Empirical research exploring the physical health of female sex workers and their risk of contracting and spreading sexually transmitted infections has been over-researched. There have also been numerous studies conducted on sex workers highlighting physical violence, rape and stigmatisation. There is, however, little empirical evidence exploring the personal lives of female sex workers especially with regards to their husbands and the impact that their wives choice in career may have on the constructions of their masculinity. Accordingly, this research aimed to qualitatively explore and understand, via a comparative in-depth case study with two married couples, how the masculinity of a man, who is married to a high-income female sex worker, may be constructed, as compared to a man who is married to a woman who is not involved in the sex industry. It was found, after conducting semi-structured, one-on-one interviews with each of the married couples, that the males constructed their masculinity in relation to their wives occupation, their income in comparison to that of their wives, their wives sexuality, familial and historical notions regarding infidelity, certainty regarding paternity, and issues of romantic jealousy (both sexual and emotional). It was found that, at least for the man from a non-traditional marriage (where his wife was a FSW), by constructing and reconstructing one’s masculinity (when faced with perceived threats regarding one's sense of masculinity), one is able to reclaim the typical patriarchal characteristics. This is done by strongly conforming (and potentially overcompensating by doing so) to traditional masculine and social patriarchal standards and/or by constructing one’s masculinity to align with a more liberal feminist perspective. Therefore one demonstrates a contemporary appreciation of gender equality and non-traditional gender roles for one’s female partner.

In this paper-based thesis, I describe the findings of my ethnographic research conducted among the intimate partners of female sex workers and adolescent boys in Northern Karnataka. By highlighting the contradictory and relational nature of masculinity, my study aims to contribute to the larger scholarship on masculinity in South Asia. In the first manuscript, I examine the intimate partners’ perceptions and practices to shed light on the common occurrence of intimate partner violence and how local ideologies of manhood—and the social and structural conditions that shape these ideologies—perpetuate intimate partner violence. In an attempt to destabilize hierarchical gender orders, the second manuscript builds on Connell’s theory of “hegemonic masculinity” by developing the notion of incipient masculinity. From a public health perspective, the findings of these studies are expected to inform the ongoing structural interventions in Northern Karnataka that aim to prevent violence against female sex workers. / October 2016

While female sex workers (FSWs) are often the focus of human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) research in Kenya, little else is known about their lives, including their intimate relationships. This thesis explores the relationships between FSWs and their intimate partners in Kibera, an urban informal settlement in Nairobi, Kenya. As part of the Kenya Free of AIDS (KeFA) project, previous field research found that FSWs with an intimate partner saw over 50% fewer clients per week and were statistically more likely to use a condom with clients. These findings suggested that FSWs' intimate relationships might act as a form of harm and/or use reduction. Sex work harm reduction aims to diminish the occupational harms associated with sex work, such as discrimination, violence and disease, through strategies such as empowerment and education. Use reduction aims to reduce FSWs' frequency of exposure to these occupational risks through a reduction in clients. Specifically, it is proposed that FSW intimate relationships promote harm and/or use reduction in three ways: 1) by reducing the number of clients on a weekly basis, 2) by reducing harm from the virus through adherence to antiretroviral drugs (ARV), and 3) by offering a supportive environment financially, emotionally, and in terms of health and/or childcare. To test these theories this thesis analyzed interviews with 27 HIV positive FSWs from Kibera. Results showed that HIV was normalized in intimate relationships, whereas sex work was stigmatized. As a result, FSWs in this study were more likely to tell their partners that they were HIV positive than disclose their involvement in sex work. Therefore, rather than genuine use reduction, client reduction was unintentional and, in reality associated with sex work stigmatization that prevents women from disclosing their occupation. Some intimate partnerships were found to be a source of emotional and health-related support for Kibera FSWs. Intimate partners provided support for participants' HIV status and adherence to ARV. They also provided emotional support in the form of advice and comfort. Overall, this study suggested it would be difficult to include intimate partners in interventions with HIV positive Kibera FSWs because of the considerable, continued stigma surrounding sex work but that intimate partners can have a positive and/or protective role to play in HIV positive Kibera FSWs’ lives. / Graduate / 0573 / 0327 / 0626 / kimberly.m.sharpe@gmail.com

Domestic violence is a pressing issue in South Africa and has been the subject of much debate, activism and academic research. It is commonly argued that violence between intimate partners remains largely hidden and that women in marital and cohabiting unions endure much physical, emotional and sexual abuse. This qualitative study focuses on the experiences of a small group of women living in KwaMhlanga, in Mpumalanga. Although the women had been fearful of reporting their abuse and had spent years suffering silently, all had finally displayed much urgency in reporting the actions of their abusers. In reflecting on their circumstances, the women refer to the primary factors influencing their partners to become abusers: unemployment, financial hardships and poverty, alcohol and drugs, and factors such as immature attitudes, cultural beliefs and jealousy. It is also argued that the institutions of ‘marriage’ and ‘cohabitation’, whilst similar, introduce slightly different constraints and expectations. Married women suffered more abuse and were controlled than their cohabitant counterparts. The study makes no policy recommendations but emphasises the importance of doing substantive work to probe women’s experiences of abuse in intimate unions in all parts of South Africa. Copyright / Dissertation (MSocSci)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Sociology / unrestricted

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-04-10T17:29:12Z No. of bitstreams: 1 andrezzasouzamartinez.pdf: 5197519 bytes, checksum: 6d069a7807c9e7a491bd631b686e5e6e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-04-11T11:40:10Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 andrezzasouzamartinez.pdf: 5197519 bytes, checksum: 6d069a7807c9e7a491bd631b686e5e6e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-11T11:40:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 andrezzasouzamartinez.pdf: 5197519 bytes, checksum: 6d069a7807c9e7a491bd631b686e5e6e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-12 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A violência consiste em um problema social e de saúde pública, vindo a se relacionar a inúmeros fatores, causas e circunstâncias. Seu impacto pode ser mundialmente verificado de várias formas. Como um tipo de violência tem-se a violência entre parceiros íntimos (VPI) que inclui: atos de agressão física, relações forçadas, coerção sexual, abuso psicológico e o controle do comportamento. A violência contra a mulher gera consequências emocionais devastadoras e impactos graves a saúde. Nesse contexto, há uma tendência de a vítima não buscar ajuda. O escopo do estudo consiste em identificar em uma amostra comunitária de dois bairros da cidade de Juiz de Fora/MG, se as mulheres envolvidas em casos de VPI buscaram algum tipo de ajuda, além de identificar propostas de intervenções oriundas das próprias mulheres. A metodologia se refere a um estudo descritivo, transversal e qualitativo com uma breve perspectiva quantitativa. Como resultados principais têm-se a violência psicológica como a mais citada; 44% das mulheres relataram que não faziam nada, ignoravam ou choravam quando agredidas; e 68% das mulheres não buscaram ajuda. A possibilidade de resolução dentro do relacionamento foi o principal motivo para que a mulher não buscasse ajuda. A questão jurídica do apoio formal às mulheres que sofrem VPI foi a mais citada como um meio de ajudar as vítimas. Considerando a complexidade da questão, coloca-se como um desafio a prevenção e o combate a esse tipo de violência. / The violence implies in a problem that concerns social intercourse and public health, being associated to countless causes and circumstances. Its impact can be worldly perceived in many ways. As a kind of violence, there is the intimate partners violence, which includes: acts of physical aggression, forced relations, psychological abuse and behavior control. The violence against women causes devastating emotional consequences and severe damage to health. In this specific situation, the victim tends not to search for aid. The scope of this study consists in identifying, in a community sample taken from two neighborhoods of Juiz de Fora, if women involved in IPV searched for any kind of help, besides of relating ways of intervention proposed by the victims. The methodology refers to a descriptive, transversal and qualitative study with a brief quantitative perspective. As the main results, there is the psychological violence as the most quoted; 44% of the women stated that they wheter did nothing, ignored or cried while being under aggression; and 68% of them never searched for help. The possibility of solving the problem within the partnership wais the most quoted reason for the lack of looking for aid. The formal law support to women victims of IPV was the most quoted by them as a way of help. Taking in consideration the complexity of such problem, the prevention of new cases and fighting the current ones is a true challenge.

Submitted by isabela.moljf@hotmail.com (isabela.moljf@hotmail.com) on 2017-06-08T13:24:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 natalicedocarmolopes.pdf: 1671359 bytes, checksum: cf51f15b201b468a05961ac35b850c7d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-06-26T18:25:20Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 natalicedocarmolopes.pdf: 1671359 bytes, checksum: cf51f15b201b468a05961ac35b850c7d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-26T18:25:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 natalicedocarmolopes.pdf: 1671359 bytes, checksum: cf51f15b201b468a05961ac35b850c7d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-02 / O stalking ou assédio persistente em português, se configura como um tipo de violência interpessoal, caracterizada por formas de contato, assédio e perseguição persistente. Presente em todos os contextos, sua ocorrência se mostra predominante nas relações de intimidade, tendo a mulher como a principal vítima. Diante disso, o presente estudo buscou investigar por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas, a ocorrência do stalking em mulheres que foram vítimas de Violência Entre Parceiros Íntimos (VPI) e que buscaram ajuda em uma Delegacia de Atendimento Especializado à Mulher no período de março á Julho de 2017. Dentre os comportamentos violentos, estiveram presentes 3 (10%) tentativas de assassinato, 5 (16.6%) fraturas e ameaças de morte 16 (53.3%). Dentre os comportamentos característicos de stalking, se encontraram o controle de comportamentos, como impedir de fazer ou ter coisas 19 (63.3%), perseguir e assediar a vítima na porta do trabalho 8 (26.6%), procurar de forma insistente por meio de ligações 11(36.6%) e monitorar por meio de redes sociais, celular e mensagens 18 (60%). A grande variedade de estratégias usadas pelos stalkers para exercer o controle, perseguir e assediar as vítimas mostram que o stalking se caracteriza pela ocorrência de um conjunto variado de comportamentos e não apenas comportamentos isolados, evidenciando a dificuldade do agressor em manter a distância e aceitar o termino em alguns casos, mostrando a importância de desocultar e reconhecer o stalking nesse contexto, ampliando a discussão para além do âmbito cientifico. / Stalking, know in Portuguese as persistent harassment, shows itself as a kind of interpersonal violence characterized by means of contact, harassment and persistent pursuit. Existing in every social context, his occurrence is predominant in relations of intimacy, being the woman his primary victim. In this light, the present study tried to investigate, utilizing semi-structured interviews, the occurrence of stalking in women victims of Violence between Intimate Partners (VIP) who sought help in a specialized police station for women (Delegacia de Atendimento Especializado à Mulher). Among the violent behaviors are observed 3 (10%) attempts of murder, 5 (16.6%) fractures and 16 (53.3%) death threats. Among the characteristic stalking behavior are observed behavioral control, like the preventing of doing or owning things by the victim, in 19 cases (63.3%), pursuit and harassment in the workplace in 8 (26,6%) cases, insistent telephone contact in 11 (36,6%) cases and monitoring by social network and cell phone messages in 18 (60%) cases. The great variety of strategies used by the stalkers to control, pursuit and harass the victims shows that stalking is characterized by the occurrence of a varied set of behaviors, not just isolated actions, demonstrating the difficult situation of the aggressor for coming to terms with the end of his relationship and to keep distance of his ex-partner in some cases. This exhibit the importance of bringing to light and recognize the stalking in these contexts in a way that could help foment the discussion of this phenomena in the scientific circle.

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