Background: Diabetic kidney disease is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease. Administration of ACE inhibitors or/and SGLT2 inhibitors show renoprotective effects in diabetic and other kidney diseases. The underlying renoprotective mechanisms of SGLT2 inhibition, especially in combination with ACE inhibition, are incompletely understood. We used longitudinal intravital microscopy to directly elucidate glomerular hemodynamics on a single nephron level in response to the ACE inhibitor enalapril or/and the SGLT2 inhibitor empagliflozin. Methods: Five weeks after the induction of diabetes by streptozotocin, male C57BL/6 mice were treated with enalapril, empagliflozin, enalapril/empagliflozin or placebo for 3 days. To identify hemodynamic regulation mechanisms, longitudinal intravital multiphoton microscopy was employed to measure single nephron glomerular filtration rate (snGFR) and afferent/efferent arteriole width. Results: Diabetic mice presented a significant hyperfiltration. Compared to placebo treatment, snGFR was reduced in response to enalapril, empagliflozin, or enalapril/empagliflozin administration under diabetic conditions. While enalapril treatment caused significant dilation of the efferent arteriole (12.55 ± 1.46 µm vs. control 11.92 ± 1.04 µm, p < 0.05), empagliflozin led to a decreased afferent arteriole diameter (11.19 ± 2.55 µm vs. control 12.35 ± 1.32 µm, p < 0.05) in diabetic mice. Unexpectedly under diabetic conditions, the combined treatment with enalapril/empagliflozin had no effects on both afferent and efferent arteriole diameter change. Conclusion: SGLT2 inhibition, besides ACE inhibition, is an essential hemodynamic regulator of glomerular filtration during diabetes mellitus. Nevertheless, additional mechanisms—independent from hemodynamic regulation—are involved in the nephroprotective effects especially of the combination therapy and should be further explored in future studies.

Die Störung der intestinalen Mikrozirkulation gilt als ein kardinaler Mechanismus für die Entwicklung des Multiorganversagens bei Sepsis. Da das Intestinum für mikrozirkulatorische Studien klinisch kaum zugänglich ist, wurden die Auswirkungen einer Therapie mit den antioxidativen Substanzen Oxypurinol und U-74389G (Lazaroid) bzw. den vasoaktiven Substanzen Iloprost (Prostacyclin-Analogon) und Dopexamin auf die intestinale Mikrozirkulation und die systemische Mediatorfreisetzung in einem Tiermodell mit moderater und hoher Endotoxin-Belastung untersucht. Die intravitalmikroskopische Untersuchung der Kapillarperfusion in der Muskularisschicht bei Endotoxinämie erbrachte eine Verbesserung durch Oxypurinol- und Dopexamingabe. Die Perfusion der Mukosa konnte vor allem durch eine Iloprostapplikation gesteigert werden. Die Endotoxin-induzierte, intestinale Leukozytenadhärenz wurde insbesondere durch die Behandlung mit den antioxidativen Substanzen vermindert. Beide therapeutischen Optionen bewirkten eine ca. 60 %ige Reduktion der initialen Tumornekrosefaktor-alpha-Freisetzung in der Versuchsreihe mit der niedrigeren Endotoxin-Dosis. Parallel dazu konnte anhand von Malondialdehyd-Analysen gezeigt werden, dass Oxypurinol und U-74389G wirksam die intestinale, Radikal-induzierte Lipidperoxidation verringerten. Der intestinale mikrovaskuläre Blutfluss konnte durch beide vasoaktiven Substanzen - sowohl bei moderater als auch bei erhöhter Endotoxin-Dosierung - signifikant gesteigert werden. Die Ergebnisse beider Teilstudien bestätigten, dass sowohl reaktive Sauerstoffspezies als auch eine inadäquate Perfusion in der Mikrozirkulation wesentliche pathogenetische Faktoren bei Endotoxinämie bzw. Sepsis darstellen und entsprechende Therapieformen indiziert und effektiv sind. Eine kombinierte Gabe beider Substanzklassen erscheint daher sinnvoll und sollte in weiteren tierexperimentellen und klinischen Studien evaluiert werden. / The disturbance of the intestinal microcirculation is regarded as a pivotal mechanism in the development of multiorgan failure related to sepsis. Since the intestine is clinically not accessible for microcirculatory studies, the effects of a therapy with the antioxidants oxypurinol and U-74389G (lazaroid) as well as the vasoactive substances iloprost (a prostacyclin analogue) and dopexamine on the intestinal microcirculation and the systemic mediator release was studied in an animal model with moderate and high endotoxin challenge. The intravital microscopic examination of the capillary perfusion in the muscularis layer of the intestine during endotoxemia revealed an improvement by administration of oxypurinol and dopexamine. The perfusion of the mucosa could be increased by iloprost administration. The amount of the endotoxin induced, intestinal leukocyte adherence was especially decreased by the treatment with the antioxidants. Both therapeutic options caused a 60 % reduction in the initial tumor necrosis factor-alpha-release in the experiments with the lower endotoxin dose. Malondialdehyde analyses showed that oxypurinol and U-74389G reduced effectively the intestinal, radical-induced lipid peroxidation. The intestinal microvascular blood flow could be significantly increased by both vasoactive substances - as well as with moderately than also with elevated endotoxin-dosage. The results of the study confirmed that both reactive oxygen-species as well as an inadequate perfusion in the microcirculation represent essential pathogenetic factors during endotoxemia as well as sepsis and index corresponding therapy-forms and participates effective. A combined offering both substance-classes appears therefore meaningfully and should be evaluated in further experimental and clinical studies.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Advancements in human genomics have simultaneously enhanced our basic understanding of the human body and ability to combat debilitating diseases. Historically, research has shown that there have been many hindrances to realizing this medicinal revolution. One hindrance, with particular regard to the kidney, has been our inability to effectively and routinely delivery genes to various loci, without inducing significant injury. However, we have recently developed a method using hydrodynamic fluid delivery that has shown substantial promise in addressing aforesaid issues. We optimized our approach and designed a method that utilizes retrograde renal vein injections to facilitate widespread and persistent plasmid and adenoviral based transgene expression in rat kidneys. Exogenous gene expression extended throughout the cortex and medulla, lasting over 1 month within comparable expression profiles, in various renal cell types without considerably impacting normal organ function. As a proof of its utility we by attempted to prevent ischemic acute kidney injury (AKI), which is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality across among global populations, by altering the mitochondrial proteome. Specifically, our hydrodynamic delivery process facilitated an upregulated expression of mitochondrial enzymes that have been suggested to provide mediation from renal ischemic injury. Remarkably, this protein upregulation significantly enhanced mitochondrial membrane potential activity, comparable to that observed from ischemic preconditioning, and provided protection against moderate ischemia-reperfusion injury, based on serum creatinine and histology analyses. Strikingly, we also determined that hydrodynamic delivery of isotonic fluid alone, given as long as 24 hours after AKI is induced, is similarly capable of blunting the extent of injury. Altogether, these results indicate the development of novel and exciting platform for the future study and management of renal injury.