Invalidity and Ineffectiveness of Legal Action in Insolvency Proceedings Abstract The subject of this thesis is a comprehensive analysis of the institute of invalidity of legal actions and ineffectiveness of legal actions and the incorporation of these concepts in contemporary legal theory and practice. The legislation protects the rights of recipients of the law and the public interest by identifying the legal actions which contradict the principles of morality or (and?) the law, as absolutely or relatively invalid, if the meaning and the purpose of the Act so require. Legal actions are also considered invalid if those actions undertake to the fulfilment of something impossible and in certain cases also if those actions are not made in the required form or if they are an error. The current legislation also protects creditors from the behaviour of debtors, if they intentionally shorten their creditors, through an institution called the relative ineffectiveness of legal action. The purpose is to protect creditors, guarantors and other persons against this shortening legal actions made by debtors. Such conduct of the debtor is formally not problematic, but it damages creditors, who therefore have the right to demand that the court determines such action is ineffective (only) against them. The author's...

The aim of my thesis titled "Formation, incorporation and invalidation of the business company" is a description of a complicated two-stage process of establishment of a business company. In connection with the recodification of civil law the thesis focuses on the changes that recodification brought, points out its weaknesses and tries to propose possible solutions. The aim of this work is not to be a guide for potential founders, but rather to discuss the different phases from the theoretical point of view and with regard to the recent changes. The work also does not deal with general issues relating to business companies and even the process of establishing a European company and European Economic Interest Grouping. The thesis is divided into five chapters, each of them dealing with different stage or question of the establishment of a business company. The chapters are further subdivided into sub-chapters that discuss the individual phases in detail. The first chapter provides a general introduction and a basic description of the discussed topic. The second chapter deals mainly with the requirements of the founder, his position and the nature of the founding legal action. In the third chapter the thesis mainly addresses the issue of legal action of the preliminary business company and other...

The purpose of my thesis is to analyze process of formation and incorporation of business company. It is a procedure composed of several phases, which results in the establishment of a new company, a legal person different from its members, separate legal entity. My thesis also deals with the invalidity of business company. My thesis focuses on formation and incorporation of business company under Czech legislation. It concerns with unlimited liability company, limited partnership company, limited liability company and joint-stock company. It does not concern with Societas Europaea and European Economic Interest Grouping. The thesis is composed of five chapters. Chapter one is introductory and it concerns with companies in general. The chapter presents individual types of companies under the Czech legislation and it describes their characteristics. Chapter Two, Three and Four describes the process of formation and incorporation of business company, each of them dealing with different phase. Chapter Two deals with the formation of business company. It is a phase, during which a memorandum of association is concluded. This chapter describes obligatory content of this memorandum and also presents who is entitled to be a founder of business company. Last part of this chapter describes the process of...

Pension Insurance is one of the main pillars of the Czech social security system. A significant part of this system are also invalidity pension and survivor pension, which serve as financial compensation in case of sudden individual's work ability decrease (invalidity pension), or sudden death (survivors pension). This paper deals with legislation concerning invalidity and survivors pensions and the procedure of calculating those benefits in the Czech Republic. The main analytical part introduces the reader to the amount of expenditures of analyzed pensions, their development in the past and expected future development. This work also introduces the reader to the factors that influence the number of pensions. Attached is the invalidity and survivors pension calculator in MS Excel 2007.

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo o estudo das invalidades dos atos processuais no processo civil. Para isso, é destacado que as formas processuais são importantes, por conceder previsibilidade e organização ao procedimento, porém é certo que elas não representam um fim em si mesmo, já que o processo tem como escopo principal a entrega da prestação jurisdicional de forma célere, justa e eficaz. Nesse sentido, o trabalho identifica os atos processuais dentro do contexto geral dos atos jurídicos, todavia iluminados pelas regras de sobredireito processual: o princípio da instrumentalidade, o princípio do prejuízo, o princípio do interesse e a regra da presunção de validade dos atos. Assim, após a análise das sistematizações mais importantes feitas pela doutrina acerca das invalidades no processo civil, o trabalho destaca os passos cognitivos de um juízo de invalidação, testados em algumas das invalidades cominadas. Por fim, são apresentados alguns vícios da sentença e as suas peculiaridades. / The dissertation explores the invalidity of procedural acts in Brazilian civil procedure. In that sense, while underscoring that procedural form is important, providing predictability and organization to the proceedings, it does not represent an end in and of itself, since the main goal of civil justice is to give a definitive resolution to the dispute in a manner thatnnis timely, just and efficient. Down this path, the dissertation qualifies procedural acts within the general framework of legal acts, but subject to meta-rules of civil procedure: the principle of its instrumental role, the harmless error test (pas de nullité sans grief), the identification of the protected interest and the presumption in favor of validity. After analyzing the most important doctrinal constructions on the topic, the dissertation proposes a framework to organize the cognitive steps of judgments on invalidity of procedural acts, tested and applied in connection with nullity cases. Lastly, the dissertation classifies defects relating to judgments and their peculiarities.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:20:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marina Vieira de Figueiredo.pdf: 1372275 bytes, checksum: a0f9d806e932335566efa19346d5a512 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-06-06 / For a rule to be legal, in other words, for it to join the system of positive law, it is essential the fulfillment of certain conditions. Once it entered the legal system, it is assumed that this rule is valid, ie, that it was enacted in accordance with the prescription of its base rule (rule of competence). In fact, we start from the premise that the production of a legal rule arises, always, from the appliance (incidence) of another rule, also legal, being essential that the created rule is subsumed to the rule which bases its creation. The problem is that the rules are not always enacted in accordance with the prescription of the higher rules (primary rules of competence). When the members of the system acknowledge that the rule is flawed that is, it was produced illicitly it is opened room for the application of the penalty provided by the secondary rule of competence: invalidity of the rule illegally created. Being the assessment a general and concrete legal rule which introduces into the system another rule, this one individual and concrete, responsible for the formation of the obligation to pay a specific tax it may have been enacted illegally. The review of the assessment is unveiled exactly when the taxable person, or the Treasury itself, believes that this rule is flawed whether related to the person that produced it, to the followed procedure in its drafting or to its contents (individual and concrete rule due the appliance of the tax incidence-matrix rule). Searching the rules which regulate the review of the assessment, as well as the possible defects to which is subdued, we verify that this not always leads to invalidity (not application) of that rule. We conclude, therefore, that, even if the assessment is claimed to be flawed, it may be: (i) sustained in its exact terms; (ii) refined (convalidation); (iii) or entirely or partially revoked. The review of the assessment, thus, does not always with its effacement from the system / Para que uma norma seja jurídica, ou seja, para que ingresse no sistema de direito positivo, é indispensável o preenchimento de certos requisitos. Uma vez que ingressa no sistema jurídico, presume-se que essa norma é válida, ou seja; que foi produzida de acordo com o que prescreve a regra que a fundamenta (norma de competência). De fato, partimos da premissa de que a produção de uma norma jurídica decorre, sempre, da aplicação (incidência) de outra regra, também jurídica, sendo indispensável que a norma criada se subsuma àquilo que prescreve a norma que fundamenta sua criação. O problema é que nem sempre as normas são produzidas de acordo com o que prescrevem as normas superiores (normas primárias de competência). Quando os integrantes do sistema reconhecem que a norma é defeituosa ou seja, sua produção se deu de maneira ilícita abre-se espaço para a aplicação da sanção prevista na norma secundária de competência: nulidade da norma criada ilicitamente. Sendo o lançamento uma norma jurídica geral e concreta que introduz no sistema outra regra, esta individual e concreta, responsável pela constituição do dever de pagar um determinado tributo é possível que seja produzido de maneira irregular. A revisão do lançamento é inaugurada justamente quando o sujeito passivo do tributo, ou o próprio Fisco, crê que esta norma possui algum vício seja em relação ao sujeito que a produziu, ao procedimento observado na sua confecção ou ao seu conteúdo (norma individual e concreta decorrente da aplicação da regra-matriz de incidência tributária). Pesquisando as disposições que disciplinam a revisão do lançamento, bem como os possíveis vícios a que está sujeito, verificamos que nem sempre acarretam a nulidade (não aplicação) dessa norma. Concluímos, assim, que, ainda que se o lançamento for considerado defeituoso, poderá ser: (i) mantido nos seus exatos termos; (ii) corrigido (convalidação); (iii) ou anulado total ou parcialmente. A revisão do lançamento, portanto, nem sempre culminará com sua supressão do sistema

El presente trabajo trata acerca de la subsanación de los defectos procesales en el procedimiento civil español. Se funda en la tesis de la subsanación como el mecanismo prioritario de eliminación de imperfecciones, por sobre la nulidad o la inadmisión, lo que se explica por la clara inspiración antiformalista del sistema procesal vigente y, al menos en lo que respecta a las actuaciones de parte, por el influjo de la tutela judicial efectiva, como garantía procesal de rango constitucional. La investigación comienza situando histórica y conceptualmente la subsanación, para luego analizarla dentro del contexto de la teoría de la invalidez procesal y concluir estudiando sus aspectos procedimentales más relevantes. Todo lo anterior, con el objetivo de elaborar un estudio sistemático de una institución que ha adquirido gran trascendencia práctica, pero ha gozado de poca atención por parte de la doctrina. / This work is about the correction of the procedural defects in the Spanish civil procedure. It is based on the assumption that the correction is a priority mechanism to eliminate imperfections, over the invalidity or rejection, which is explained by the anti-formalist inspiration of the current procedural system and, at least with respect to the actions of part by the influence of effective judicial protection as a constitutional right. The research begins by situating historically and conceptually the correction. Then, it analyzes the correction within the context of the theory of procedural invalidity and concludes by studying its most important procedural aspects. The objective is to develop a systematic study of an institution that has acquired great practical importance, but has enjoyed little attention by the doctrine.

Este trabalho estuda e define a norma-sanção de invalidade do ato inconstitucional e os critérios formais e materiais de superação desta norma-regra, a partir da interpretação do art. 27 da Lei 9.868 de 1999. Diferenciam-se a inconstitucionalidade (vicio) e invalidade (sanção) como dois momentos distintos no controle de constitucionalidade. Distinguem-se as diversas sanções à inconstitucionalidade, destacando a sanção de invalidade, a qual incide apenas sobre o ato inconstitucional, com ordinária eficácia temporal ex tunc. A sanção é norma jurídica fundamentada na própria norma constitucional violada, dirigida ao julgador com o conteúdo de invalidar os efeitos jurídicos e fáticos do ato inconstitucional, daí a dispensabilidade de se discutir se se trata de nulidade ou de anulabilidade. É norma-regra, e não princípio jurídico, porque contém um mandamento descrito, de caráter imediatamente comportamental, cujo fim imediato é reafirmar a validade, vigência e eficácia da norma constitucional violada e o fim mediato é reafirmar a supremacia da Constituição. Analisa-se comparativamente a doutrina e a jurisprudência do Direito Americano e Português sobre a modulação dos efeitos da sanção. Posteriormente, a partir do Supremo Tribunal Federal, apresenta-se uma nova compreensão para a supremacia da Constituição, destacando a aptidão dos direitos fundamentais para co-incidirem sobre atos inconstitucionais, preservando certas realidades. Finalmente, constroem-se interpretações da segurança jurídica e do excepcional interesse social, para as qualificar como normas de direito fundamental que poderão incidir no controle de constitucionalidade, justificando a excepcionalização da regra invalidatória. A superação da regra observa requisitos formais e materiais. Ao final, analisam-se decisões do STF que corroboram as idéias apresentadas. / This dissertation examines and defines the rule-sanction of nullity over the unconstitutional act and the formal and materials criteria for overcoming this standard-rule, starting from the interpretation of art. 27 of 9868 statute, passed in 1999. It differs unconstitutionality (the defect) and invalid (the sanction) as a two distinct moments in the judicial review (control of constitutionality). A distinction of the various sanctions to the unconstitutional is made, particularly giving attention to the sanction of nullity, which deals only with unconstitutional acts, with an ordinarily ex tunc temporal effects (retroactivity). The sanction is based on the efficacy of violated constitutional norm itself, and is a norm directed to the judge in order to invalidate retroactively the content of real and legal effects caused by unconstitutional act. Then it´s unnecessary to discuss the qualification (cancellation or revocation). Sanction-norm is a standard-rule, not a legal principle, because it contains a precisely behavior commandment, immediately binding, which is devoted, as an immediate end, to reaffirm the validity, the binding and the effectiveness of the violated constitutional order and, as a mediate end, to reaffirm the supremacy of the Constitution. The work analyzes doctrine and jurisprudence of American law and Portuguese Law on the modulation of the effects of invalidity sanctions. Subsequently, from the Supreme Court point of view, the dissertation presents a new understanding for the supremacy of the Constitution, stressing the ability of fundamental rights to co-relate over unconstitutional acts, preserving certain realities. Finally, it build up interpretations of “legal certainty” and the “exceptional social interests”, two legal terms, in order to qualify them as a fundamental right norm that can guide the control of constitutionality, offering reasons for the overruling of rules. The overruling process needs formal and material requirements. In the end, STF´s decisions are analyzed aiming to corroborate the ideas presented.

Este trabalho estuda e define a norma-sanção de invalidade do ato inconstitucional e os critérios formais e materiais de superação desta norma-regra, a partir da interpretação do art. 27 da Lei 9.868 de 1999. Diferenciam-se a inconstitucionalidade (vicio) e invalidade (sanção) como dois momentos distintos no controle de constitucionalidade. Distinguem-se as diversas sanções à inconstitucionalidade, destacando a sanção de invalidade, a qual incide apenas sobre o ato inconstitucional, com ordinária eficácia temporal ex tunc. A sanção é norma jurídica fundamentada na própria norma constitucional violada, dirigida ao julgador com o conteúdo de invalidar os efeitos jurídicos e fáticos do ato inconstitucional, daí a dispensabilidade de se discutir se se trata de nulidade ou de anulabilidade. É norma-regra, e não princípio jurídico, porque contém um mandamento descrito, de caráter imediatamente comportamental, cujo fim imediato é reafirmar a validade, vigência e eficácia da norma constitucional violada e o fim mediato é reafirmar a supremacia da Constituição. Analisa-se comparativamente a doutrina e a jurisprudência do Direito Americano e Português sobre a modulação dos efeitos da sanção. Posteriormente, a partir do Supremo Tribunal Federal, apresenta-se uma nova compreensão para a supremacia da Constituição, destacando a aptidão dos direitos fundamentais para co-incidirem sobre atos inconstitucionais, preservando certas realidades. Finalmente, constroem-se interpretações da segurança jurídica e do excepcional interesse social, para as qualificar como normas de direito fundamental que poderão incidir no controle de constitucionalidade, justificando a excepcionalização da regra invalidatória. A superação da regra observa requisitos formais e materiais. Ao final, analisam-se decisões do STF que corroboram as idéias apresentadas. / This dissertation examines and defines the rule-sanction of nullity over the unconstitutional act and the formal and materials criteria for overcoming this standard-rule, starting from the interpretation of art. 27 of 9868 statute, passed in 1999. It differs unconstitutionality (the defect) and invalid (the sanction) as a two distinct moments in the judicial review (control of constitutionality). A distinction of the various sanctions to the unconstitutional is made, particularly giving attention to the sanction of nullity, which deals only with unconstitutional acts, with an ordinarily ex tunc temporal effects (retroactivity). The sanction is based on the efficacy of violated constitutional norm itself, and is a norm directed to the judge in order to invalidate retroactively the content of real and legal effects caused by unconstitutional act. Then it´s unnecessary to discuss the qualification (cancellation or revocation). Sanction-norm is a standard-rule, not a legal principle, because it contains a precisely behavior commandment, immediately binding, which is devoted, as an immediate end, to reaffirm the validity, the binding and the effectiveness of the violated constitutional order and, as a mediate end, to reaffirm the supremacy of the Constitution. The work analyzes doctrine and jurisprudence of American law and Portuguese Law on the modulation of the effects of invalidity sanctions. Subsequently, from the Supreme Court point of view, the dissertation presents a new understanding for the supremacy of the Constitution, stressing the ability of fundamental rights to co-relate over unconstitutional acts, preserving certain realities. Finally, it build up interpretations of “legal certainty” and the “exceptional social interests”, two legal terms, in order to qualify them as a fundamental right norm that can guide the control of constitutionality, offering reasons for the overruling of rules. The overruling process needs formal and material requirements. In the end, STF´s decisions are analyzed aiming to corroborate the ideas presented.

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo o estudo das invalidades dos atos processuais no processo civil. Para isso, é destacado que as formas processuais são importantes, por conceder previsibilidade e organização ao procedimento, porém é certo que elas não representam um fim em si mesmo, já que o processo tem como escopo principal a entrega da prestação jurisdicional de forma célere, justa e eficaz. Nesse sentido, o trabalho identifica os atos processuais dentro do contexto geral dos atos jurídicos, todavia iluminados pelas regras de sobredireito processual: o princípio da instrumentalidade, o princípio do prejuízo, o princípio do interesse e a regra da presunção de validade dos atos. Assim, após a análise das sistematizações mais importantes feitas pela doutrina acerca das invalidades no processo civil, o trabalho destaca os passos cognitivos de um juízo de invalidação, testados em algumas das invalidades cominadas. Por fim, são apresentados alguns vícios da sentença e as suas peculiaridades. / The dissertation explores the invalidity of procedural acts in Brazilian civil procedure. In that sense, while underscoring that procedural form is important, providing predictability and organization to the proceedings, it does not represent an end in and of itself, since the main goal of civil justice is to give a definitive resolution to the dispute in a manner thatnnis timely, just and efficient. Down this path, the dissertation qualifies procedural acts within the general framework of legal acts, but subject to meta-rules of civil procedure: the principle of its instrumental role, the harmless error test (pas de nullité sans grief), the identification of the protected interest and the presumption in favor of validity. After analyzing the most important doctrinal constructions on the topic, the dissertation proposes a framework to organize the cognitive steps of judgments on invalidity of procedural acts, tested and applied in connection with nullity cases. Lastly, the dissertation classifies defects relating to judgments and their peculiarities.