet för insyn i verksamheterna och tydligare styrverktyg för Stockholms stad. På gymnasiemarknaden är det svårare för Stockholm att påverka verksamheten hos friskolor då de endast svarar mot Skolinspektionen. Det som ligger till grund för kvasimarknadens funktionalitet och effektivitet beror på det förtroende och tillit som finns mellan beslutsfattare, utförare och kund. Nyckelord: New Public Management, Offentlig styrning, Kvasimarknad, Interorganisato­riska relationer, Ekonomistyrning, Transaktionskostnadsteori. / Background: Over the past 20 years, the Swedish public sector has been characterized by competition through the increasing privatization of public welfare. It creates a new market situation where private and public sector are to co-operate under governmental coordination and monitoring. Stockholm city upper secondary school and home care market are two examples of quasimarkets where the state stands as a financier of the welfare service while it is carried out by both private and public actors. Previous research illustrates the problems that arise when the state changes from being a primary producer to a supervisory role. As the state's role changes it requires clear rules and structures in order to coordinate and control the quasimarkets. Objective: The study aims to describe and understand how quasimarkets are governed, in regard to percieved business requirements and monitoring. Design: The study is a qualitative case study with a hermeneutic perspective. The empirical data has been collected through semi-structured interviews on how policy makers and market actors are experiencing the upper secondary school and home care market. Conclusion: The study notes that the home care market, which is governed by clear agreements and contracts, provides greater transparency between policy makers and market actors. Thus creating better conditions for the usage of management control for the city of Stockholm. In the upper secondary market it is difficult for the city of Stockholm to affect the operations of private schools since they are governed by the Swedish School Inspectorate. The basis for the functionality and efficiency of quasimarkets relies on the confidence and trust that exists between policy makers, market actors and customers. Keywords: New Public Management, Public Governance, Quasimarket, Interorganizational Relations, Management Control, Transaction Cost Economics.

A questão da saúde é um problema central e ganha destaque na inédita onda de protestos ocorridos em 2013 no país. Isso é ocasionado pelas deficiências de atendimento do Sistema Único de Saúde, utilizado por cerca de 80% dos brasileiros, e pela regulação para soluções privadas. Entretanto, há iniciativas, chamadas de negócios sociais, que utilizam mecanismos de mercado para que as pessoas tenham acesso a medicamentos, tratamentos médicos e odontológicos. Esses empreendimentos atuam na busca por bons resultados financeiros e pelo atendimento de alta qualidade à população carente. Entretanto, os objetivos não são alcançados facilmente, principalmente pela necessidade de monitorar a geração de valor social. Este estudo tem o objetivo de identificar como os negócios sociais na área da saúde lidam com as métricas, principalmente em relação ao impacto social. Foram entrevistados quatro negócios sociais e duas organizações de apoio para entender como essa questão foi abordada e quais foram as principais barreiras. Foi constatado que pouco é feito na análise de impacto, uma vez que o foco das empresas está voltado para a sustentabilidade financeira. Por meio da pesquisa, fica clara a importância da interação com os atores do ecossistema, que contribuem na superação de barreiras e dificuldades na gestão de métricas e, assim, melhoram a avaliação de indicadores. Pelo estágio da gestão de indicadores e pela formação recente desse ecossistema, ainda é precipitado dizer quais serão as consequências da falta de atenção a essas métricas, além de precisar sobre como torná-las ferramentas efetivas de decisões estratégicas - ponto que deverá ser aprofundado em futuras pesquisas. / The health issue is a central problem and gain prominence in the unprecedent wave of 2013 protests around the country. This is caused by deficiencies in the Public Health Care System, used by about 80% of all Brazilians, and by the regulation for private solutions. However, there are initiatives, called social enterprises, which use market tools for people to have access to medicines, medical and dental care. These actions seek good financial results and provide high-quality care to the poor population. The goals are not easily achieved mainly by careful measurement and generation of social value. This study aims to identify how social businesses in healthcare deal with the metrics especially in related to social impact. Four social businesses and two social support organizations representatives were interviewed to understand how these issues were addressed and what the main barriers were. It was noted that little has been done on the impact analysis, since the focus of the companies is facing the financial sustainability. Through research, the interaction with the ecosystem performers is clearly important, contributing to overcoming barriers and difficulties in managing metrics and thus might improve the indicator evaluation. According to the pace of management indicators and the recent formation of this ecosystem it is still too early to say what could be the consequences of the lack of attention to these metrics, also about how to turn them into effective tools for strategic decisions. This topic should be better explored in future research.