My thesis is focused on the interrogation of children, who are in the position of victim or witness. Statement of a child as well as an adult may serve as the significant evidence within the criminal proceeding. During this challenging action, which the interrogation of child certainly is, many specificities and difficulties are involved. These specificities and difficulties distinguish an interrogation of a child from an interrogation of an adult. In the first part I described the term "interrogation", in particular general grounds of it. To reveal specificities and difficulties of the interrogation of children, it is necessary to become familiar with the interrogation in its traditional form. In the parts of my thesis, where I wrote about a child, it shall be considered that the term "child" has the meaning as stated in the Convention on the Rights of the Child, i.e. every human being under eighteen years of age. I consider the chapter dedicated to the assurance of any statement of child to be one of the fundamental chapters. In opposition to the past ages there is a major believe within the modern society that children are capable of giving as quality statement as adults. The second part is focused on a special regulation of interrogation, which is provided by certain sections of the Penal Order. Besides...

Specificity of interrogation of children My Diploma Thesis deal with the particularities of children and adolescent interrogation. In thesis I discuss the examination of minors as witnesses, victims (aggrieved) and as the person against whom is initiated a procedure by the Law on Juvenile Justice and related regulations. The aim of this thesis is to point out to the process and forensic differences in the conduct of an examination of children and minors. Specific in the conduct of an examination respect psychological rarity of the stated interviewed group. In describtion of the differences of children and minors questioning I draw mainly from the professional literature. At the end of this thesis I have included the empirical research which deals with comparing of information gathered from professional publications with informations odtained by questionnaire survey. The first part describes the issue of examination criminal law, criminological perpective and from the perspective of forensic psychology. In this part is described the basic rules of examination in general which allows improved subsequent orientations for highlighting children and minors examination diferences. The second part deals with oddness of the children and minors examination in general. In the introduction I mentioned history of minor...

INTERROGATION TACTICS The purpose of this diploma thesis is to systematically summarize knowledge and information about fundametal tactics and methods of an interrogation used in interrogation practice. Knowledge of these procedures is necessary for proper execution of an interrogation and also is suitable for legal practice. The thesis consists of 4 main chapters, each of them deals with relevant issues within the field of an interrogation. The First chapter "Interrogation as a forensic method" includes general discussion about an interrogation and a statement such as definitions of basic concepts, definition of a nature and a purpose of an interrogation. In addition to further this chapter also contains analysis and evaluation of Czech legislation governing the interrogation. The Second chapter "Preparation of an interrogation" is focused on a preparation of an examiner before an interrogation as one of important elements to succesfully realize itself interrogation and to achieve its goals. The Third Chapter "Interrogation tactics" first concetrates on particular phases of an interrogation namely an introduction phase, a monologue and a dialogue where emphasize issues of questioning in practice. Attention is also paid to various situations that may occur during interrogations. This part of third...

Interrogation tactics Abstract The submitted diploma thesis deals with the interrogation as a criminalistic procedure. The statement is obtained from interrogated persons by means of interrogation. The statement is a source of important knowledge of a crime. A crime can be successfully elucidated on the basis of knowledge. The aim of the diploma thesis is to sort knowledge of the interrogation, the interrogation tactics and the tactical interrogation procedures from the point of view of criminal law, criminalistics and psychology. The thesis is divided into five separate chapters. The first chapter is conceived from the point of view of criminal law. First chapter deals with the regulation of interrogation in the Czech Criminal Procedure Code and with the rights and obligations of the interrogated persons. The second and third chapters are the focus of this diploma thesis. Chapters deal with the preparation of the interrogation, the phases of the interrogation, the inquiries asked during the interrogation and the tactical interrogation procedures. My intention is to demonstrate how to perform tactical procedures correctly and legally. Equally important chapter is the chapter fourth, which deals with the interrogation from the point of view of psychology, especially the credibility of the interrogated person...

Detection of special nuclear material (SNM) being smuggled into the US through ports of entry has been identified as a crucial capability for ensuring the safety and security of the US from radiological threats. Programs such as the NNSA's Second Line of Defense aim to deploy detection systems, both domestically and abroad, in an attempt to interdict the SNM before it reaches its destination. Active interrogation (AI) is a technique that relies on the detection of emitted particles which are produced when SNM is bombarded with a source of high energy photons or neutrons. This work presents a general framework that allows for fast radiation transport modeling of AI scenarios by generating families of response functions which depict neutron, gamma, or electron radiation exiting various regions within the problem, per unit source of radiation entering the region. The solution for a given scenario, typically the detector count rate, is computed by injecting a source term into the first region and applying the appropriate response functions, in sequence, for each subsequent region. For the AI systems modeled in this work, the source is an electron beam in a linear accelerator. Subsequent response functions create and transport bremsstrahlung photons into the SNM, and transport neutrons born in the problem to a detector. The computed solution is comparable to that of a full Monte Carlo simulation, but is assembled in orders of magnitude less time from pre-computed response function libraries. The ability to rapidly compute detector spectra for complicated AI scenarios opens up research and analysis possibilities not previously possible, including conducting parametric studies of scenarios spanning a large portion of the threat space and generating detector spectra used for conditioning and testing of alarm algorithms. / text

This paper examines the methodology of interrogation in the United States, specifically the usage of the accusatorial Reid technique. Following a description of the Reid technique and its origins, the topic turns to an examination of how the usage of the method results in unacceptably high rates of false confessions and wrongful convictions. The next section discusses the recent increase in discovery and documentation of how often such mistakes occur, as well as the dire consequences which often involve the wrongful imprisonment or even execution of innocents. With the need for reform clearly established, the following sections discuss potential alternatives to the Reid technique as well as potential adjustments that can be made to provide better safeguards against false confessions. The paper then explains how suggested changes have all been empirically shown to reduce the rates of false confessions without compromising the investigative process, and recommends that the rest of the United States follow the example of the few states which have already passed legislation mandating such modifications.

Label free detection techniques such as surface plasmon resonance, carbon nanotubes, nanowires, and interferometry have been progressing rapidly for biosensing applications. Surface plasmon resonance is considered one of the most promising label free optical techniques. The use of nanohole arrays in a metal film allows for extraordinary transmission and has been motivated by their application as biosensors. Nanohole arrays present several advantages like smaller foot print, dense integration, lower limits of detection, and collinear optical detection. This thesis presents the design parameters for the optimization of sensitivity and resolution of nanohole arrays for refractive index sensing. A systematic study is provided of the influence of the nanohole array periodicity, diameter, and gold thickness. Focused ion beam was used to fabricate the nanohole arrays. A microfluidic device with a set of embedded nanohole arrays was developed and used to measure the sensing characteristics. The results are encouraging for potential future biosensing tests. / Graduate

Diss. Stockholm : Stockholms universitet, 2005.

This thesis deals with interrogation of minors in course of criminal proceedings. In particular, the aim of the thesis is to basically describe differences between interrogations of minors and interrogation of adults categorised by individual procedural positions. The text focuses on interrogation of youngsters less than 18 years old in the position of witnesses. The thesis also discourses upon interrogation of minor perpetrators of criminal activity under the Juvenile Justice Act (in Czech zákon o soudnictví ve věcech mládeže) and takes into account provisions of the Criminal Victims Act (in Czech zákon o obětech trestných činů) focusing on right of interrogated victims on protection from secondary victimisation. The first chapter introduces point of view of individual branches of science in respect of the described topic of the thesis. The chapter determines fundamental terms used in the thesis, in particular the following terms: minor, interrogation and testimony. The characteristics of the possible procedural positions of minors follows, as the procedural position of the interrogated person strongly influences the choice of interrogation tactics. The second chapter summarises psychological findings about peculiarities of psyche of minors, its development and specific psychological factors which...

The Specifics of Children Interrogation Summary The diploma thesis deals with interrogation of children, which means person under 18 years old, as witnesses, or even victims of crimes. The interrogation of child witnesses should be approached with special care, as children are very vulnerable to their unfinished mental and psychological development and have a higher risk of secondary victimization. The graduate aims to provide the reader with a comprehensive set of information on the issue of questioning child witnesses. The issue has an interdisciplinary character, so the work contains criminal, forensic, psychological, and victimological knowledge. At the same time, on the basis of research and interviews with police officers and social workers, the graduate evaluates the legal regulation and interrogation practice, identifies shortcomings and tries to present possibilities for their solution. The first part of the thesis contains the definition of basic terms with which the graduate works in the work. These are the terms child, victim and particularly vulnerable victim, victimization, witness, interrogation and testimony. The second part of the work is focused on the legal regulation of the issue. The graduate mentions international and EU documents, but pays more attention to the regulation in the...