A new, consistent direct-iterative method is proposed for the solution of the aerodynamic inverse design problem. Direct-iterative methods couple analysis and shape modification methods to iteratively determine the geometry required to support a target surface pressure. The proposed method includes a consistent shape modification method wherein the identical governing equations are used in both portions of the design procedure. The new shape modification method is simple, having been developed from a truncated, quasi-analytical Taylor's series expansion of the global governing equations. This method includes a unique solution algorithm and a design tangency boundary condition which directly relates the target pressure to shape modification. The new design method was evaluated with an upwind, cell-centered finite-volume formulation of the two-dimensional Euler equations. Controlled inverse design tests were conducted with a symmetric channel where the initial and target geometries were known. The geometric design variable was a channel-wall ramp angle, 0, which is nominally five degrees. Target geometries were defined with ramp angle perturbations of J10 = 2 %, 10%, and 20 %. The new design method was demonstrated to accurately predict the target geometries for subsonic, transonic, and supersonic test cases; M=0.30, 0.85, and 2.00. The supersonic test case efficiently solved the design tests and required very few iterations. A stable and convergent solution process was also demonstrated for the lower speed test cases using an under-relaxed geometry update procedure. The development and demonstration of the consistent direct-iterative method herein represent the important first steps required for a new research area for the advancement of aerodynamic inverse design methods. / Ph. D.

by Tam Yue Hung. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 49-52). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / List of Tables --- p.vi / List of Figures --- p.vii / Chapter 1 --- Solving Systems of ODEs with BVMs --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Background --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Linear Multistep Formulae --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Preconditioned GMRES Method --- p.6 / Chapter 1.3 --- Strang-Type Preconditioners with BVMs --- p.7 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Block-BVMs and Their Matrix Forms --- p.8 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Construction of the Strang-type Preconditioner --- p.10 / Chapter 1.3.3 --- Convergence Rate and Operation Cost --- p.12 / Chapter 1.3.4 --- Numerical Result --- p.13 / Chapter 1.4 --- Strang-Type BCCB Preconditioner --- p.15 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- Construction of BCCB Preconditioners --- p.15 / Chapter 1.4.2 --- Convergence Rate and Operation Cost --- p.17 / Chapter 1.4.3 --- Numerical Result --- p.19 / Chapter 1.5 --- Preconditioned Waveform Relaxation --- p.20 / Chapter 1.5.1 --- Waveform Relaxation --- p.20 / Chapter 1.5.2 --- Invertibility of the Strang-type preconditioners --- p.23 / Chapter 1.5.3 --- Convergence rate and operation cost --- p.24 / Chapter 1.5.4 --- Numerical Result --- p.25 / Chapter 1.6 --- Multigrid Waveform Relaxation --- p.27 / Chapter 1.6.1 --- Multigrid Method --- p.27 / Chapter 1.6.2 --- Numerical Result --- p.28 / Chapter 1.6.3 --- Concluding Remark --- p.30 / Chapter 2 --- Restoration of Chopped and Nodded Images --- p.31 / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.31 / Chapter 2.2 --- The Projected Landweber Method --- p.35 / Chapter 2.3 --- Other Numerical Methods --- p.37 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Tikhonov Regularization --- p.38 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- MRNSD --- p.41 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Piecewise Polynomial TSVD --- p.43 / Chapter 2.4 --- Numerical Result --- p.46 / Chapter 2.5 --- Concluding Remark --- p.47 / Bibliography --- p.49

Digital control needs discrete time models, but conversion from continuous time, fed by a zero order hold, to discrete time introduces sampling zeros which are outside the unit circle, i.e. non-minimum phase (NMP) zeros, in the majority of the systems. Also, some systems are already NMP in continuous time. In both cases, the inverse problem to find the input required to maintain a desired output tracking, produces an unstable causal control action. The control action will grow exponentially every time step, and the error between time steps also grows exponentially. This prevents many control approaches from making use of inverse models. The problem statement for the existing stable inverse theorem is presented in this work, and it aims at finding a bounded nominal state-input trajectory by solving a two-point boundary value problem obtained by decomposing the internal dynamics of the system. This results in the causal part specified from the minus infinity time; and its non-causal part from the positive infinity time. By solving for the nominal bounded internal dynamics, the exact output tracking is achieved in the original finite time interval. The new stable inverses concepts presented and developed here address this instability problem in a different way based on the modified versions of problem states, and in a way that is more practical for implementation. The statements of how the different inverse problems are posed is presented, as well as the calculation and implementation. In order to produce zero tracking error at the addressed time steps, two modified statements are given as the initial delete and the skip step. The development presented here involves: (1) The detection of the signature of instability in both the nonhomogeneous difference equation and matrix form for finite time problems. (2) Create a new factorization of the system separating maximum part from minimum part in matrix form as analogous to transfer function format, and more generally, modeling the behavior of finite time zeros and poles. (3) Produce bounded stable inverse solutions evolving from the minimum Euclidean norm satisfying different optimization objective functions, to the solution having no projection on transient solutions terms excited by initial conditions. Iterative Learning Control (ILC) iterates with a real world control system repeatedly performing the same task. It adjusts the control action based on error history from the previous iteration, aiming to converge to zero tracking error. ILC has been widely used in various applications due to its high precision in trajectory tracking, e.g. semiconductor manufacturing sensors that repeatedly perform scanning maneuvers. Designing effective feedback controllers for non-minimum phase (NMP) systems can be challenging. Applying Iterative Learning Control (ILC) to NMP systems is particularly problematic. Incorporating the initial delete stable inverse thinkg into ILC, the control action obtained in the limit as the iterations tend to infinity, is a function of the tracking error produced by the command in the initial run. It is shown here that this dependence is very small, so that one can reasonably use any initial run. By picking an initial input that goes to zero approaching the final time step, the influence becomes particularly small. And by simply commanding zero in the first run, the resulting converged control minimizes the Euclidean norm of the underdetermined control history. Three main classes of ILC laws are examined, and it is shown that all ILC laws converge to the identical control history, as the converged result is not a function of the ILC law. All of these conclusions apply to ILC that aims to track a given finite time trajectory, and also apply to ILC that in addition aims to cancel the effect of a disturbance that repeats each run. Having these stable inverses opens up opportunities for many control design approaches. (1) ILC was the original motivation of the new stable inverses. Besides the scenario using the initial delete above, consider ILC to perform local learning in a trajectory, by using a quadratic cost control in general, but phasing into the skip step stable inverse for some portion of the trajectory that needs high precision tracking. (2) One step ahead control uses a model to compute the control action at the current time step to produce the output desired at the next time step. Before it can be useful, it must be phased in to honor actuator saturation limits, and being a true inverse it requires that the system have a stable inverse. One could generalize this to p-step ahead control, updating the control action every p steps instead of every one step. It determines how small p can be to give a stable implementation using skip step, and it can be quite small. So it only requires knowledge of future desired control for a few steps. (3) Note that the statement in (2) can be reformulated as Linear Model Predictive Control that updates every p steps instead of every step. This offers the ability to converge to zero tracking error at every time step of the skip step inverse, instead of the usual aim to converge to a quadratic cost solution. (4) Indirect discrete time adaptive control combines one step ahead control with the projection algorithm to perform real time identification updates. It has limited applications, because it requires a stable inverse.

This research develops a fault diagnosis method for complex systems in the presence of uncertainties and possibility of multiple solutions. Fault diagnosis is a challenging problem because data used in diagnosis contain random errors and often systematic errors as well. Furthermore, fault diagnosis is basically an inverse problem so that it inherits unfavorable characteristics of inverse problems: The existence and uniqueness of an inverse solution are not guaranteed and the solution may be unstable. The weighted least squares method and its variations are traditionally used for solving inverse problems. However, the existing algorithms often fail to identify multiple solutions if they are present. In addition, the existing algorithms are not capable of selecting variables systematically so that they generally use the full model in which may contain unnecessary variables as well as necessary variables. Ignoring this model uncertainty often gives rise to, so called, the smearing effect in solutions, because of which unnecessary variables are overestimated and necessary variables are underestimated. The proposed method solves the inverse problem using Bayesian inference. An engineering system can be parameterized using state variables. The probability of each state variable is inferred from observations made on the system. A bias in an observation is treated as a variable, and the probability of the bias variable is inferred as well. To take the uncertainty of model structure into account, multiple Bayesian models are created with various combinations of the state variables and the bias variables. The results from all models are averaged according to how likely each model is. Gibbs sampling is used for approximating updated probabilities. The method is demonstrated for two applications: the status matching of a turbojet engine and the fault diagnosis of an industrial gas turbine. In the status matching application only physical faults in the components of a turbojet engine are considered whereas in the fault diagnosis application sensor biases are considered as well as physical faults. The proposed method is tested in various faulty conditions using simulated measurements. Results show that the proposed method identifies physical faults and sensor biases simultaneously. It is also demonstrated that multiple solutions can be identified. Overall, there is a clear improvement in ability to identify correct solutions over the full model that contains all state and bias variables.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2006. / Title from first page of PDF file. Includes bibliographical references (p. 144-152).

Orientadores: Alvaro Rodolfo De Piero, Julio Cesar Hadler Neto / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Instituto de Fisica Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-05T10:59:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pereira_FabianaCrepaldi_D.pdf: 53871488 bytes, checksum: 48e21ff9ca1abbb0f20a15dd735bf597 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004 / Resumo: Esta tese aborda o problema e estimar a atenuação a partir de ados e emissão,em tomografia computadorizada por emissão.São apresentados novos métodos visando solucionar o problema mais persistente:uma interferência,em forma e sombra --crosstalk --entre as imagens e ativi ade e atenuação.O primeiro grupo e métodos se baseia na minimização a verossimilhança e forma iterativa e o segundo,no uso e condições e consistência.Nossas simulações chegaram a resultados que indicam novas direções para a solução do problema da sombra / Abstract: This thesis eals with the problem of estimating the attenuation from activity ata in emission computed tomography.We present several new methods aiming at solving the main rawback of the problem:the 'crosstalk'between activity and attenuation images.The first group of methods is base on iteratively solving a regularized maximum likelihood model and the second on using consistency conditions.Our simulations show results that indicate new directions for the solution of the 'crosstalk' problem / Doutorado / Física Geral / Doutor em Ciências

Orientador: Alvaro Rodolfo De Pierro / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Matematica, Estatistica e Computação Cientifica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T04:08:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Miqueles_EduardoXavierSilva_D.pdf: 22019050 bytes, checksum: 05c0fc26d4ba49669bc4f5fc2a22fe5b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: A Tomografia por Fluorescência de Raios X é uma nova técnica que combina a tomografia por transmissão de Raios X e a tomografia por emissão. Uma amostra de tecido (ou corpo) é bombardeada por Raios X de alta intensidade (gerados por um síncrotron) e, metais ou outros elementos a serem estudados, emitem fluorescência para uma faixa de energia típica de cada um. Trata-se de reconstruir a densidade desses elementos (Zinco, Cobre, Iodo,...) a partir das medições da emissão por detectores externos ao longo de retas definidas por cada detector. O modelo matemático para o problema é dado pela Transformada Atenuada Generalizada de Radon. A inversa analítica da Transformada Atenuada de Radon foi um problema matemático aberto durante muitos anos. Recentemente, Fokas e Novikov, usando ferramentas da análise complexa, conseguiram uma fórmula analítica de inversão. Neste trabalho damos um passo adicional e provamos que as idéias de Fokas podem ser estendidas para a obtenção de uma fórmula analítica da Transformada Generalizada Atenuada que aparece em tomografia por fluorescência. Deduzimos também fórmulas aproximadas e métodos iterativos, baseados na inversão da própria Transformada de Radon assim como da sua correspondente atenuada. Apresentamos uma extensa comparacão entre os diferentes métodos usando dados reais e simulados / Abstract: X-ray fluorescence computed tomography (xfct) is a synchrotron based imaging modality similar to stimulated emission tomography [37]. It aims at reconstructing the concentration distribution of a heavy metal (Copper, Zinc, Iron) or other elements like Iodine, inside a body or an object. In xfct a sample is irradiated with high intensity monochromatic synchrotron X-rays with energy greater than the K-shell binding energy of the elements of interest. This stimulates fluorescence emission, at certain characteristic energies, isotropically distributed, which are detected by a detector placed parallel to the direction of the incident beam [49]. Part of the emission is absorbed by the sample, so, correction for attenuation is essential to obtain qualitative better results. Mapping fluorescence emission density distributions has many important applications in medical imaging (malignancy analysis for example), and mineralogy (determination of rocks 3D structure) It has been recently shown by Fokas [68, 69] and Novikov [30] that the spectral analysis of a particular partial differential equation yields the inversion formula for the problem of computerized emission tomography. In this thesis we show that a similar analysis can be made for the case of xfct. Also, we derive approximate and iterative methods to find the solution of the physical problem / Doutorado / Problemas inversos / Doutor em Matemática Aplicada

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Joint Program in Physical Oceanography (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution), 2000. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 179-187). / A simple dynamic model is used with various observations to provide an approximate spectral description of low frequency oceanic variability. Such a spectrum has wide application in oceanography, including the optimal design of observational strategy for the deployment of floats, the study of Lagrangian statistics and the estimate of uncertainty for heat content and mass flux. Analytic formulas for the frequency and wavenumber spectra of any physical variable, and for the cross spectra between any two different variables for each vertical mode of the simple dynamic model are derived. No heat transport exists in the model. No momentum flux exists either if the energy distribution is isotropic. It is found that all model spectra are related to each other through the frequency and wavenumber spectrum of the stream-function for each mode, ... , where ... represent horizontal wavenumbers, w stands for frequency, n is vertical mode number, and ... are latitude and longitude, respectively. Given ... , any model spectrum can be estimated. In this study, an inverse problem is faced: ... is unknown; however, some observational spectra are available. I want to estimate ... if it exists. Estimated spectra of the low frequency variability are derived from various measurements: (i) The vertical structure of and kinetic energy and potential energy is inferred from current meter and temperature mooring measurements, respectively. (ii) Satellite altimetry measurements produce the geographic distributions of surface kinetic energy magnitude and the frequency and wavenumber spectra of sea surface height. (iii) XBT measurements yield the temperature wavenumber spectra and their depth dependence. (v) Current meter and temperature mooring measurements provide the frequency spectra of horizontal velocities and temperature. It is found that a simple form for ... does exist and an analytical formula for a geographically varying ... is constructed. Only the energy magnitude depends on location. The wavenumber spectral shape, frequency spectral shape and vertical mode structure are universal. This study shows that motion within the large-scale low-frequency spectral band is primarily governed by quasigeostrophic dynamics and all observations can be simplified as a certain function of ... The low frequency variability is a broad-band process and Rossby waves are particular parts of it. Although they are an incomplete description of oceanic variability in the North Pacific, real oceanic motions with energy levels varying from about 10-40% of the total in each frequency band are indistinguishable from the simplest theoretical Rossby wave description. At higher latitudes, as the linear waves slow, they disappear altogether. Non-equatorial latitudes display some energy with frequencies too high for consistency with linear theory; this energy produces a positive bias if a lumped average westward phase speed is computed for all the motions present. / by Xiaoyun Zang. / Ph.D.

CNPQ; LASCA / Este trabalho propõe um algoritmo para identificar descontinuidades internas em uma peça metálica a partir de sinais A-scan provenientes de um ensaio não-destrutivo por ultrassom. As descontinuidades são identificadas por seu formato, dimensões, orientação e localização. Esse algoritmo é baseado na resolução de problemas inversos. O problema da identificação de descontinuidades é modelado utilizando uma abordagem inédita, em que a descontinuidade é caracterizada por dois elementos distintos: a sua amplitude de espalhamento e a localização de seu centro. Com essa nova forma de representação, o problema de identificação da descontinuidade passa a ser dividido em dois subproblemas. O primeiro é o problema de reconstrução para encontrar a localização do centro da descontinuidade e o segundo é o problema de caracterização para estimar os parâmetros geométricos da descontinuidade. Os ensaios realizados comprovam que o problema de localização é resolvido de forma satisfatória utilizando o algoritmo de reconstrução de imagens esparsas UTSR (ultrasonic sparse reconstruction). A caracterização da descontinuidade é realizada por um algoritmo baseado no método dos mínimos quadrados não-lineares, com a inclusão de um termo de regularização não-quadrático utilizando norma l1. Os resultados obtidos tanto com dados simulados como com dados experimentais mostram que esse algoritmo estima as descontinuidades de forma satisfatória. / The present work proposes an algorithm to identify internal discontinuities in metallic specimen from A-scan ultrasonic signals. Discontinuities are identified by their shape, size, orientation and location. This algorithm is based on inverse problems. The identification of discontinuities is modeled using a novel approach. The discontinuity is modeled by two distinct elements: its scattering amplitude and its center location. Through this approach, the identification problem is split into two sub problems. The first is a reconstruction problem to find the location of the discontinuity. The second is a model identification problem to estimate geometric parameters of the discontinuity. Simulations and experimental validation show that the localization problem is satisfactorily solved using the UTSR (ultrasonic sparse reconstruction) algorithm. The characterization of discontinuities is carried out by an algorithm based on non-linear least squares with l1 norm regularization. The results obtained with simulated data as well with experimental data show a fine estimation of discontinuities.

Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / A formulação explícita matricial desenvolvida nesta tese de doutorado foi proposta visando ser uma alternativa na solução de Problemas Inversos de estimativa de propriedades radiativas em meios participantes homogêneos unidimensionais usando a Equação de Transferência Radiativa para modelar a interação da radiação com o meio participante. A equação de transporte é formulada em forma matricial e o domínio angular é discretizado usando conceitos do método de ordenadas discretas e a expansão da função de fase do espalhamento anisotrópico em uma série de polinômios de Legendre. A formulação proposta consiste em uma formulação explícita para o problema inverso. Um arranjo apropriado das condições de contorno prescritas (fluxos incidentes) e dos fluxos emergentes nos contornos de uma placa permitem o cálculo direto do operador de transmissão, do operador albedo e do operador de colisão. A partir do operador de colisão calculado são obtidos os valores estimados dos coeficientes de extinção total e de espalhamento. São apresentadas as formulações para problemas em regime estacionário e em regime transiente, bem como os resultados para alguns casos-teste. / The explicit matrix formulation developed in the present thesis has been proposed as an alternative for the solution of Inverse Problems for radiative properties estimation in one-dimensional homogeneous participating media using Radiative transfer equation for the modeling of the radiation interaction with the participating medium. This transport equation is formulated in a matrix form and the angular domain is discretized using concepts of the discrete ordinates methods and the expansion of the function of phase function of anisotropic scattering in a series of Legendre polynomial. The formulation proposed consists on an explicit formulation for the inverse problem. An adequate assembly of the prescribed boundary conditions (incidents flux) and of the emerging flux at the boundaries of the slab allows the direct computation of the transmission, albedo and collision operators. From the computed collision operator estimated values for total extinction and scattering coefficients are obtained. The formulations for steady state and transient situations are presented, as well as test case results.