No description available.

One of the age-related changes associated with normal aging is the inability to maintain normal blood pressure homeostasis, a common clinical condition known as orthostatic intolerance. There are little data on the effects of strength training in healthy adults and orthostatic intolerance, and only one study on strength training and elderly adults diagnosed with orthostatic intolerance. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effects of resistance training on the cardiovascular respones of elderly individuals during an orthostatic challenge. Thirteen subjects were assigned to either a resistance (RES; n=7; 66±5 yrs.) or a control (CON; n=6; 71±6 yrs.) group. During the 12-week treatment period, the RES trained 2x/wk, while the CON was asked not to change their normal lifestyles. The resistance training consisted of 3 sets of 8-12 repetitions using 12 machines at approximately 22% to 57% of 1RM. Before and after the training and control period, subjects were tested using a 70 degree head-up tilt. Tilt consisted of 30 minutes of supine rest while heart rate(HR) was recorded every minute and blood pressure (BP) was taken every 5 minutes. After the rest period, subjects were tilted to 70 degrees for 30 minutes unless subjects experienced presyncopal symptoms. During the tilt period, HR and BP were recorded every minute. After the tilt, subjects were placed in a supine position for 15 minutes of recovery, HR was taken every minute, and BP was taken every 5 minutes. A 2X2X8(test X group X time) Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance was used to analyze data. Significance was accepted at p ≤ 0.05. After the 12 weeks of training, the RES significantly increased upper (46±24 to 55±29kg) and lower (62±20 to 80±31kg) body strength while the CON showed no changes. Body composition measurements by DEXA showed lean mass to increase significantly (50.5±12.9 to 52.7±13.1kg) for the RES group, while the CON showed no changes. Of the 13 subjects only 9 subjects completed the pre and post tilt tests. Of the 9 completing both tilt periods, there were no significant differences between groups for any of the dependent measures of HR, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and mean arterial pressure. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that a resistance training program was well tolerated and improved strength and lean mass in the RES. However, training did not help these individuals improve cardiovascular responses to an orthostatic challenge.

<p>  </p> <p><strong>Background information:</strong> </p> <p>Lactose is a disaccharide found in milk and milk products. Lactose is digested by the enzyme lactase. Lactase non-persistence is a genetic trait in which individuals have low lactase activity. Approximately 70 percent of the world population is lactase non-persistent. It is a major cause of lactose maldigestion. An increase of 20 ppm hydrogen in breath within six hours of a lactose challenge dose (0.5 g of lactose per kg bodyweight) indicates lactose maldigestion. On the other hand, lactose intolerant individuals experience abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea, and flatulence on consuming dairy. Therefore, lactose intolerant individuals avoid milk, which is a rich source of calcium. Consequently, lactose intolerance has been associated with reduced calcium intake and low bone mineral density. There are two mechanisms for lactose intolerance. The first mechanism is dependent on lactose dose and the second one is independent of lactose. Recently, A1 and A2 β-caseins have been associated with lactose intolerance. Studies conducted in China, New Zealand and Australia demonstrated fewer symptoms on consumption of milk containing only A2 β-casein as compared to milk containing both A1 and A2 β-casein. However, no study was conducted in the population residing in United States, where crossbred cows producing milk containing both A1 and A2 β-casein is the norm. Moreover, no study compared tolerance and digestion on consuming milk with different proportions of A1 and A2 β-casein. Lactose intolerant individuals can include A2 milk in their diet to meet the calcium requirement, if milk containing only A2 β-casein causes fewer symptoms and less maldigestion. </p> <p><strong>Objectives:</strong></p> <p>1. To determine if a single meal of A2 milk containing only A2 β-casein would be better tolerated, producing fewer GI symptoms and less maldigestion, than conventional milk containing 75 percent A1 β-casein and 25 percent A2 β-casein</p> <p>2. To determine if a single meal of Jersey milk containing 25 percent A1 β-casein and 75 percent A2 β-casein would produce less maldigestion and intolerance, than conventional milk containing 75 percent A1 β-casein and 25 percent A2 β-casein</p> <p>3. To determine if the gastric emptying time of milk containing only A2 β-casein and milk containing 75 percent A1 β-casein and 25 percent A2 β-casein was different </p> <p>4. To determine if inflammation, maldigestion and intolerance is lower with a two-week daily consumption of milk containing only A2 β-casein as compared to milk containing 75 percent A1 β-casein and 25 percent A2 β-casein</p> <p><strong>Methods:</strong> </p> <p>Three randomized, double-blinded, crossover trials were conducted. The first study was conducted to determine tolerance and digestion of milk containing different proportions of A1 β-casein and A2 β-casein in subjects residing in the United States. There were four milk interventions in the study: A2 milk (milk containing 100% A2 β-casein), Jersey milk (milk containing 25%/75% A1/A2 β-casein), conventional milk (milk containing 75%/25% A1/A2 β-casein) and lactose-free milk (milk containing 60%/40% A1/A2 β-casein). Lactose intolerance in subjects was determined using a Qualifying Lactose Challenge Symptom Score after a challenge milk dose of 0.5 g of lactose/kg bodyweight. Subjects were screened for lactose maldigestion with a six-hour Hydrogen Breath Test. Symptoms and madigestion response to a single meal of milk (dose calculated as 0.5 g of lactose/kg bodyweight) containing different proportions of A1 and A2 β-casein were determined in lactose intolerant subjects and lactose maldigesters. </p> <p>The second study was conducted to examine the difference in gastric transit between A2 milk and conventional milk in lactose maldigesters. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) technique was used to observe gastric emptying. Subjects rated abdominal pain after consumption of the two milk interventions using a six-point Likert scale.</p> <p>The final study was conducted to determine symptoms, maldigestion and inflammation due to consumption of A2 milk and conventional milk for fourteen days on a daily basis in lactose maldigesters. Subjects rated lactose intolerance symptoms every day during the fourteen days using a six-point Likert scale. Breath hydrogen, serum inflammatory markers and serum antioxidant concentrations were measured on day 15 after the two-week milk consumption.  All the studies were registered at clinicaltrials.gov. </p> <p><strong>Results: </strong></p> <p>Results from the first study indicated that abdominal pain due to a single meal of A2 milk in lactose intolerant subjects was lower by twenty-three percent as compared to conventional milk (p=0.004, n=25). Similarly, there was a twenty-eight percent decrease in abdominal pain score on consumption of A2 milk as compared to conventional milk in lactose maldigesters (p=0.001, n=33). All the other symptoms were not different between A2 and conventional milk in lactose intolerant subjects and lactose maldigesters. A single meal of A2 milk reduced the total hydrogen production (p=0.04, n=33) by sixteen percent and total symptoms production (p=0.04, n=33) by eighteen percent in lactose maldigesters as compared to conventional milk. However, the total hydrogen and total symptoms produced were not different in lactose intolerant subjects between A2 and conventional milk. Similarly, individual GI symptoms, total symptoms and total hydrogen were not different between jersey and conventional milk in lactose intolerant subjects and lactose maldigesters.</p> <p>Results from gastric transit study indicated that volume of A2 milk in the stomach was higher by twenty-four percent at 30 (p=0.01, n=10), forty-six percent at 60 (p=0.002, n=10) and one hundred and sixty-one percent at 120 (p<0.001, n=10) minutes as compared to conventional milk in lactose maldigesters. </p> <p>Results from the last study suggested a fecal urgency score lower by thirty-three percent (p=0.033, n=10) in lactose maldigesters due to daily consumption of A2 milk for two weeks as compared to conventional milk. The other symptoms, inflammation markers, antioxidant and breath hydrogen production were not different between A2 and conventional milk due to two-week milk consumption.</p> <p><strong>Conclusion:</strong> </p> <p>Total intolerance symptoms and total hydrogen production were lower due to consumption of a single meal of A2 milk than conventional milk in lactose maldigesters. Gastric transit of A2 milk was slower as compared to conventional milk in lactose maldigesters. Daily consumption of A2 milk for two-weeks reduced fecal urgency as compared to conventional milk in lactose maldigesters. </p> <p>  </p>

Despite major advances in the development of evidence-based practices (EBPs) for child anxiety, there remains a critical need to improve upon current treatments. Identifying common, transdiagnostic processes underlying child anxiety disorders offers a promising avenue to refine conceptualizations of the etiology and maintenance of child anxiety disorders, to enhance the efficacy of interventions, and to facilitate the dissemination of EBPs. Distress intolerance (DI), defined as the perceived inability to tolerate negative somatic and emotional states or experiential discomfort (Simons & Gaher, 2005), is a transdiagnostic factor contributing to multiple forms of mental illness. Emerging research suggests that DI may be associated with elevated anxiety in community samples of youth; however, associations between DI and child anxiety have yet to be evaluated in a clinical population. The present multimodal investigation (N = 56) examined patterns and correlates of DI in a treatment-seeking sample of anxious youth (ANX, n = 28) relative to community controls (COM, n = 28). The aims of the study were to examine differences in DI between ANX and COM youth on self-report and behavioral measures of DI, and to determine the extent to which DI mediates links between child anxiety and associated behavioral avoidance. Youth ages 10-17 completed self-report measures assessing child anxiety symptoms, behavioral avoidance, and DI. Next, participants completed a behavioral task intended to provoke mild levels of distress that assessed behavioral persistence in the face of that distress. Consistent with hypotheses, ANX participants demonstrated higher levels of self-reported DI than COM participants, and greater anxiety-disorder severity was associated with higher levels of self-reported DI. Contrary to hypotheses, there were no between-group differences in behaviorally assessed DI. Mediation analyses revealed that a composite summary score of three self-report DI measures significantly mediated the link between anxiety status and behavioral avoidance. These findings provide compelling preliminary support that self-perceived DI may underlie the behavioral avoidance that is a cardinal feature across anxiety disorders. Results can inform the optimization of EBPs for child anxiety such that clinicians might directly target DI within treatment to better alleviate symptoms and yield more enduring treatment gains in anxiety-disordered youth.

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No description available.

The overall goal of the present study was to demonstrate that intolerance of uncertainty (IU) is a key feature in both generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). More specifically, I wanted to test certain portions of the conceptual models proposed for the study suggesting that when participants with GAD or OCD are faced with situations that tap into their idiographic concerns, they experience an increase in IU and subsequently either worry or obsessing/ritualizing. College students who met predetermined cutoff scores on study measures were assigned to analogue GAD, OCD, or control groups. The stimuli consisted of scripts that were generated to induce a sense of uncertainty in participants. It was anticipated that, when faced with material related to their idiographic concerns, the experience of uncertainty would lead them to become intolerant of the uncertain thoughts and feelings, thereby leading to increased worry, obsessing and/or ritualizing, and/or negative affect. Each script was 349 words in length and described one of 20 GAD and OCD themes commonly occurring in the literature. Participants' levels of worry, obsessing and/or ritualizing, negative affect, and IU were assessed before and after the scripts were administered. The study design included three levels of group (GAD, OCD, Control) and two levels of script (matched vs. mismatched). Half the participants in analogue GAD and OCD groups were administered scripts associated with their specific concerns (i.e., matched), and the other half were administered scripts that were mismatched. Half of the Control group was administered scripts that were assigned to the GAD matched group and the other half received scripts assigned to the OCD matched group. The study examined several different hypotheses. IU and negative affect increased from pretest to posttest assessment. However, worry and obsessing and/or ritualizing did not. Posttest IU significantly predicted worry and obsessing and/or ritualizing. However, there were no significant differences between the three groups, nor were there any significant differences as a function of matching vs. mismatching of idiographic concerns. The present study did not find any support for a hypothesized mediational role of IU in the relationship between type of script and worry, obsessing and/or ritualizing, or negative affect. Moreover, there were no significant differences between the GAD, OCD, and Control groups in worry, obsessing and/or ritualizing, negative affect, or IU. These findings did not provide support for the proposed mixed moderation-mediation model. IU was associated with worry, OC, and negative affect, but it may not be the motivational mechanism behind changes in those constructs. / Psychology

Two experiments were conducted to examine the effects of type of milk (whole; nonfat; nonfat, 70% lactose-reduced) and type of egg (fresh, whole egg; egg substitute) on the quality of baked custards. The egg substitute was a combination of dried egg whit e solids, dried low-fat, low-cholesterol egg yolk solids, and xanthan gum. Custard formulations served as prototypes for use in studies conducted in the Department of Food Science and Technology, Virginia Tech. In those studies, the effects of processing parameters on the quality of the custards were examined. The goal of all the studies was to develop shelf-stable lactose-reduced custard mixes that have potential for use in the foodservice industry. In Experiment I, chemical, physical, and sensory characteristics of a dessert type baked custard, made with sucrose, were examined. In Experiment II, the same characteristics were examined for a cheese flavored, entree type custard made without sucrose. Results indicate that use of nonfat and nonfat, 70% lactose-reduced milk in place of whole milk decreased significantly total fat and cholesterol concentrations in both types of custard mixes. Lactose-reduced milk also decreased lactose and increased galactose concentrations. The egg substitute decreased total fat and cholesterol concentrations and increased protein concentration. In general, lactose reduction had little effect on the physical and sensory characteristics of both types of custards, but the egg substitute affected these characteristics. Custards made with the egg substitute had less intense yellow color and greater gel strength than those made with fresh, whole egg. These custards also were less bright and more uneven in color and had weaker egg flavor and aftertaste. Based on results of this study, development of a lactose-reduced custard is feasible. However, additional studies are needed to examine potential for use of the formulations in the foodservice industry. Because the mixes could be used as bases for other types of products, such as custard pies, filled pastries, and quiches, studies that focus on development of those products could help define the niche for the mixes in the foodservice industry. Because of the trend in today1s market for reduced-fat, reduced-cholesterol foods, additional studies could be done to examine the effects of various types of egg substitutes on the quality of the custards. / Master of Science

At the last time, we can see increased interest of lactose-free dairy products. The aim of the thesis was to evaluate offer of such products at selected retail chains in the South Bohemian region, then to conclude a sensory assessment of selected products and to verify of public awareness about lactose intolerance with a questionnaire survey. The widest offer of lactose-free dairy products has been found in Globus and Tesco, in the opposite the lowest offer has been found in Billa. Location of these products within the store was most the transparent in Globus (compared other stores). Three samples of white lactose free yoghurts and two samples of milk (with lactose and lactose-free) were evaluated by a sensory assessment. The sample of yoghurt from the company Madeta, line Nature was rated the best. On the contrary sample of yoghurt from the company Tatranská mliekáreň, line Nature´s Promise was rated the worst. The preference between two milk samples among the evaluators was balanced, despite large to moderate differences of intensity were described between them. Most respondents (79 %) knew what the term lactose intolerance means, but substantial part (22 %) of respondents badly indicated this the issue as allergy to milk casein. Because of high number of lactose-intolerant people in population this issue is still very actual, and it needs to be addressed.

Chemical intolerance (CI) is a term that refers to the surprisingly common phenomenon of persons getting ill from everyday chemicals. Although seemingly similar to asthma and allergies, CI sufferers do not react to exposures with increased histamine release. CI neither conforms to toxicological dose-response relationships as sufferers react to very low concentrations of chemicals assumed to be harmless. In addition, no particular chemical can be tied to any particular set of symptoms as in the case of other kinds of toxic injuries. The two overreaching goals of this thesis were to empirically investigate important hypotheses regarding CI, and to develop a theoretical framework that integrates previous theories of CI into a coherent whole.There are four empirical studies in this thesis. Utilizing event-related potentials (ERPs), magnitude estimations of perceived intensity, detection tests and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), the studies provided support for the following hypotheses: (1) persons with self-reported CI sensitize to olfactory and chemosomatosensory stimuli, whereas non-intolerant individuals habituate; (2) sensitization in CI is similar in terms of brain activation patterns to both non-clinical sensitization and other unexplained illnesses such as fibromyalgia; (3) persons with CI have an attention bias to chemical exposures, reflected by problems with withdrawing attention from such stimuli; (4) measures of peripheral hyperreactivity are correlated with chemosensory ERP measures; but failed to corroborate (5) the reactions of women resemble those found in persons with CI to a greater degree than the case in men.Three major theories of CI are also discussed. The neural sensitization theory describes CI as pathological and non-immunological increases in neural responsiveness. The conditioning theory describes CI as the result of basic associative learning mechanisms. The neurogenic inflammation theory describes CI as proliferation of sensory c-fibers and inflammatory responses carried to several parts of the body through axon reflexes and release of inflammatory mediators. The main point of the theoretical synthesis is that the theories offer different and complementary perspectives on CI, rather than presenting conflicting ontologies. With an integrated perspective, infected debates whether CI is a psychological or organic illness can hopefully be avoided.Finally, the unexplained characteristics of CI, the empirical findings and the theoretical accounts are described within the theoretical framework of signal detection theory. Several features of CI, e.g. sensitization and peripheral hyperreactivity, are described in terms of applying a low criterion (ß). / Kemisk intolerans, det vill säga att få symtom av vardagliga lukter, är ett förvånansvärt vanligt problem. Trots att åkomman i många avseenden liknar astma och allergi, reagerar de drabbade inte med exempelvis ökad histaminfrisättning. Kemisk intolerans överensstämmer inte heller med toxikologiska dos-responsförhållanden, eftersom de drabbade blir sjuka av väldigt låga koncentrationer av luktämnen. Enskilda kemikalier kan inte kopplas till en karaktäristisk symtombild, vilket är vanligt vid andra typer av toxikologiska skador. I denna avhandling har jag två mål. För det första undersöker jag viktiga hypoteser om kemisk intolerans. För det andra erbjuder jag ett teoretiskt ramverk där jag integrerar tidigare teorier om kemisk intolerans till en sammanhängande helhet.Den empiriska delen av avhandlingen består av fyra forskningsstudier. Baserat på händelserelaterade hjärnpotentialer (ERPs), magnitudestimationer av upplevd styrka, detektionstest samt funktionell magnetresonansavbildning (fMRI) stöder studierna följande hypoteser: (1) personer med självrapporterad kemisk intolerans sensitiserar till olfaktoriska och kemosomatosensoriska stimuli, medan icke-intoleranta individer habituerar; (2) med avseende på hjärnaktiveringsmönster liknar sensitisering hos kemiskt intoleranta det mönster man finner både i icke-klinisk sensitisering och i exempelvis fibromyalgi; (3) personer med kemisk intolerans har en benägenhet att uppmärksamma kemisk exponering, vilket reflekteras i en oförmåga att ignorera sådana stimuli; (4) mått på perifer hyperreaktivitet korrelerar med kemosensoriska ERP-mått. Hypotesen att (5) kvinnors reaktioner på kemosensoriska stimuli liknar de man kan finna hos de kemiskt intoleranta i större utsträckning än vad fallet är för män, stöds däremot inte.Tre teorier om kemisk intolerans diskuteras. Den neurala sensitiseringsteorin beskriver intoleransen som en patologisk ökning av neural aktivitet. Betingningsteorin beskriver kemisk intolerans som ett resultat av grundläggande associativa inlägningsmekanismer. Slutligen beskriver teorin om neurogen inflammation intoleransen som en förhöjd aktivering av c-fiberaktivitet och ökade inflammatoriska processer. Huvudargumentet i den teoretiska sammanfattningen är att dessa teorier erbjuder komplementära perspektiv på kemisk intolerans. Med ett integrerat perspektiv kan förhoppningsvis infekterade debatter om huruvida kemisk intolerans är en psykologisk eller organisk åkomma undvikas.De oförklarade egenskaperna av kemisk intolerans, de empiriska fynden, samt de teoretiska förklaringarna beskrivs slutligen inom ett teoretiskt ramverk som utgår från signaldetektionsteorin. Flera egenskaper hos kemisk intolerans beskrivs i termer av ett förändrat eller lågt satt kriterium (ß).