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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

The Francisella pathogenicity island : its role in type VI secretion and intracellular infection

Meyer, Lena January 2015 (has links)
Intracellular bacteria have developed various mechanisms to enter and persist in host cells and, at the same time, to evade the host immune response. One such pathogen is Francisella tularensis, the etiological agent of tularemia. After phagocytosis, this Gram-negative bacterium quickly escapes from the phagocytic compartment and replicates in the host cell cytosol. For this mode of infection, several components of the Francisella pathogenicity island (FPI) are critical. Interestingly, some FPI proteins share homology to components of Type VI Secretion Systems (T6SSs), but their assembly and functionality remains to be shown in Francisella.The thesis focused on the characterization of several of these FPI components; more specifically, how they contribute to the infection cycle as well as their possible role in the putative T6SS. We identified three unique mutants, ΔiglG, ΔiglI and ΔpdpE, which to various degrees were able to escape the phagosomal compartment, replicate in the host cytosol and cause host cell cytotoxicity. In contrast, ΔiglE as well as mutants within the conserved core components of T6SSs, VgrG and DotU, were defective for all of these processes. In the case of IglE, which is a lipoprotein and localized to the outer membrane of the bacterial cell wall, residues within its N-terminus were identified to be important for IglE function. Consistent with a suggested role as a trimeric membrane puncturing device, VgrG was found to form multimers. DotU stabilized the inner membrane protein IcmF, in agreement with its function as a core T6SS component. The functionality of the secretion system was shown by the translocation of several FPI proteins into the cytosol of infected macrophages, among them IglE, IglC and VgrG, of which IglE was the most prominently secreted protein. At the same time, the secretion was dependent on the core components VgrG, DotU but also on IglG. Although we and others have shown the importance of FPI proteins for the escape of F. tularensis, it has been difficult to assess their role in the subsequent replication, since mutants that fail to escape never reach the growth-permissive cytosol. For this reason, selected FPI mutants were microinjected into the cytosol of different cell types and their growth compared to their replication upon normal uptake. Our data suggest that not only the metabolic adaptation to the cytosolic compartment is important for the replication of intracytosolic bacteria, but also the mechanism of their uptake as well as the permissiveness of the cytosolic compartment per se.
2

Charakterisierung Patatin-ähnlicher Proteine des Lungenpathogens Legionella pneumophila

Auraß, Philipp 25 August 2009 (has links)
Legionella pneumophila ist ein fakultativ intrazellulär replizierendes Bakterium und der Erreger der Legionärskrankheit, einer schweren Pneumonie. Das Typ IVB Dot/Icm Proteinsekretionssystem und dessen Effektoren sind wesentlich an der Virulenz des Bakteriums beteiligt. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war die Charakterisierung der Patatin-ähnlichen Proteine von L. pneumophila - insbesondere von PatA, das vom Dot/Icm Sekretionssystem in Wirtszellen eingeschleußt wird. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden folgende Ergebnisse erzielt: Die 11 Patatin-ähnlichen Proteine von L. pneumophila zeigen hauptsächlich Lysophospholipase A-Aktivität. PatA besitzt außerdem Phosphatidylglyzerol-spezifische Phospholipase A-Aktivität. Serin-72, welches in ein G-X-S-X-G Lipasemotiv eingebettet ist, ist für die Aktivität des Proteins essentiell. PatA ist nach Expression in A549 Epithelzellen in der Zytoplasmamembran oder einer damit eng assoziierten Struktur lokalisiert, die lipolytische Aktivität ist hierfür nicht entscheidend. Die Deletion einer C-terminalen Proteinregion führt zum Verlust der membranständigen Lokalisation. Virulenzattenuierte L. pneumophila Mutanten bilden unter Präsenz von Amöben - im Gegensatz zu Wildtypstämmen - eine Koloniemorphologie aus, die Scattermorphologie genannt wurde. Auf Basis der Scattermorphologie wurde eine Transposon-mutagenisierte Legionella Klonbank auf Wirtszellkolonisationsdefekte überprüft. Dabei wurden 119 kolonisationsdefekte Mutanten isoliert und 70 neue putative Wirtszellkolonisationsgene, darunter zwei Gene Patatin-ähnliche Proteine (patD, patF), identifiziert. patD befindet sich in einem Operon mit bdhA, dem Gen einer putativen 2-Hydroxybutyrat-Dehydrogenase. Das Operon spielt eine Rolle im Poly-Beta-Hydroxybutyrat (PHB) Stoffwechsel des Bakteriums und wird für die Replikation in Wirtszellen benötigt. Die Studie liefert die ersten experimentell fundierten Ergebnisse, die die Bedeutung des PHB-Metabolismus für die Virulenz des Bakteriums belegen. / Legionella pneumophila is the causative agent of Legionnaires’ disease, a potentially fatal pneumonia. One mayor virulence determinant is the Dot/Icm Type IVB secretion system and its effector proteins. Aim of the present work was the characterization of patatin-like proteins of L. pneumophila, and in particular PatA, which is carried by the Dot/Icm secretion system into host cells. Within this work following results were obtained: The 11 patatin-like proteins of L. pneumophila possess majorly lysophospholipase A activity. L. pneumophila PatA additionally shows Phosphatidylglycerole-specific phospholipase A activity. Serin-72, which is embedded in an G-X-S-X-G lipase motiv is essential for the lipolytic activity of PatA. PatA locates to, or close to, the cytoplasmic membrane when expressed in A549 epithelial cells. The lipolytic activity of PatA is not required for membrane targeting and deletion of a C-terminal region abolishes proper targeting. Virulence attenuated L. pneumophila mutants, develop an easy recognizable phenotype during co-culture with A. castellanii on agar plates that was named „scatterphenotype“. On the basis of the scatterphenotype, a new assay was developed allowing screening of huge clone banks with respect to amoebae sensitivity, a marker for reduced virulence. Here, a collection of several thousand transposon mutagenized L. pneumophila clones was screened and a total of 119 amoebae sensitive mutants was isolated. Among those, 70 novel putative host cell colonization and virulence genes were identified including two members of the patatin-like protein family (patD, PatF). patD is cotranscribed with bdhA, therefore forming an operon. bdhA encodes a putative 3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase. The operon is involved in the poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) metabolism of L. pneumophila and is needed for replication in host cells. The study provides the first experimentally funded data showing the linkage of PHB metabolism and virulence of L. pneumophila.
3

Implication des exosomes et de l'autophagie dans l'interaction entre l'hôte et les Escherichia coli adhérents et invasifs associés à la maladie de Crohn. / Implication of exosomes and autophagy in the interaction between host and adherent and invasive Escherichia coli associated with Crohn's disease.

Carriere, Jessica 25 November 2015 (has links)
La maladie de Crohn (MC) est une maladie inflammatoire chronique du tube digestif caractérisée par un état d’hyperactivation du système immunitaire intestinal. L’étiologie de cette maladie est encore mal connue mais les données cliniques et expérimentales montrent que l’étiologie de la MC fait intervenir des facteurs environnementaux, génétiques et infectieux entraînant une réponse immunitaire aberrante. A ce jour, aucun traitement spécifique n’est disponible et la MC représente un problème majeur de santé publique de par ses conséquences invalidantes, sa nature chronique et récidivante, et sa prévalence croissante. Plusieurs groupes dont le nôtre ont rapporté une colonisation anormale de la muqueuse intestinale des patients atteints de MC par des souches de E. coli adhérentes et invasives dénommées AIEC. La caractérisation des souches AIEC a montré qu’elles sont capables d’adhérer et d’envahir des cellules épithéliales intestinales, de survivre et se multiplier dans des macrophages et d’induire une forte réponse pro-inflammatoire. Des études récentes ont montré que l’autophagie est induite dans les cellules hôtes en réponse à l’infection par les AIEC afin de contrôler la réplication intracellulaire des AIEC.Les travaux menés au cours de cette thèse visent à étudier les mechanismes moleculaires impliqués dans l’interaction entre l’hôte et les AIEC avec 2 objectifs principaux : (i) étudier l’implication des exosomes dans les interactions hôte/AIEC, (ii) étudier l’implication de la voie de signalisation GCN2/eIF2α/ATF4 dans la réponse autophagique à l’infection par les AIEC. Concernant le premier axe de recherche, les résultats ont permis de mettre en lumière une fonction jusque-là inconnue des exosomes dans la communication cellule à cellule au cours des réponses de l’hôte à l’infection par les AIEC. Ainsi, nous avons mis en évidence que les exosomes sont impliqués à la fois dans la réplication intracellulaire des AIEC et dans les réponses immunitaires innées des cellules hôtes à l’infection. Les résultats du deuxième axe de recherche ont permis de révéler un rôle essentiel de la voie de signalisation GCN2/eIF2α/ATF4 dans la réponse autophagique de l’hôte à l’infection par les AIEC associés à la MC. Nous avons démontré que l’infection par les souches AIEC conduit à l’activation de cette voie de signalisation, entraînant la mise en place d’une machinerie autophagique efficace pour contrôler la réplication intracellulaire des AIEC et inhiber l’inflammation. / Crohn's disease (CD) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the digestive tract characterized by a state of hyperactivation of the intestinal immune system. The etiology of this disease is still poorly understood, but clinical and experimental data show that the etiology of CD involves environmental, genetic and infectious factors leading to an aberrant immune response. To date, no specific treatment is available and CD represents a major public health problem due to its disabling consequences, its chronic and recurrent nature, and its increasing prevalence. Several groups, including ours, have reported abnormal colonization of the intestinal mucosa of CD patients with adherent and invasive E. coli strains called AIEC. The characterization of AIEC strains has shown that they are able to adhere and invade intestinal epithelial cells, survive and multiply in macrophages and induce a strong pro-inflammatory response. Recent studies have shown that autophagy is induced in host cells in response to AIEC infection in order to control the intracellular replication of AIEC. The work conducted during this thesis aims to investigate the molecular mechanisms involved in interaction between host and AIEC with 2 main objectives: (i) to study the involvement of exosomes in host / AIEC interactions, (ii) to study the involvement of the GCN2 / eIF2α / ATF4 signaling pathway in the response autophagic to infection with AIEC. With regard to the first line of research, the results shed light on a hitherto unknown function of exosomes in cell-to-cell communication during host responses to AIEC infection. Thus, we have shown that exosomes are involved in both intracellular replication of AIECs and innate immune responses of host cells to infection. The results of the second line of research revealed a critical role for the GCN2 / eIF2α / ATF4 signaling pathway in the host autophagic response to AIEC infection associated with CD. We have shown that infection with AIEC strains leads to activation of this signaling pathway, leading to the establishment of autophagic machinery that is effective in controlling intracellular replication of AIEC and inhibiting inflammation.
4

Mécanismes de pathogénie intracellulaire des Straphylococcus aureus hypervirulents au cours de l'infection osseuse / Mechanisms of intracellular pathogeny of Staphylococcus aureus in bone infection

Dupieux, Céline 28 June 2018 (has links)
Staphylococcus aureus est capable d’être internalisé par les cellules eucaryotes, notamment au cours des infections osseuses, puis d’induire la mort de la cellule. Deux principaux mécanismes ont été décrits comme associés à la cytotoxicité de S. aureus : l’échappement phagosomal et le détournement de l’autophagie. Nous avons exploré ces deux mécanismes et le rôle de plusieurs toxines staphylococciques majeures (alpha-toxine (Hla), phenol-soluble modulins (PSM), bêta-toxine (Hlb)) dans la mort cellulaire, grâce à un modèle in vitro d’infection intracellulaire et des mutants isogéniques. L’échappement phagosomal nécessitant l’expression d’Hlb, inactivée par l’insertion d’un phage chez la majorité des souches cliniques, nous avons testé l’hypothèse d’une excision de ce phage induite par le stress intracellulaire. Nous avons montré que la restauration de l’expression d’Hlb par excision du phage existe de manière spontanée mais n’est pas induite par le passage intracellulaire et n’est pas associée à une hausse de la cytotoxicité. Dans un second temps, nous avons exploré la cytotoxicité d’une souche de S. aureus hypervirulente et avons montré qu’elle est associée à un détournement de l’autophagie via l’inhibition de la fusion autophagosome-lysosome, ceci étant associé à l’expressions des PSMa. Au contraire, Hla, les PSMß et la d-toxine ne semblent jouer aucun rôle intracellulaire chez les S. aureus hypervirulents. Enfin, nous avons mis en évidence que, dans un autre fond génétique de S. aureus, associé au pied diabétique, la cytotoxicité est principalement liée à la capacité de multiplication intracellulaire de la souche, modulée par la présence d’un phage / Staphylococcus aureus is able to invade eukaryotic cells, in particular during bone infections, and induce cell death. Two mechanisms have been described as associated with S. aureus cytotoxicity: phagosomal escape and autophagy subversion. We investigated these two mechanisms and the respective roles of several staphylococcal toxins, alpha-toxin (Hla), phenol-soluble modulins (PSMs) and beta-toxin (Hlb), in cell death, using an in vitro intracellular infection model and isogenic mutants of S. aureus. Because Hlb is required for phagosomal escape but this toxin is inactivated by a prophage inserted into the hlb gene in most of clinical isolates of S. aureus, we tested the hypothesis of an excision of this phage induced by intracellular stress. We showed that restoration of Hlb expression due to the excision of hlb-converting phage exists spontaneously but is not induced by intracellular environment and does not increase the cytotoxicity of the strain. In a second part, we explored the cytotoxicity of an hypervirulent strain of S. aureus and demonstrated that it is associated with a subversion of host cell autophagy via an inhibition of autophagosome-lysosome fusion, in a PSMa-dependent manner. Conversely, Hla, PSMß and d-toxin appear to have no intracellular role in the cytotoxicity of hypervirulent S. aureus strains. Finally, we showed that, in another genetic background of S. aureus associated with diabetic foot ulcer, cytotoxicity was linked to the ability of intracellular replication of the strain, which was modulated by the presence of a phage

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