Cette thèse traite de la magnétométrie dans le cadre de la mesure du moment électrique dipolaire du neutron avec le spectromètre RAL/Sussex/ILL. En particulier, le co-magnétomètre mercure, pré-existant, a été modélisé et optimisé en vue de son utilisation pour les prochaines mesures au Paul Scherrer Institut (Villigen, Suisse) en 2010-2012. Sur la base de données prises a l'Institut Laue-Langevin (Grenoble, France), la complémentarité entre la magnétométrie externe césium et la co-magnétométrie mercure a été étudiée. Un tel système de double magnétométrie est unique. Cette étude débouche sur une méthode permettant un meilleur contrôle des erreurs systématiques liées au co-magnétomètre mercure et sur une nouvelle contrainte sur des couplages exotiques du neutron libre violant l'invariance de Lorentz.

Submitted by Emanuel Varela Cardoso (emanuel.varela@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-10-16T18:43:09Z No. of bitstreams: 1 GILVAN BONFIM E SOUZA – DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGFísica) 2017.pdf: 376396 bytes, checksum: 2125734f38cbbf4b7cf62d62515ca94c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-16T18:43:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 GILVAN BONFIM E SOUZA – DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGFísica) 2017.pdf: 376396 bytes, checksum: 2125734f38cbbf4b7cf62d62515ca94c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02 / Nesta dissertação calculamos alguns limites fenomeno lógicos para a eletrodinâmica e gravitação massiva e maltas ordens derivativas, supondo que é possível ter um processo astrofísico que gere simultaneamente ondas gravitacionais e eletromagnéticas. Apresentamos operadores de altas ordens derivativas que viola a invariância de Lorentz, seguindo a abordagem de Myers-Pospelov para descrição de ondas gravitacionais massivas e eletromagnéticas. Calculamos as equações de movimento desses modelos, suas relações de dispersão e as velocidades. Os parâmetros que controlam a violação no setor gravitacional Ƹg e eletromagnético Ƹy, são obtidos por duas abordagens diferentes: o atraso temporal e diferença de velocidades dos fótons e grávitons. Estes parâmetros dependem das suas respectivas escalas de massa pela qual os efeitos da violação de Lorentz se tornam relevantes, setor eletromagnético dado por M e o setor gravitacional dado M1. A razão entre os parâmetros Ƹg e Ƹy é de interesse do ponto de vista fenomenológicos e M ˃ M1. Determinamos também a diferença entre as velocidades dos fótons e grávitons, e como resultado, obtemos compatível com os resultados apresentados anteriormente na literatura. / In this work,we compute some phenomenological bounds for the electromagnetic and massive gravitational high-derivative extensions supposing that it is possible to have an astrophysical process that generates simultaneously gravitational and electromagnetic waves. We present a Lorentz-violating LIV higher-order derivative, following the Myers- Pospelov approach, to electro dynamics and massive gravitation alwaves. We compute the corrected equation of motion of these models, their dispersion relations and the velocities. The LIV parameters for the gravitational Ƹg and electromagnetic sector Ƹy respectively were also obtained for two different approaches time delay of lightand the difference of graviton and photon velocities. These LIV parameters depend on the masss cales where the LIV-terms be come relevant, M for the electromagnetic sectorand M1 for the gravitational one. The relation between the parameters Ƹg and Ƹy is of interest from the phenomenological point of view if M ˃ M1. We determine the diference betweent heve-locities of the photon and the graviton was calculated and our result, v􀀀�vg .0:62 10􀀀�17, is compatible with the results already presented in the literature.

Submitted by Emanuel Varela Cardoso (emanuel.varela@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-10-17T19:12:16Z No. of bitstreams: 1 KLECIO EMANUEL LIMA DE FARIAS – DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGFísica) 2017.pdf: 669446 bytes, checksum: 26edbf33fb48c30aed37e5d2c6da2a80 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-17T19:12:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 KLECIO EMANUEL LIMA DE FARIAS – DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGFísica) 2017.pdf: 669446 bytes, checksum: 26edbf33fb48c30aed37e5d2c6da2a80 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-10-04 / Capes / Neste trabalho, aplicamos o reescalonamento tipo ao de Hoˇrava-Lifshitz para reescrever algumas teorias eletrodinâmicas de altas ordens derivativas que violam a simetria de Lorentz, controladas por quadrivetores: (n )s que determinam direções preferenciais no espaço - tempo. As equações de movimento foram obtidas, através das quais analisamos as relações de dispersão modificadas em conjunto com os resultados observacionais das experiências de explosão de raios gama (GRB). Os limites do expoente crítico foram discutidos a partir dos dados dos GRBs através de cálculos de grau de polarizaçao (usando operador de dimensão-cinco) e de atraso temporal (usando operador de dimensão-seis) nas propagações dos fótons. As implicações físicas foram comparadas com recentes resultados da literatura sobre limites da quebra da invariância de Lorentz via GRBs. / In this work, we used a Hoˇrava-Lifshitz scaling to rewrite a high-order derivative electrodynamics that violates the Lorentz symmetry, controlled by 4-vector (n )s which determine the space-time preferential directions. The equations of motion were obtained, through which the modified dispersion relation was analyzed together with observational results of gamma ray bursts (GRB). The limits of the critical exponent were discussed from the GRBs values through calculation of degree of polarization (using five-dimensional operator) and temporal delay (using six-dimensional operator) on photon propagation. The physical implications were compared with the current results from the literature regarding Lorentz invariance violation via GRB.

Submitted by Emanuel Varela Cardoso (emanuel.varela@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-10-10T19:33:25Z No. of bitstreams: 1 EDME VALE PEREIRA – DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGFísica) 2016.pdf: 765741 bytes, checksum: 06e478d901631d57a3c3905fb212d89c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-10T19:33:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 EDME VALE PEREIRA – DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGFísica) 2016.pdf: 765741 bytes, checksum: 06e478d901631d57a3c3905fb212d89c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-11 / Capes / Neste trabalho, estudamos um escalonamento de Horava-Lifshitz destinado a reescrever uma eletrodinâmica que viola a invariância de Lorentz com operadores derivativos controlados por um quadrivetor constante n . Esse método foi usado inicialmente para escalonar a lagrangiana de Maxwell e depois a lagrangiana de altas ordens derivativas, conhecida como modelo Myers-Pospelov. Após o processo de escalonamento, obtivemos que ambas as lagrangianas são descritas em função de um expoente crítico z, que insere um caráter anisotrópico para ambas as teorias. Foram obtidos os propagadores de Feynman e as relações de dispersão para ambos os modelos. Devido ao caráter irrefringente atribuído ao modelo de altas ordens derivativas, usamos os modos de propagação associados, como as soluções por frequências, e efetuamos os cálculos de polarização para determinar os limites superiores de ocorrências dos efeitos da quebra da invariância de Lorentz. Tais operações estão de acordo com as observações de explosões de raios gama, mais especificamente, o evento GRB051218A. O parâmetro que controla a quebra da invariância de Lorentz, apresenta-se superior em 8 (oito) ordens de magnitude, se comparado com alguns resultados da literatura. O atraso temporal na propagação de dois fótons também foi determinado. / In this work, we study a Horava-Lifshitz scaling which can be used to rewrite an electrodynamics which breaks the Lorentz invariance with derivatives operators controlled by a constant four-vector, n . This method was initially used to scale the Maxwell lagrangian and then the high orders derivatives lagrangian, known as Myers-Pospelov model. After of the process, we obtained that both the lagrangian are described in terms of a critical exponent z, which can be inserted as anisotropic character for both theories. The of Feynman propagators and dispersion relations for both models were obtained. Due to the birefringent character attributed to Myers-Pospelov model, we use the associate propagation modes, as solutions for frequencies, and we perform the polarization calculations to determine the upper limits of occurrences related with e ects of Lorentz invariance breaking. Such operations are consistent with the recent observations of gamma-ray bursts, more speci cally, the GRB 051218A event. The parameter which controls of the Lorentz invariance violation, it presents superior in eight (8) orders of magnitude, compared with some results of literature. The time delay in the propagation of two photons was also determined.

Les fontaines atomiques constituent le développement le plus abouti des horloges atomiques fondées sur l'atome de césium, atome dont une résonance hyperfine est depuis 1967 à la base de la définition la seconde. Ces systèmes sont aujourd'hui parmi ceux qui réalisent la seconde avec la meilleure exactitude. Nous présentons les dernières avancées de la fontaine double à atomes froids de césium et de rubidium du LNE-SYRTE. Combinant deux types d'atomes, ce dispositif unique au monde permet d'envisager des tests de physique fondamentale reposant sur la comparaison de fréquences de transition atomique avec une résolution exceptionnelle. Afin d'autoriser le fonctionnement à deux atomes simultanément, nous avons conçu, testé et mis en place de nouveaux systèmes optiques, chargés de mettre en forme et combiner les lumières utiles à la manipulation des deux espèces atomiques. Sans attendre le fonctionnement double, par la comparaison de notre fontaine rubidium avec une autre fontaine césium, nous avons pu tester sur dix ans la stabilité de la constante de structure fine au niveau de 5x10^-16 par an. Nous avons poursuivi le travail d'amélioration de l'exactitude de l'horloge et focalisé nos efforts sur les effets liés aux gradients de phase dans la cavité d'interrogation et sur l'atténuation des fuites micro-ondes. L'exactitude de la fontaine a alors été évaluée à 4x10^-16 pour la partie césium et 5x10^-16 pour la partie rubidium complètement rénovée. Instrument de métrologie puissant, notre fontaine a été impliquée dans de nombreuses comparaisons d'horloges et a contribué à maintes reprises à l'étalonnage du Temps Atomique International. Nous avons également pu mener avec elle un test inédit de l'invariance de Lorentz.

Submitted by Emanuel Varela Cardoso (emanuel.varela@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-11-05T20:45:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 WAGNER OLIVEIRA DOS SANTOS – DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGFísica) 2017.pdf: 707943 bytes, checksum: f2f7e6d2f28889fe9d5b1bf8b99fbbcd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-05T20:45:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 WAGNER OLIVEIRA DOS SANTOS – DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGFísica) 2017.pdf: 707943 bytes, checksum: f2f7e6d2f28889fe9d5b1bf8b99fbbcd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-09 / Capes / Nesta dissertação consideramos a proposta de modificação dos setores do fóton e do férmion via à teoria de campos efetiva de Myers-Pospelov. Esta abordagem tem como principal característica a violação da simetria de Lorentz através da introdução de operadores de altas ordens derivativas de dimensão-5 e campos constantes. Consequentemente,a quebra desta importante simetria conduz a relações de dispersão que sondam efeitos na escala de energia de Planck, onde efeitos da gravidade quântica devem ser relevantes. Isso nos motiva a estudar as possíveis consequências destas relações de dispersão modificadas no comportamento termodinâmico de gases compostos por fótons ou férmions. Será mostrado que a violação da simetria de Lorentz pode ser interpretada como uma pseudo-interação repulsiva ou atrativa entre as partículas. Mostraremos também, por exemplo, que a relação de dispersão modificada do fóton, implica em um aumento da entropia do sistema, isto é, a quebra da simetria de Lorentz pode conduzir a um aumento no número de estados acessíveis do sistema. Além disso, aplicamos as propriedades destes gases a radiação de corpo negro e a dinâmica estelar de anãs brancas no modelo de Chandrasekhar. / In this dissertation, we consider a proposal which modifies the gauge and fermion sectors via Myers-Pospelov effective field theory. The main feature of this approach is the Lorentz symmetry violation through the introduction of higher-derivatives operators of dimension-5 and constant fields. Hence, breaking this important symmetry leads to dispersion relations probing effects in the Planck energy scale, that in turn, sets the limit for which the quantum description of space-time becomes to be relevant. It motivate us to study the possible implications of these modified dispersion relations on thermodynamic behavior of photons and fermions gases. It will be shown that the breakdown of Lorentz invariance can be interpreted as a repulsive or attractive pseudo-interaction among the particles. Additionally, for instance, it will be shown that the presence of a deformed dispersion relation for photons entails an increase in the entropy of the system, e.g., the Lorentz symmetry violation may lead to an increase in the number of microstates available to the system. In addition, we apply the properties of these gases to black body radiation and stellar dynamics of white dwarfs in the Chandrasekhar model.

Des modèles de Gravité Quantique (QG) prédisent une violation de l'invariance de Lorentz (LIV), se manifestant par une dispersion de la lumière dans le vide. Si un tel effet existe, des photons d'énergies différentes émis en même temps par une source distante sont détectés sur Terre à des moments différents. Les émissions transitoires à (très) hautes énergies provenant de sources astrophysiques lointaines, comme les sursauts gamma (GRBs) et les blazars sont utilisées pour contraindre cet effet LIV. Cet ouvrage présente les études menées avec deux télescopes gamma majeurs : H.E.S.S. -- pour lequel une étude de la qualité des données étalonnées a été réalisée -- et Fermi-LAT. Les énergies et les temps d'arrivée de photons individuels ont été utilisés pour contraindre le paramètre de dispersion dans le vide ainsi que l'échelle d'énergie E_QG à laquelle des effets LIV peuvent apparaitre. La méthode de maximum de vraisemblance est décrite, avec une étude détaillée des systématiques. Une modification dans le cas de fond non négligeable est appliquée aux données de l'éruption d'un blazar observé par H.E.S.S. : les limites obtenues sur E_QG sont moins contraignantes que les meilleures limites précédentes, mais elles se trouvent à un redshift non couvert à ce jour. Quatre GRBs observés par Fermi-LAT ont aussi été analysés, en déterminant la courbe de lumière de deux manières : ajustements gaussiens et estimation par densité de noyaux. Les meilleures limites sur E_QG pour le cas linéaire/subluminal sont obtenus avec GRB090510 : E_QG,1 > 7,6 E_Planck. Des limites plus robustes, tenant compte des effets intrinsèques à la source, ont également été produites. / Some Quantum Gravity (QG) theories allow for a violation of Lorentz invariance (LIV), manifesting as a dependence on the velocity of light in vacuum on its energy. If such a dependence exists, then photons of different energies emitted together by a distant source will arrive at the Earth at different times. (Very) high energy transient emissions from distant astrophysical sources such as Gamma-ray Bursts (GRBs) and blazars can be used to search for and constrain LIV. This work presents the studies obtained with two leading Gamma-ray telescopes: H.E.S.S. -- for which a study of the quality of the calibrated data was performed -- and Fermi-LAT. The energies and arrival times of individual photons were used to constrain the vacuum dispersion parameter and the energy scale EQG at which QG effects causing LIV may arise. The maximum likelihood method is described, with detailed studies of the systematics. A modification for a non-negligible background is provided and applied to the data of an AGN flare observed by H.E.S.S.: the obtained limits on the QG energy scale are less constraining than the previous best limits obtained with blazars; yet, the new limits lie a redshift range not covered this far. Four bright and quasi background-free GRBs observed by the Fermi-LAT were also analysed, with two different template light curve determinations -- Gaussian fits and Kernel Density Estimates. The best limits on the E_QG scale for the linear/subluminal case are from the shortest burst, GRB090510: E_QG,1 > 7.6 E_Planck. More robust limits, considering the intrinsic effects possibly occurring at the source, were also derived.

La gravité d’Horava brise la symétrie de Lorentz avec l’introduction d’une foliation intrinsèque de l’espace-temps, définie par un champ scalaire, le khronon. Cette foliation privilégiée rend les solutions de trous noirs plus compliquées que celles de la relativité générale, due à l’apparition de nouveaux horizons: un horizon de matière pour les champs de matière; l’horizon de spin-0 pour les excitations scalaires du khronon, l’horizon de spin-2 pour les ondes gravitationnelles; finalement un horizon universel pour des modes instantanés apparaissant dans l’ultraviolet. On étudie des trous noirs en mouvement lent par rapport au référentiel privilégié. Ces solutions sont cruciales pour déterminer les susceptibilités des trous noirs et prédire leur émission d’ondes gravitationnelles, en particulier l’émission dipolaire des binaires de trous noirs. On trouve que pour des valeurs arbitraires des constantes de couplage, les trous noirs en mouvement lent souffrent de singularités de courbure à l’horizon universel. Des singularités à l’horizon de spin-0 sont aussi présentes mais peuvent être absorbées si l’on sacrifie les solutions plates à l’infini. Cependant, on a trouvé un sous-ensemble de l’espace de paramètres, de dimension un, où les trous noirs en mouvement lent sont partout réguliers et coincident avec ceux de la relativité générale. En particulier, ils n’émettent pas de radiation dipolaire. Remarquablement, ce sous-ensemble est favorisé par les contraintes récentes de l’événement GW170817 ainsi que les tests dans le système solaire. / Horava gravity breaks Lorentz symmetry by introducing a preferred spacetime foliation, which is defined by a timelike dynamical scalar field, the khronon. The presence of this preferred foliation makes black hole solutions more complicated than in General Relativity, with the appearance of multiple distinct event horizons: a matter horizon for matter fields; a spin-0 horizon for the scalar excitations of the khronon; a spin-2 horizon for tensorial gravitational waves; and even a universal horizon for instantaneously propagating modes appearing in the ultraviolet. We study how black hole solutions in Horava gravity change when the black hole is allowed to move with low velocity relative to the preferred foliation. These slowly moving solutions are a crucial ingredient to compute black hole sensitivities and predict gravitational wave emission (and particularly dipolar radiation) from the inspiral of binary black hole systems. We find that for generic values of the theory's three dimensionless coupling constants, slowly moving black holes present curvature singularities at the universal horizon. Singularities at the spin-0 horizon also arise unless one waives the requirement of asymptotic flatness at spatial infinity. Nevertheless, we find that in a one-dimensional subset of the parameter space of the theory's coupling constants, slowly moving black holes are regular everywhere, even though they coincide with the general relativistic ones (thus implying in particular the absence of dipolar gravitational radiation). Remarkably, this subset of the parameter space essentially coincides with the one selected by the recent constraints from GW170817 and by solar system tests.