M.A. / The evidence that the history provides us with, indisputably indicates that the city of Ioannina was always a meeting place, sometimes under the influence of favourable conditions and other times not, for philosophical, scientific and theological investigations. The city has been a place of cohabitation of the three largest religions of the world, Christianity, Judaism and Islam. The geographical position of Ioannina and Epirus in general, being opposite the island of Kerkyra (Corfu) and more specifically the city of Kerkyra that was the capital city of the then Venetian occupied Eptanisa (Ionian Islands), the close proximity to the important ports of Preveza and Parga and the short distance of these from Italy favoured the economic development of the city and transformed it into one of the most significant transit centres of the Ottoman empire. Many Ioannites (residents of Ioannina) started to emigrate during the beginning of the 17th century and the years and centuries following. They generally emigrated to the shores of the Adriatic and Italy, and also to the states adjoining the Danube River (Romania and Moldavia), southern Russia and central Europe, in search of a more prosperous future and in order to satisfy their educational improvement. This mass emigration of the Ioannites had as a result a capital influx into the city, either in the form of bequests or grants, which could meet the daily or educational needs of the Ioannites, At the same time community development takes place and Local Government is established in Ioannina with local leaders. Ecclesiastical and school committees are also established. Home industries are established in the manufacture of furs, leather craft, candlestick making, silver crafting, embroidery and hand crafts in general. The city of Ioannina offered the enslaved Greeks the scope, bounds and conditions for their spiritual recovery and the restoration of their political reestablishment. The Epirotes, and more specifically the Ioannites, donors, teachers and instructors were the contributors to this recovery, and with their actions they rendered Epirus a land of virtuous people. To these contributors we must add the leaders of the Klephtes and Armatoli that made their presence heard when the various revolutionary uprisings took place (D. Philosophos, Vlachavas, Katsadonis, the monk Samouil, etc.). From Epirus, as mentioned above, the first merchants set out, who became the healers and rejuvenators of the paideia and became national benefactors. Indeed, the development of the paideia is owed to the initiative and the actions of the Ioannites merchants, bankers and landowners that lived abroad. Some of these Ioannites were Leodarides, Gioumas, Tsigaras, Hieromnimones, Maroutsides, Karayiannides, Dobolis, Tsouflis, Hatjikonstas, Staurou, Efthymiou, Kaplanis, Zosimades, Tositsides, Averof, Stournaras, Manthos and Georgios Rizaris, and others. The schools of Ioannina, and the tireless teachers, that contributed decisively to the recovery of «a nation whose rights were infringed upon», played a catalytic role. The schools that were established in Ioannina played a pioneering role insofar as the ideas that evolved in these schools, as well as the teaching programmes that were taught. These modernised and often-radical ideologies that were not only bread, but also born in these Schools greatly contributed to the “Neo Hellenic Enlightenment.” These resulted in the intellectual arousal and the political reinstatement of the Greek Nation. In 1648 the School of Epiphanios Igoumenos was established and functioned until 1742, where teachers like Glykis, Mitrou and Katzioulis taught. The year 1648 is regarded as the commencement of the Eperotiki and simultaneously the Neo Hellenic Renaissance. This School was the cause of the rupture of the Byzantine, classic Orthodox, political ideology that was the status quo and in force until then. It further contributed and begun the separation of Aristotelism, a philosophical system that was followed by the established Church, and which system had ended in Europe two centuries earlier. The School of Emmanouil Gionma (1677–1723) was characterised as a great and grand school, and boasts teachers and educationists such as Makris, Sougdouris and the famous Methodios Anthrakitis. These above-mentioned teachers stood up and never hesitated to oppose the conservative establishment and the entrenched views of the Church. Save for a few Chief Priests such as Kosmas o Etolos who was named the Saint of the “Neo Hellenic Language”, the Church bears much of the responsibility for the intellectual suppression of the then Turkish dominated Hellenic Nation. The Maroutsios School (1742-1797) is categorised as modern and contemporary amongst the others, with the renowned teacher, Evgenios Voulgaris. Although Voulgaris did not use and teach the simple modern language in his teachings, his overall rating at the school was a very positive one. The first phase of the Renaissance of the Greek paideia in the city of Ioannina comes to an end during the second half of the 18th century with the departure of Voulgaris from the city. The reigns of education are taken over from the School of Emmanouil Gionma in 1723, with the departure of Methodios Anthrakitis, by the conservative clergy family of Balanos (1723-1821). The school then is renamed Balanios School. This family will establish themselves as the only official educators of Ioannina for close to a century. With the paideia being controlled by the Balanos family, it starts not only to diminish in standard, but also reaches a point of decadence. From this anachronistic and lethargic education system, Athanasios Psalidas emerges to revive the education of the capital city of Epirus, Ioannina, while teaching at the Kaplanios School (1805-1820). With the emergence of Psalidas in the education system of Ioannina, he will begin a series of battles, conflicts and controversy against the conservative community of Ioannina. Psalidas, belonging to the upper middle class that consisted mainly of merchants, was an ardent supporter of European ideologies and the common Greek language as spoken by the common folk. He had as his main objective and aspiration the intellectual upliftment and the political restoration of the enslaved Hellenic Nation. In his efforts to achieve this, he was assisted by the sharp-witted and religious tolerant Ali Pasha, who protected and encouraged the paideia in Ioannina. He imposed upon the conservatives to be silent and tolerant of Psalidas, and he openly gave his undisguised support to the educational methods and innovations of the teacher. In the near future however, the Neo Hellenic Renaissance, in which Ioannina had contributed to, came to an abrupt end with the start of the revolution, the Greek War of Independence of 1821. Ioannina was turned into a battlefield between the forces of the Sultan and Ali Pasha, and this resulted in the destruction of the Schools of the city and the wide spread scattering of the scholars. Epirus was not included in the newly formed State of Greece that was formed after the 1821 Greek War of Independence. In the city of Ioannina in the period of the late Tourkokratia the field of paideia is inaugurated with generous donations of the brothers Zosimas in 1828, in order to establish the Zosimea School. The school boasted a “Gymnasion” since 1852 with principles such as, Georgios Kranas, Anastasios Sakellarios, Spyridon Manaris and Georgios Kaloudis. It further transformed into the most significant educational centre of the region, welcoming and accommodating students from Epirus and also from Albania. Further, worth mentioning are the following Ioannites teachers, authors and scholars, who were students of the Schools of Ioannina, and these were, Philitas, Asopios, Goudas, Labridis, Aravadinos, Labros, Vasiadis, Pallis, Vilaras, Zalokostas, Krystallis and Christovasilis, who with their philological and historical works, as well as their literature achieved distinguished success. They founded philological societies and clubs, published periodicals and journals, conveyed the European ideologies to Ioannina, cultivated the Modern Greek language, rescued intellectual treasures, and promoted traditions. Their efforts were met by assistance from other Ioannites in the printing trade in Venice, Vienna, Ioannina, Moschopolis, Konstadinoupolis and Athens. Some of these are the brothers Glykides, Sarrous and Theodosiou, and also Labanitziotis and Sakellarios. Thus the intellectual movement that took place in Ioannina found its support in three main vessels, namely, merchants, teachers and printers. Therefore, all off the above-mentioned comprise the “Enlightenment” that was born in Ioannina, and in conjunction with the modern educational efforts of the other regions, formulated the Neo Hellenic Enlightenment. This had as a result the upliftment of the moral of the Hellenic Nation and the National Hellenic independence.

Στην παρούσα μελέτη έγινε α) αποδελτίωση των εφημερίδων για το χρονικό διάστημα 1960 έως 2008 σχετικά με κατολισθητικά φαινόμενα στο Νομό Ιωαννίνων και β) αναλυτική διερεύνηση των φαινομένων αυτών σε 3 περιοχές του νομού με τη χρήση ιστορικών και βιβλιογραφικών δεδομένων, αποδελτιωμένων πληροφοριών από εφημερίδες καθώς και επιτόπιας χαρτογράφησης και καταγραφής έργων που έγιναν μετά την εκδήλωση των κατολισθήσεων / At the present research study a) we have extracted data from newspapers for the period between 1960 and 2008 considering landslide events at the Prefecture of Ioannina and b) we have analytically investigated these phenomena at 3 regions of the Prefecture by using historical data, scientific literature and data extracted from newspapers as well as on the spot mapping and recording of the reconstruction work that have taken place.

Η παρούσα μελέτη υλοποιήθηκε με σκοπό την μελέτη των περιβαλλοντικών παραμέτρων της λίμνης Παμβώτιδας - Ιωάννινα. Συγκεκριμένα διερευνάται η πιθανή περιβαλλοντική επιβάρυνση του λιμναίου πυθμένα της περιοχής από βαρέα μέταλλα. Στα πλαίσια της μελέτης έγιναν ορυκτολογικές και γεωχημικές αναλύσεις, κοκκομετρία καθώς και στατιστική επεξεργασία των αποτελεσμάτων (R-τύπου Παραγοντική Ανάλυση). Τα Al2O3, Fe2O3, MgO, K2O, Y, V, Rb, Co, Ni και Zn συνδέονται με τα αργιλικά ορυκτά. Η ύπαρξη P2O5 σχετίζεται με φωσφορικά λιπάσματα. Το ίδιο ισχύει και για το Th και U. Βέβαια η σταθερή κατακόρυφη κατανομή αυτών πιθανών σχετίζεται με τροφοδοσία από τα υλικά αποσάθρωσης των φωσφοριτών που υπάρχουν στο Μιτσικέλι. Τα As και Pb σχετίζονται με πιθανή ανθρωπογενή ρύπανση αν και η κατακόρυφη κατανομή του As δεν συμβαδίζει με αυτό. Η ύπαρξη του Cr συνδέεται με απόβλητα από βυρσοδεψεία. / This study was carried out to study environmental issues of lake Pamvotida - Ioannina. It investigates the potential environmental impact of lake bottom area by heavy metals. The study took mineralogical and geochemical analysis, particle size and statistical analysis of results (R-type Factor Analysis). The Al2O3, Fe2O3, MgO, K2O, Y, V, Rb, Co, Ni and Zn associated with clay minerals. Being associated with P2O5 phosphate fertilizers. The same is true for Th and U. Of course, the constant vertical distribution of these probably associated with a supply of materials of weathering phosphorites present in Mitsikeli. The As and Pb associated with possible anthropogenic pollution, although the vertical distribution of As is not consistent with it. The existence of Cr associated with waste from tanneries.

Examination of an important new 319m core of lake sediment recovered from Ioannina in NW Greece has attempted to relate changes in the lake to variations in the regional climate of south-central Europe over the last 600,000 years. The site is known to have been extremely sensitive to past climatic change for three reasons: (i) temperate vegetation persisted throughout glacial stages (albeit at low frequencies), so the vegetational response to climatic change would therefore have been almost immediate; (ii) the extreme thickness of the sediments suggests that accumulation rates were high (at times, > 1m per thousand years), which has enabled high-resolution palaeoclimatic reconstructions; and (iii) precipitation of authigenic carbonate has preserved a remarkably sensitive proxy record of productivity variations for most of the lake's history. Well-defined shifts from glacial - interglacial mode have been correlated with vegetational changes identified in a core previously analysed from the same basin (using magnetic susceptibility profiles), enabling tentative correlations to be suggested with other European terrestrial sequences and with the marine oxygen isotope record, back to marine isotope stage 16. Twelve AMS radiocarbon determinations from the upper part of the core, together with the identification of a series of reversed palaeomagnetic events within the Brunhes chron, support the proposed age model for the sequence. The sediments at Ioannina, unlike most of the other long terrestrial European sequences, are calcareous and contain mollusc and ostracod assemblages. Part of this project has involved a comprehensive review of Quaternary and modem aquatic faunas from the lake, as well as the description, illustration and critical assessment of several poorly-known endemic taxa. Faunal assemblage data have been used to provide valuable information concerning the variable response of lake-level to climatic change over time. Convincing new mollusc an evidence indicates low lake-levels at the Last Glacial Maximum, agreeing with regional pollen data, but conflicting with geomorphological evidence derived from Kastritsa, a well-documented nearby Palaeolithic cave site. It is suggested that this discrepancy may be a result of subsequent tectonic uplift of the rockshelter. In addition, stable isotopic analyses of both the ostracods and the bulk carbonate within the sediments have contributed towards deriving a comprehensive palaeoenvironmental history for the site. Although the study analysed physical, biological and geochemical aspects of the entire core, two distinct parts of the record were selected for more detailed investigation. High-resolution analysis over the last interglacial (the Eemian) has revealed evidence for a clear, two-step deglaciation at the beginning of the period, known from elsewhere as the Zeifen-Kattegat Oscillation. Climatic instability has also been detected within the full interglacial. Comparisons are drawn with a range of other Eemian records from across Europe, as well as the Greenland ice cores. High-resolution analysis of the period from the end of the last glacial to the present day has also revealed evidence for climatic instability. A cool and arid oscillation is demonstrated by several climatic proxies that may constitute the first recognition of the Younger Dryas stadial from Greece. A shorter, but more subdued cooling event has also been detected during the first half of the Holocene, which may correspond with a widespread climatic oscillation from high-resolution terrestrial, marine and ice core records that has been dated to between 7,500 and 8,000 years BP.

[pt] A presente dissertação tem como objetivo o estudo sobre o Espírito Santo Paráclêtos e as suas funções, delimitado na perícope Jo 16,4b-15, situada dentro do quadro dos capítulos Jo 13–17 intitulado de discurso de despedida. Nesta perícope são descritas as funções exercidas pelo Paráclêtos, as quais são específicas, inconfundíveis e não mencionadas nos outros logions sobre o Paráclêtos delimitados em Jo 14,15-17; Jo 14,25-26 e Jo 15,26-27. No entanto, para o aprofundamento desse tema, foi necessário o aprofundamento das questões que envolvem o Quarto Evangelho, no que concerne: à formação do Evangelho, às vertentes teológicas, à relação entre o Discípulo Amado e o autor, ao lugar de origem, as hipóteses da composição, bem como aos contextos que influenciaram o pensamento joanino, assuntos estes denominados questão joanina. Sendo assim, a partir deste aporte desenvolveu-se a exegese da perícope, tendo como pergunta norteadora: como entender a necessidade da partida de Jesus para que o Paráclêtos seja enviado (cf. Jo 16,7)? Sobre essa questão é estabelecida a inter-relação entre a missão do Filho e a missão do Paráclêtos, bem como o fato de que nas narrativas sobre o envio do Paráclêtos, ora é o Pai, que envia mediante a intercessão de Jesus (cf. Jo 14,16.26), ora é o Filho, que envia de junto do Pai (cf. Jo 15,26; Jo 16,7). Para o alcance à resposta desse questionamento, realizou-se a aplicação do método histórico-crítico e a investigação de obras de autores modernos, chegando à conclusão, por meio desses instrumentos, de que há uma inter-relação entre a missão do Filho e a Missão do Paráclêtos, isto é, o Espírito dá continuidade à obra do Filho por meio do testemunho dos discípulos. / [en] This dissertation aims to study about the Holy Spirit-Paraclete and its functions, as described in Jn 16,4b-15, situated within the framework of the chapters 13–17 titled farewell speech . This pericope describes the duties performed by the Paraclete, which are specific, unmistakable, and are not mentioned in the other logions about the Paraclete in Jn 14,15-17; Jn 14,25-26; Jn 15,26-27. However, for the further development of this subject, the deepening of the issues surrounding the Fourth Gospel was necessary, regarding: the formation of the Gospel, the theological aspects, the relationship between the Beloved and the author, place of origin, the hypotheses of the composition, as well as the context that influenced the Johannine thought, all of which called Ioannina Issue . Thus, from this contribution we developed the exegesis of the pericope, with the guiding question: How can one understand that the departure of Jesus was necessary for the Paraclete to be sent (cf. Jn 16,7)? This is a question upon which the interrelationship between the Son s mission and the mission of the Paraclete is established, as well as the fact that the narratives about the sending of the Paraclete, oftentimes it is the Father who sends through the intercession of Jesus (cf. Jn 14,16.26), oftentimes it is the Son who sends the Paraclete from the nearness of the Father (cf. Jn 15,26; Jn 16,7). To reach the answer of this question, there was the application of the historical-critical method and the research works of modern authors, which led to the conclusion that that there is an interrelationship between the Son s mission and the mission of the Paraclete, that is, the Spirit continues the Son s work through the witness of the disciples.