Every society consists of two main parts: ingroup (“ours”) and outgroup (“other”). The values of these groups are different and it causes the antithesis exits between these groups. It can develop into the intolerance towards the opposite group. The ingroup has a tendency to overestimate itself while the outgroup is underestimated. Such situation has a tendency to instigate the formation of the stereotypes of the outgroup. Sometimes some qualities of outgroup can be related with crimes in the eyes of ingroup members. One can distinguish two main types of the outgroups in the society of Grand Duchy of Lithuania of the 17th century. The first group can be defined as infidels (Jewry, the Protestants, etc.) and the second – witches. Jewry became the out group because of the religious differences, traditions and behaviour features, etc. The intolerance towards the Jewry had could be stimulated by the existing economic competition. Usually the Jews had been blamed on economical crimes and swindles. Later the character of the accusations for the Jews had transformed. The image of swindling Jew had changed into the image of malevolent Jew, who harms To Christians purposely. The Jewry has been blamed having aim to pauperize the Christians. Later they had been blamed for beeing wishful to damage the Christian religion and to scorn it. Also the Jews had been accused for doing sacriledges, scorning the sacramental objects, stealing crucifixes, etc. Eventually the image of malevolent Jewry... [to full text]

Šio darbo tikslas – išsiaiškinti jaunuolių nepakantos nuostatų raišką, tarpusavio ryšį ir socioedukacinių veiksnių įtaką jų raiškai, Šiaulių miesto studentų (Šiaulių universiteto, Šiaulių kolegijos) ir moksleivių (Šiaulių profesinės mokyklos) tarpe. Tyrimo instrumentas (autoritarizmo, autoritarinės šeimos struktūros, rasizmo, seksizmo, homofobijos skalės ir socioedukacinių faktorių blokas) - autorės sukurtas nepakantos nuostatų raiškos matavimo klausimynas - anketa. Magistro darbe, remiantis Lietuvos ir užsienio mokslinės literatūros analize, išanalizuotas nepakantos nuostatų kaip psichososialinio reiškinio konstruktas, atskleidžiant jo sampratą, struktūrą ir raiškos ypatumus; atskleista autoritarinių, rasistinių, seksistinių ir homofobiškų nuostatų raiška Šiaulių miesto jaunuolių populiacijoje, tarpusavio koreliaciniai ryšiai bei socioedukacinių veiksnių įtaka nuostatų raiškai. Tyrimas patvirtina autorės suformuluotą mokslinio tyrimo hipotezę, kad tarp visų nepakantos nuostatų yra teigiamas ryšys. Taip pat, pasitvirtino ir antroji hipotezė, kurioje teigiama, jog socialinių ir edukacinių faktorių įtaka nepakantos formų raiškai yra reikšminga. / The aim of this paper is to ascertain expression of intolerance attitudes of youth, their interplay and influence of socioeducational factors for attitudes expression in Siauliai University, Siauliai College and Siauliai professional school students population. The instrument of research (authoritarianism, authoritorian structure of the family, racism, sexism, homophobia scales and socioeducational factors unit) – attitudes measure questionnaire created by the author. By analyzing the foreign and local academical literature analyzed the intolerance attitudes as the psychosocial phenomenon construct, identifying the concept, structure and expression features; revealed the expression of the authoritarian, racist, homophobic and sexist attitudes of the youth population in the city of Siauliai, intercorrelation links and influence of socioeducational factors for attitudes expression The study author confirmed the research hypothesis, that between all intolerance attitudes there are positive link. Also confirmed the second hypotesis, which states that the social and educational factors influence is significant for intolerance attitudes expression.

Baigiamajame magistro darbe apibrėžiama etninio nepakantumo samprata, identifikuojamos etninio nepakantumo kaip reiškinio formavimosi priežastys ir analizuojama politika etninių mažumų atžvilgiu. Antroje darbo dalyje nagrinėjama ir lyginama romų etninės mažumos padėtis Lietuvoje ir Europos Sąjungos šalyse, analizuojami Lietuvos Respublikos ir Europos Sąjungos dokumentai dėl romų bendruomenės socialinės įtraukties bei vertinamas visuomenės požiūris ir publikuojamų straipsnių įtaka, formuojant nusistatymą prieš romų tautybės asmenis. / The thesis defines the concept of ethnic hatred, identifies the causes of the of the formation of the ethnic intolerance and analyzes the policy of the ethnic minoritys. The second part of the paper examines and compares the Roma ethnic minority in Lithuania and the European Union.

No description available.

The potential role of lower limb blood pooling in reducing venous return to the heart during orthostasis and elevated venous pressure is investigated. This study compares lower limb capacitance, microvascular filtration, and peripheral resistance between a group of highly trained endurance athletes and a group of their sedentary peers. Seven endurance trained males were selected between the ages of 23-33 [(29.1 4.1 yr), mean SD]. The subjects weekly cycling mileage ranged from 80 to 150 miles per week with an average of 125 8.5 miles/week. Nine healthy, age-matched sedentary subjects (25.8 4.8 yr.) were selected for the control group, based upon their reporting they had not participated in repeated lower-body or cardiovascular exercise in the months prior to their study. Results show that both subject groups had similar calf venous capacitances, rates of capillary fluid filtration, and local flow shunting (vascular resistance change) in response to venous thigh occlusion and 70 head-up tilt (HUT). The only significant difference found between groups was the cyclist groups smaller rise in heart rate in response to HUT. The findings of this study suggest that cyclists are not predisposed to orthostatic intolerance due to any changes in lower limb function.

Focusing on a lived and practiced tolerance, this thesis sets out to explore questions concerning education for tolerance, and, specifically, how teachers and educators can prepare students to become tolerating subjects in their everyday encounters with others. Taking its point of departure in real and fictional classroom situations, the overall purpose of the study is to explore the ethical and transformative potential inherent in education for tolerance. The theoretical frame of the study is deconstruction and the philosophical writings of JacquesDerrida. The purpose of the thesis is accomplished in three movements. The first aims to show why teachers and educators need to redirect their attention in the classroom if the ethical and transformative potential that lies in education for tolerance is to be taken seriously. Instead of focusing on the tolerated and “deviating” other, it proposes that the tolerating subject should be the center of attention. The second movement aims to prepare the ground for a deconstructive reading by mapping different contemporary discourses of tolerance. Three distinct but interrelated dilemmas of tolerance are identified: the dilemma of welcoming, the dilemma of drawing boundaries, and the dilemma of bearing or enduring the otherness of the other. The third movement aims to show how a deconstructive reading of the dilemmas of tolerance can help teachers and educators to perceive and relate otherwise to the tolerating subject in education. For this, I turn to Derrida’s deconstructions of three concepts that are vital for our understanding of tolerance: hospitality, justice and mourning. The final section of the thesis discusses some educational implications deriving from the study. It is argued that if we look at the tolerating subject through the experience of its deconstruction, we also come to see education for tolerance otherwise. What this altered perspective can mean for education is articulated within the framework of what is calleda pedagogy of tolerance. / <p>Kommer ev. att publiceras på förlag.</p>

Masters Research - Masters of Medical Science / The goal of this thesis is to report on research that explored the role of cow’s milk protein in children with chronic functional constipation. The research consisted of a systematic review of the literature, two clinical crossover trials, and a qualitative exploration of the lived experience of following a milk-free diet. Chapter 1 provides the introduction to both allergy and constipation, and the relationship between the two. Causes of constipation can be organic or functional (1). Organic causes of constipation occur in relation to a primary disease classification such as endocrine or metabolic disorders, neurologic disorders, anatomic malformation, collagen vascular disease and some drugs (for example, opiates). Chronic functional constipation is defined as having one bowel motion every three to 15 days (2) and is characterised by painful bowel movements or strain in defecation, hard stools with increased diameter or pellets, and occurs with or without soiling (3). This functional constipation is defined as chronic when it persists for greater than two weeks (4). Chapter 2 details the methods used in searching the literature for evidence for a role of cow’s milk consumption in chronic functional constipation in children from 1980 to 2006. This was published as a systematic review. The literature surrounding cow’s milk and constipation was found to be limited. None of the studies previously conducted were population-based or structured to provide evidence-based evaluation or treatment guidelines at either the general practitioner or paediatric specialist level. The strongest evidence found was a double blind randomised control trial conducted by Iacono and colleagues (3). The research study by Iacono and colleagues (3) provides evidence of an association between cow’s milk and constipation. The following research questions were developed from the systematic review: 1. Can the results of the Iacono and colleagues study of children with chronic functional constipation that respond to the replacement of cow’s milk protein with soy be replicated in the Australian setting? 2. Does cow’s milk β casein A1 cause constipation in children with chronic functional constipation? 3. What are the immunological and biochemical mechanisms underlying chronic functional constipation that respond to the removal of cow’s milk protein in children? 4. What factors affect the feasibility of parents administering a cow’s milk protein free diet to their children? The four questions were addressed by two different dietary crossover trials and a qualitative study. Chapter 3 describes the participants recruited and the methods used for the crossover trials investigating milk protein and paediatric chronic functional constipation including details of the primary outcome measure (number of bowel motions during a two-week trial period) and secondary outcome measures (biochemical, immunological and faecal analysis). Chapter 4 describes the results of Trial 1, which replicated the Iacono and colleagues study in the Australian setting, investigating the effects of soy and cow’s milk β-casein A1 in children with chronic functional constipation. One hundred percent of participants experienced resolution of their constipation during the soy milk condition compared with 68% experiencing resolution during the soy milk condition in the Iacono and colleagues study (n=65). Thirteen participants were recruited to Trial 1. Nine participants returned constipation diaries for the study period. The mean (SD) number of stools for each of the conditions was: baseline, 5.1 (1.4); cow’s milk 9.9 (4.4); washout 13.0 (5.2); and soy milk 15.1 (5.0). The differences between the three dietary conditions were statistically significant, p=0.03. The results confirmed the hypothesis that children in the Australian setting with chronic functional constipation unresponsive to the usual treatments, respond to the removal of cow’s milk protein from the diet. Chapter 5 describes the results of Trial 2, the double blind crossover trial comparing the effects of cow’s milk β-casein A1 and cow’s milk β-casein A2 in children with chronic functional constipation. Thirty-nine participants were recruited to Trial 2 and 26 participants returned constipation diaries for the trial period. Unlike the soy result, the cow’s milk β casein A2 did not give 100% resolution of constipation, in fact, the percentage resolution was almost identical to the cow’s milk β casein A1 result. The fact that some children responded during the cow’s milk casein A1 condition in both trials could be caused by a threshold effect, given it was likely that participants were consuming less cow’s milk protein during the trial (400 mL with elimination of all other sources of cow’s milk protein) than on their pre-trial diet. Resolution with both the cow’s milk β casein A1 and cow’s milk β casein A2 conditions suggests that these children are able to tolerate some cow’s milk protein before the symptom of constipation occurs. This could be a food intolerance type reaction or there is some other component in cow’s milk that is causing the problem in these children. Chapter 6 describes a qualitative study of the feasibility for mothers to administer a cow’s milk protein free diet to their children. The experiences of mothers following a cow’s milk protein free diet to assist in the management of chronic functional constipation in children were reported. A number of themes were identified that are useful to health professionals educating families. Mothers found the removal of cow’s milk protein from the diets of their children challenging but persevered due to the potential benefit to their children. Many mothers planned to continue post study with a modified approach to the cow’s milk protein free diet by allowing some cow’s milk protein in the diet to make the diet more acceptable to the family but not as much as the pre-trial diet. These experiences provide health professionals with valuable insights and ideas to assist their patients to manage a cow’s milk protein free diet. Chapter 7 discusses all aspects of the research including any limitations. The results of Trial 1 confirmed the hypothesis that children in the Australian settling with chronic functional constipation unresponsive to the usual treatments respond to the removal of cow’s milk protein from the diet. Therefore, cow’s milk protein is involved in the aetiology of constipation in these children. All the study participants demonstrated an absence or low level of normal gut flora, which may affect bowel regularity. Further research into species present and absent may provide further explanations to the lack of bowel regularity in these children. The immunological and biochemical mechanisms underlying chronic functional constipation that respond to the removal of cow’s milk protein requires further investigation. Although the number of statistically significant variables between the conditions was low, there was a high degree of abnormality. Further investigations are needed, including research into food intolerance reactions that affect the nerve endings in the bowel. The results in Trial 1 and Trial 2 are suggestive of an involvement of blood factors including platelets and monocytes. Other children may have a chronic Streptococcus A infection which may be contributing to constipation as well as to liver function abnormalities. Liver function abnormalities were observed for some participants in both trials, independent of milk condition. The extent to which the research questions have been answered is evaluated in Chapter 7, which includes the conclusions and recommendations of this research. In brief, the findings were: • Children with chronic functional constipation that is unresponsive to the traditional treatments should trial a cow’s milk protein free diet for at least two weeks to determine whether this may resolve the constipation. During this period, the numbers and form of bowel motions should be recorded and results compared to a one week record collected prior to commencing the cow’s milk protein free diet. • Due to the complicated nature of a cow’s milk protein free diet, especially the number of processed foods which contain hidden cow’s milk protein, consultation with a dietitian is essential for implementation of this diet. The dietitian should consider educating the patient’s family, both parents and siblings, to ensure the best outcome in terms of acceptance and compliance of the diet, and provide adequate resources. • If this dietary modification is successful for the child and alleviates constipation, consultation with a dietitian is recommended to determine the amount tolerated and nutritional adequacy of the diet. Soy milk is recommended as a substitute for cow’s milk and a probiotic needs to be prescribed to assist with the normalisation of gut flora. • Education of health professionals such as general practitioners, paediatricians, and paediatric continence nurses, regarding a cow’s milk protein free diet for chronic functional constipation, is essential to support the child and his/her family and integral to the success of this strategy. The findings of this research will be published in the scientific literature and as conference presentations. It is hoped that these findings will assist in the management of children with chronic functional constipation unresponsive to the traditional treatments.

Masters Research - Masters of Medical Science / The goal of this thesis is to report on research that explored the role of cow’s milk protein in children with chronic functional constipation. The research consisted of a systematic review of the literature, two clinical crossover trials, and a qualitative exploration of the lived experience of following a milk-free diet. Chapter 1 provides the introduction to both allergy and constipation, and the relationship between the two. Causes of constipation can be organic or functional (1). Organic causes of constipation occur in relation to a primary disease classification such as endocrine or metabolic disorders, neurologic disorders, anatomic malformation, collagen vascular disease and some drugs (for example, opiates). Chronic functional constipation is defined as having one bowel motion every three to 15 days (2) and is characterised by painful bowel movements or strain in defecation, hard stools with increased diameter or pellets, and occurs with or without soiling (3). This functional constipation is defined as chronic when it persists for greater than two weeks (4). Chapter 2 details the methods used in searching the literature for evidence for a role of cow’s milk consumption in chronic functional constipation in children from 1980 to 2006. This was published as a systematic review. The literature surrounding cow’s milk and constipation was found to be limited. None of the studies previously conducted were population-based or structured to provide evidence-based evaluation or treatment guidelines at either the general practitioner or paediatric specialist level. The strongest evidence found was a double blind randomised control trial conducted by Iacono and colleagues (3). The research study by Iacono and colleagues (3) provides evidence of an association between cow’s milk and constipation. The following research questions were developed from the systematic review: 1. Can the results of the Iacono and colleagues study of children with chronic functional constipation that respond to the replacement of cow’s milk protein with soy be replicated in the Australian setting? 2. Does cow’s milk β casein A1 cause constipation in children with chronic functional constipation? 3. What are the immunological and biochemical mechanisms underlying chronic functional constipation that respond to the removal of cow’s milk protein in children? 4. What factors affect the feasibility of parents administering a cow’s milk protein free diet to their children? The four questions were addressed by two different dietary crossover trials and a qualitative study. Chapter 3 describes the participants recruited and the methods used for the crossover trials investigating milk protein and paediatric chronic functional constipation including details of the primary outcome measure (number of bowel motions during a two-week trial period) and secondary outcome measures (biochemical, immunological and faecal analysis). Chapter 4 describes the results of Trial 1, which replicated the Iacono and colleagues study in the Australian setting, investigating the effects of soy and cow’s milk β-casein A1 in children with chronic functional constipation. One hundred percent of participants experienced resolution of their constipation during the soy milk condition compared with 68% experiencing resolution during the soy milk condition in the Iacono and colleagues study (n=65). Thirteen participants were recruited to Trial 1. Nine participants returned constipation diaries for the study period. The mean (SD) number of stools for each of the conditions was: baseline, 5.1 (1.4); cow’s milk 9.9 (4.4); washout 13.0 (5.2); and soy milk 15.1 (5.0). The differences between the three dietary conditions were statistically significant, p=0.03. The results confirmed the hypothesis that children in the Australian setting with chronic functional constipation unresponsive to the usual treatments, respond to the removal of cow’s milk protein from the diet. Chapter 5 describes the results of Trial 2, the double blind crossover trial comparing the effects of cow’s milk β-casein A1 and cow’s milk β-casein A2 in children with chronic functional constipation. Thirty-nine participants were recruited to Trial 2 and 26 participants returned constipation diaries for the trial period. Unlike the soy result, the cow’s milk β casein A2 did not give 100% resolution of constipation, in fact, the percentage resolution was almost identical to the cow’s milk β casein A1 result. The fact that some children responded during the cow’s milk casein A1 condition in both trials could be caused by a threshold effect, given it was likely that participants were consuming less cow’s milk protein during the trial (400 mL with elimination of all other sources of cow’s milk protein) than on their pre-trial diet. Resolution with both the cow’s milk β casein A1 and cow’s milk β casein A2 conditions suggests that these children are able to tolerate some cow’s milk protein before the symptom of constipation occurs. This could be a food intolerance type reaction or there is some other component in cow’s milk that is causing the problem in these children. Chapter 6 describes a qualitative study of the feasibility for mothers to administer a cow’s milk protein free diet to their children. The experiences of mothers following a cow’s milk protein free diet to assist in the management of chronic functional constipation in children were reported. A number of themes were identified that are useful to health professionals educating families. Mothers found the removal of cow’s milk protein from the diets of their children challenging but persevered due to the potential benefit to their children. Many mothers planned to continue post study with a modified approach to the cow’s milk protein free diet by allowing some cow’s milk protein in the diet to make the diet more acceptable to the family but not as much as the pre-trial diet. These experiences provide health professionals with valuable insights and ideas to assist their patients to manage a cow’s milk protein free diet. Chapter 7 discusses all aspects of the research including any limitations. The results of Trial 1 confirmed the hypothesis that children in the Australian settling with chronic functional constipation unresponsive to the usual treatments respond to the removal of cow’s milk protein from the diet. Therefore, cow’s milk protein is involved in the aetiology of constipation in these children. All the study participants demonstrated an absence or low level of normal gut flora, which may affect bowel regularity. Further research into species present and absent may provide further explanations to the lack of bowel regularity in these children. The immunological and biochemical mechanisms underlying chronic functional constipation that respond to the removal of cow’s milk protein requires further investigation. Although the number of statistically significant variables between the conditions was low, there was a high degree of abnormality. Further investigations are needed, including research into food intolerance reactions that affect the nerve endings in the bowel. The results in Trial 1 and Trial 2 are suggestive of an involvement of blood factors including platelets and monocytes. Other children may have a chronic Streptococcus A infection which may be contributing to constipation as well as to liver function abnormalities. Liver function abnormalities were observed for some participants in both trials, independent of milk condition. The extent to which the research questions have been answered is evaluated in Chapter 7, which includes the conclusions and recommendations of this research. In brief, the findings were: • Children with chronic functional constipation that is unresponsive to the traditional treatments should trial a cow’s milk protein free diet for at least two weeks to determine whether this may resolve the constipation. During this period, the numbers and form of bowel motions should be recorded and results compared to a one week record collected prior to commencing the cow’s milk protein free diet. • Due to the complicated nature of a cow’s milk protein free diet, especially the number of processed foods which contain hidden cow’s milk protein, consultation with a dietitian is essential for implementation of this diet. The dietitian should consider educating the patient’s family, both parents and siblings, to ensure the best outcome in terms of acceptance and compliance of the diet, and provide adequate resources. • If this dietary modification is successful for the child and alleviates constipation, consultation with a dietitian is recommended to determine the amount tolerated and nutritional adequacy of the diet. Soy milk is recommended as a substitute for cow’s milk and a probiotic needs to be prescribed to assist with the normalisation of gut flora. • Education of health professionals such as general practitioners, paediatricians, and paediatric continence nurses, regarding a cow’s milk protein free diet for chronic functional constipation, is essential to support the child and his/her family and integral to the success of this strategy. The findings of this research will be published in the scientific literature and as conference presentations. It is hoped that these findings will assist in the management of children with chronic functional constipation unresponsive to the traditional treatments.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst., 2003. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Univ., 2003. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.