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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
31

Le rôle des gènes DUSP1 et DUSP16 dans la fonction épithéliale

Ntunzwenimana, Jessy Carol 04 1900 (has links)
Les maladies inflammatoires chroniques de l’intestin (MICI), comprenant la maladie de Crohn (MC) et la colite ulcéreuse (CU), sont caractérisées par une inflammation persistante du tractus gastro-intestinal attribuable à un dysfonctionnement de la réponse immunitaire aux microbiotes de la lumière intestinale. L'épithélium intestinal est essentiel dans le maintien de l'homéostasie, servant de barrière entre les microbes intestinaux et le système immunitaire. La perte de l’intégrité physique de cette barrière est une caractéristique des MICI. Les études génomiques chez les individus atteints de MICI ont identifié plus de 200 régions génomiques (R2 ≥ 0.8) associées aux MICI, ce qui suggère que les voies biologiques influencées par les gènes situés dans ces régions pourraient jouer un rôle dans leur pathogenèse. Notre hypothèse suggère que l'identification de gènes cibles régulés en commun par ceux situés dans ces régions génomiques peut révéler des fonctions biologiques importantes impliquées dans la pathogenèse des MICI. Parmi les gènes associés aux MICI situés dans les régions génomiques pertinentes, on y retrouve DUSP1 et DUSP16, deux gènes appartenant à la famille des phosphatases à double spécificité (« Dual-specificity phosphatase », DUSP). Ces gènes ciblent spécifiquement les « Mitogen-activated protein kinase » (MAPK) en catalysant leur déphosphorylation. Mon projet visait à déterminer le rôle de DUSP1 et DUSP16 dans l'épithélium intestinal. Nous avons exploré leurs fonctions en modifiant l'expression de ces gènes dans des systèmes cellulaires en laboratoire mimant la fonction intestinale, à savoir les cellules HT-29 et les cellules Caco-2. Ces études nous ont permis de déterminer diverses fonctions biologiques importantes régulées par DUSP1 et DUSP16, qui pourraient être impliquées dans le développement des MICI, notamment la transcytose, la préservation de l'intégrité de la barrière épithéliale, l'activation de l'inflammasome et les processus d'autophagie. En identifiant les liens fonctionnels entre deux gènes situés dans des régions génomiques indépendantes associées aux MICI, à savoir DUSP1 et DUSP16, notre étude a mis en évidence leurs rôles significatifs dans le maintien de l'homéostasie intestinale et leur contribution au développement des MICI. / Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), including Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), are characterized by persistent inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract attributable to a dysfunction of the immune response to microbiota of the intestinal lumen. The intestinal epithelium is essential in maintaining homeostasis, serving as a critical barrier between intestinal microbes and the immune system. The loss of the physical integrity of this barrier is a hallmark of IBD. Genomic studies in individuals with IBD have identified more than 200 genomic regions (R2 ≥ 0.8) associated with IBD, suggesting that biological pathways influenced by genes located in these regions could play a role in their pathogenesis. Our hypothesis suggests that the identification of genes regulated in common by those located in these genomic regions may reveal important biological functions involved in the pathogenesis of IBD. Among the genes associated with IBD located in the relevant genomic regions, we find DUSP1 and DUSP16, two genes belonging to the dual-specificity phosphatase (DUSP) family. These genes specifically target Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) by catalyzing their dephosphorylation. My project aimed to determine the role of DUSP1 and DUSP16 in the intestinal epithelium. We explored their functions by modifying the expression of these genes in laboratory cell systems mimicking intestinal function, specifically HT-29 and Caco-2 cells. These studies allowed us to determine various important biological functions regulated by DUSP1 and DUSP16, which could be involved in the development of IBD, including transcytosis, preservation of epithelial barrier integrity, inflammasome activation and autophagy processes. By identifying functional links between two genes located in independent genomic regions associated with IBD, namely DUSP1 and DUSP16, our study highlighted their significant roles in maintaining intestinal homeostasis and their contribution to the development of IBD.
32

Gut Microbiota Regulation of P-Glycoprotein in the Mammalian Intestinal Epithelium to Suppress Aberrant Inflammation and Maintain Homeostasis

Foley, Sage E. 22 March 2022 (has links)
P-glycoprotein (P-gp) protects the mammalian intestinal epithelium by effluxing toxins from the epithelial cells as well as release of human endocannabinoids that inhibit neutrophil infiltration. Diminished or dysfunctional P-gp is associated with intestinal inflammation including ulcerative colitis (UC). Due to the microbiome dysbiosis associated with UC, we hypothesize that the healthy microbiota promote colonic P-gp expression. Utilizing mouse models of antibiotic treatment, microbiota reconstitution, and metabolite perturbation, we have shown butyrate and secondary bile acids, dependent on vancomycin-sensitive bacteria, induce P-gp expression in vivo. We have shown these metabolites together potentiate induction of P-gp in intestinal epithelial cell lines in vitro, which is sufficient to inhibit primary human neutrophil transmigration. Furthermore, in UC patients we find diminished P-gp expression is coupled to reduction of anti-inflammatory endocannabinoids and luminal content with reduced capability to induce P-gp expression. Additionally, we have found butyrate contributes to P-gp expression via histone deacetylase inhibition, and secondary bile acids regulate P-gp expression via nuclear receptors pregnane X receptor and vitamin D receptor. Employing RNA sequencing (RNAseq) in IECs uncovered signaling networks that are uniquely triggered with the combination of butyrate and secondary bile acids, suggesting additional pathways required for maximal P-gp expression in the colon. Together we identify a mechanistic link between cooperative functional outputs of the complex microbial community and suppression of intestinal inflammation. These data emphasize the importance of the intestinal microbiome in driving the P-gp axis to suppress aberrant neutrophil infiltration and identify potential therapeutic targets for promoting P-gp expression in an inflamed colon to reset homeostasis.

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