Assisting young people in becoming resilient is the topic of much research in the education community. My research utilised the life stories of four participants and sought to understand their experiences in their attainment of resiliency. Their personal accounts offered a unique perspective. Attachment Theory, Locus of Control Theory and Self-Efficacy Theory has much to offer the topic of resiliency and support the findings of my study. Results indicate that each of the participants had secure attachments, an internal locus of control and a strong personal self-efficacy. Optimism and hardiness were evident as each participant spoke about the process of attaining resiliency. Insights as to how educators can utilise the findings of this research and promote resilience were also addressed. / October 2008

Assisting young people in becoming resilient is the topic of much research in the education community. My research utilised the life stories of four participants and sought to understand their experiences in their attainment of resiliency. Their personal accounts offered a unique perspective. Attachment Theory, Locus of Control Theory and Self-Efficacy Theory has much to offer the topic of resiliency and support the findings of my study. Results indicate that each of the participants had secure attachments, an internal locus of control and a strong personal self-efficacy. Optimism and hardiness were evident as each participant spoke about the process of attaining resiliency. Insights as to how educators can utilise the findings of this research and promote resilience were also addressed.

Assisting young people in becoming resilient is the topic of much research in the education community. My research utilised the life stories of four participants and sought to understand their experiences in their attainment of resiliency. Their personal accounts offered a unique perspective. Attachment Theory, Locus of Control Theory and Self-Efficacy Theory has much to offer the topic of resiliency and support the findings of my study. Results indicate that each of the participants had secure attachments, an internal locus of control and a strong personal self-efficacy. Optimism and hardiness were evident as each participant spoke about the process of attaining resiliency. Insights as to how educators can utilise the findings of this research and promote resilience were also addressed.

Thèse (M.Sc.)--Université Laval, 2007. / Bibliogr.: f. [134]-136. Publié aussi en version électronique dans la Collection Mémoires et thèses électroniques.

This report presents a new way of applying cultural scripts (a form of reductive paraphrase) to the study and description of culturally specific linguistic behavior. Cultural scripts are used to define levels of formality in German culture. This is done by describing typical situations that range from formal to informal in terms of how members of German culture typically conceive of them. The purpose of these levels is to create a scale of formality that can be used to rate particular linguistic expressions in a reference source, thus approximating native speaker intuitions about linguistic formality, and helping readers understand the norms of (in)formal linguistic behavior in German culture. Such a reference source would be immeasurably helpful for students of German, as register variation, particularly formality variation, can be quite difficult for foreign language learners to master. This reference source should help students determine when it is appropriate to use one linguistic expression over another with a similar meaning (and a different level of formality). It would inform students, for example, that a word like “Bulle” in German (“cop” or “pig”) is not appropriate in an academic presentation on European law enforcement agencies, and that the less colloquial terms, “Polizist” or “Polizeibeamte”, would be better suited to such a context. / text

Scripts for peer conflict were examined in a sample of 55 four- and five-year-old children. Children provided a full sequential report of the conflict strategies used in six hypothetical peer conflict situations involving disputes over possessions. Interviews were conducted at two time points (early and late) during the children’s first year of school. Scripts were studied at two different analytical levels examined separately in two manuscripts: in the first manuscript, conflict scripts were examined at the group level to reveal general patterns across the participants. The second manuscript explored individual differences in children’s conflict scripts by identifying subgroups of children on the basis of how their scripts unfolded from beginning to end. Analyses in the first manuscript offered support for the stability of children’s scripts across situations. Findings suggested that children internally represent the sequential unfolding of conflict. In particular, their scripts became more constructive as conflicts progressed towards termination, a pattern that was especially apparent later in the school year. As well, analysis of if-then contingencies within scripts revealed that problem solving (e.g., offering to share or negotiate) was perceived by children to de-escalate hostility in conflict, as problem solving was rarely followed by power assertive responses. Averaging actions across conflicts masked specific conflict processes that were captured with sequential analysis of patterns. In the second manuscript, the types of scripts children reported were examined in relation to their receptive language abilities, theory of mind, and social adjustment to school. There was some support for the hypothesis that children whose scripts were constructive (i.e., containing references to problem-solving and conciliation) had better receptive language skills and were more prosocial than children whose scripts were less constructive. Theory of mind was unrelated to children’s ability to represent perspective-taking in their scripts. Directions for future research on children’s conflict scripts are discussed.

Scripts for peer conflict were examined in a sample of 55 four- and five-year-old children. Children provided a full sequential report of the conflict strategies used in six hypothetical peer conflict situations involving disputes over possessions. Interviews were conducted at two time points (early and late) during the children’s first year of school. Scripts were studied at two different analytical levels examined separately in two manuscripts: in the first manuscript, conflict scripts were examined at the group level to reveal general patterns across the participants. The second manuscript explored individual differences in children’s conflict scripts by identifying subgroups of children on the basis of how their scripts unfolded from beginning to end. Analyses in the first manuscript offered support for the stability of children’s scripts across situations. Findings suggested that children internally represent the sequential unfolding of conflict. In particular, their scripts became more constructive as conflicts progressed towards termination, a pattern that was especially apparent later in the school year. As well, analysis of if-then contingencies within scripts revealed that problem solving (e.g., offering to share or negotiate) was perceived by children to de-escalate hostility in conflict, as problem solving was rarely followed by power assertive responses. Averaging actions across conflicts masked specific conflict processes that were captured with sequential analysis of patterns. In the second manuscript, the types of scripts children reported were examined in relation to their receptive language abilities, theory of mind, and social adjustment to school. There was some support for the hypothesis that children whose scripts were constructive (i.e., containing references to problem-solving and conciliation) had better receptive language skills and were more prosocial than children whose scripts were less constructive. Theory of mind was unrelated to children’s ability to represent perspective-taking in their scripts. Directions for future research on children’s conflict scripts are discussed.

Introduktion. Föreliggande studie har redogjort för studenters uppfattning om stalkning i kontexten där gärningspersonen är främmande för offret. Stalkning som fenomen är så pass omfattande att det diskuteras i termen om ett eventuellt folkhälsoproblem. Då det är ett tämligen outforskat område i Sverige finns få studier gjorda kring allmänhetens uppfattning av stalkning. Studiens syfte var att undersöka huruvida studenters uppfattning om stalkning skiljde sig åt beroende på om de tilldelats ett stalkningsscenario med ett idealiskt eller ett neutralt offer. Metod. Totalt 44 studenter från Mittuniversitet deltog i studien med mixad design. Deltagargenererade skripts analyserades kvalitativ med en förhållandevis öppen metodologi. Resultat. Övervakning och förföljelse utgjorde de vanligast förekommande stalkningsbeteendena. Stalkningstypologin den inkompetente rapporterades i signifikant högre utsträckning i den idealiska gruppen, och typologin den hämndlystne förekom endast i den neutrala gruppen där den också var vanligast förekommande typologi. Ingen skillnad förelåg mellan den idealiska och den neutrala gruppen i uppfattningen om stalkningen som en brottslig handling. Diskussion. Studenters uppfattning av stalkning i studiens kontext överensstämmer i stort med den uppfattning som forskning har visat att allmänheten har kring fenomenet stalkning. Skillnader i stalkningstypologier mellan den idealiska och den neutrala gruppen härleds till hur offret framställts i de två scenariorna vilket kopplas till Christies teori om det idealiska offret. Framtida forskning bör undersöka hur psykisk problematik hos ett offer påverkar samhällets brottsofferbemötande. / <p>2014-06-03</p>

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Τα σύγχρονα υπολογιστικά περιβάλλοντα χαρακτηρίζονται από έντονη χρήση διερμηνευτών (scripting languages). Μεταξύ άλλων, διερμηνευτές χρησιμοποιούνται για τη διαχείριση συστήματων (bash, powershell, msi), την αυτοματοποίηση διαδικασιών σε εφαρμογές (Microsoft Office, Alias Maya, Sonar, AutoCad), τη δημιουργία ψηφιακών παιχνιδιών (UnrealScript, LUA) αλλά και για την ανάπτυξη εφαρμογών για τον Παγκόσμιο Ιστό. Ειδικά για τη περίπτωση του Διαδικτύου, φαίνεται ότι η εξέλιξη του Παγκόσμιου Ιστού είναι συνυφασμένη με την παράλληλη εξέλιξη των διερμηνευτών: νέες γλώσσες δημιουργούνται ώστε να υποστηρίξουν νέες τεχνολογίες. Σήμερα, πολλές ετερογενείς τεχνολογίες αλληλεπιδρούν ώστε εξυπηρετητής και φυλλομετρητής να παράγουν και να παρουσιάσουν διαδραστικό περιεχόμενο στο χρήστη. Από τη μεριά του εξυπηρετητή, χρησιμοποιούνται γλώσσες όπως οι Php, Jsp και Asp.Net. Το περιεχόμενο που παράγεται παρουσιάζεται στο χρήστη με τη χρήση γλωσσών όπως οι html, Javascript και Actionscript. Οι διερμηνευτές γίνονται όλο και πιο διαδεδομένοι, καθώς προσφέρουν ευελιξία στην ανάπτυξη του κώδικα, ανεξαρτησία από την υπολογιστική αρχιτεκτονική και μειωμένους χρόνους ανάπτυξης, αφού δεν απαιτείται μεταγλώττιση ενώ το συντακτικό είναι απλο¬ποιημένο. Για τη βελτίωση της απόδοσης, οι σύγχρονοι διερμηνευτές χρησιμοποιούν Just-in-time compilation τεχνικές: ουσιαστικά μετατρέπουν το πηγαίο κώδικα σε ενδιάμεσο κώδικα, άμεσα εκτελέσιμο από μια μηχανή εκτέλεσης (ιδεατή μηχανή). Αυτό δυσχεραίνει περαιτέρω το διαχωρισμό μεταξύ διερμηνευτή και μεταγλωττιστή. Λόγω των παραπάνω χαρακτηριστικών και κυρίως λόγω της ανεξαρτησίας τους από την αρχιτεκτονική, οι διερμηνευτές αποτελούν τη βάση για τη συντριπτική πλειοψηφία των Εφαρμογών Ιστού. Εντούτοις, καθώς η πολυπλοκότητα των διαδικτυακών εφαρμογών αυξάνεται, η χρήση των υπαρχόντων τεχνολογιών επιβραδύνει σημαντικά την ανάπτυξη: Για μια απλή δυναμική ιστοσελίδα απαιτείται η συγγραφή κώδικα σε τουλάχιστον τρεις γλώσσες: Κάθε στοιχείο της εφαρμογής (βάση δεδομένων, εξυπηρετητής, πελάτης) προγραμματίζεται σε διαφορετικό γλωσσικό περιβάλλον. Ο προγραμματιστής καλείται να διαχειριστεί την επικοινωνία και αλληλεπίδραση των ετερογενών στοιχείων αυτών και να επιλύσει τυχόν ασυμβατότητες. Ένα μεγάλο μέρος του χρόνου ανάπτυξης μιας εφαρμογής καταναλώνεται στη διαχείριση αυτού του ετερογενούς συστήματος. Με την άφιξη νέων τεχνολογιών, όπως για παράδειγμα οι Ajax, Silverlight, JavaFX, η διαχείριση των εγγενών προβλημάτων του συστήματος αυτού δυσχεραίνεται ακόμη περισσότερο. Στα πλαίσια της εργασίας αυτής διερευνώνται οι κυριότερες σύγχρονες τεχνολογίες διερμηνευτών για ανάπτυξη εφαρμογών, με έμφαση στις τεχνολογίες Ιστού. Κάθε γλώσσα αναλύεται ξεχωριστά και σχολιάζονται οι ιδιαιτερότητες και τα ειδικά χαρακτηριστικά της. Παράλληλα εντοπίζονται τα εγγενή προβλήματα ασυμβατότητας που συναντώνται στο υπάρχον μοντέλο ανάπτυξης και παρουσιάζεται ένα εναλλακτικό, ενοποιημένο μοντέλο ανάπτυξης διαδικτυακών εφαρμογών, το οποίο ομαδοποιεί και απλοποιεί τις προγραμματιστικές διαδικασίες των συστημάτων πελάτη και εξυπηρετητή. / Scripting languages find many applications in modern computing environments. Scripts are used in various scenarios, including system administration (bash, powershell, msi), job automation (Microsoft Office, Alias Maya, Sonar, AutoCad), logic programming in computer entertainment and of course in Internet Applications. Internet technologies are the primary example application of scripts (interpreters in general): a connection between scripts and the development of the World Wide Web can be observed: new scripting systems arise to support newly developed technologies. In modern internet applications, different technologies co-exist and interact so that the server and the client can present interactive content to the end user. On the server side, technologies like Php, Jsp and As[.Net are used. The resulting content is presented on the client side with technologies such as html/xml, Javascript, Flex and Actionscript. Scripting Languages (interpreters) are becoming increasingly popular, as they offer versatility, platform-independence and reduced development times, since they feature a simplified syntax and they do not require complex compilation procedures. To increase performance, modern Scripting systems feature Just-In-Time compilation techniques, effectively creating a compiled version of their input source code. This version of the code can be easily executed by the system’s Virtual Machine (Execution Engine). Such techniques blur the borders between Compilers and Interpreters. The features detailed above make interpreters the ideal solution for web application development, mainly because they are inherently cross-platform. Most of the available web-technologies expose an interpreted language system. However, as the complexity in modern web-applications and related technologies increases, current scripting systems are becoming a bottleneck in the development process: To develop a proper dynamic web page, the programmer will be required to use at least three different languages: A language for accessing the data base (sql), a language to program the server side of the application (Php, Jsp, Asp) and a set of languages to present content to the end user (javascript). It is up to the programmer to orchestrate the various scripts and manage any incompatibilities arising, when using those independent systems. This hampers the development process, as extra effort is taken to manage the programming environment rather than actually develop the program. With new technologies, like Silverlight, Ajax and Flex arising, managing inherent incompatibilities becomes even more difficult. To tackle the increased development complexity, a new web application development paradigm is explored and the features of the corresponding language are detailed, as is a simple implementation scheme. A study of available mainstream scripting languages, with a focus in Web development, is also presented. Each language is presented with a description of its key features and syntax and a comparison with similar development systems.