Ce travail de thèse a pour but l’étude des effets de la contamination cationique sur lamembrane électrolyte afin d’élaborer des outils de caractérisation et de diagnostic de cette pollution.Premièrement, la caractérisation physico-chimique de membranes PFSA commerciales arévélé des paramètres pertinents de structure et de propriété, qui ont été étudiés en fonction de leurdépendance à la capacité d’échange ionique (IEC).Deuxièmement, les propriétés thermiques des membranes contaminées par des cations ontrévélé des changements dépendant fortement de l’acidité de Lewis du cation (LAS). Cette tendance aété corrélée à la nature de l’interaction des différents cations avec les groupements polaires de lachaîne polymère, révélée par FTIR.Enfin, l’influence du taux de pollution sur les différents paramètres thermiques et structurauxnous a permis de révéler ceux qui sont pertinents non seulement à l’identification mais aussi à laquantification de la pollution. Une application des courbes d’étalonnage a été réalisée sur desmembranes vieillies issues de systèmes réels après fonctionnement. / The purpose of this study was to experimentally determine the effects of cationiccontamination on PEMFC ionomers in order to elaborate characterization tools and new modes forpollution diagnosis.First, a large series of techniques were used to investigate the properties of commercial PFSAmembranes. Distinctive parameters concerning structure and properties were extracted as well as theirrelationship to ion exchange capacity (IEC).Second, the thermal properties of cation-contaminated membranes revealed changes that arehighly dependent on the Lewis Acid Strength of the cation (LAS). This trend was correlated with thenature of the interaction between the cations and the polar groups of the polymer chain, revealed byFTIR spectroscopy.Finally, the influence of the pollution level on the thermal and structural parameters allowedus to reveal not only the relevant parameters to the identification but also to the quantification ofpollution. An application of the different calibration curves was performed on aged membranescoming from real operating systems.

The thesis is about the processing of biological waste in the Czech composting plants with focus on the quality of the final compost. In 2016, there was more than 160 composting plants in the Czech Republic. The thesis is focused on the most widely used technologies in small composting plants in terms of their impact to the quality of the final product, including the follow-up of individual indicators during composting. The best technology in my work is based on a higher decomposition temperature (85 ° C) at the first stage of composting. The practical part of thesis is focused on the measurement of ion-exchange capacity according to Sandhof as a main material for the overall evaluation of the functionality of composting. The final value shows the compost quality of the individual composting plants in terms of ion exchange flexibility of the produced substrate. The best result was achieved with the combination of composting boxes and composting in the belt heaps. The value of the ion-exchange capacity with the best technology was 52.8 mval .100 g of the soil, with 77.9% of the distributed biowaste. You have to expect with an average annual costs of composting about 1,696,000 crounds in the Czech republic, when you are designing small functional composting plant with production of 2000 tons of the compost per year.

Orientador: Luis Henrique Souza Guimarães / Banca: Ariela Veloso de Paula / Banca: Rosimeire Cristina Linhari Rodrigues Pietro / Banca: Hamilton Cabral / Banca: Sandra Regina Pombeiro Sponchiado / Resumo: Produtos naturais bioativos podem ser produzidos por organismos de todos os reinos, de procariotos a eucariotos. Entre esses, os fungos filamentosos são fontes abundantes de diversos metabólitos, como proteínas e enzimas, as quais vêm se destacando devido as suas diversas atividades biológicas, com aplicações não só na área farmacêutica e médica como também, nas indústrias alimentícia, de materiais e na agricultura. Recentemente, a resistência microbiana frente aos antibióticos disponíveis no mercado e o aparecimento de linhagens tumorais cada vez mais agressivas, torna urgente a investigação por novas moléculas bioativas, especialmente aquelas com baixa ou nenhuma toxicidade contra as células de mamíferos. Devido ao grande potencial das proteínas fúngicas, como promissoras moléculas com aplicações biotecnológicas, o objetivo deste projeto foi realizar a prospecção de proteínas bioativas secretadas por fungos filamentosos do gênero Aspergillus. Entre as diferentes espécies estudadas, Aspergillus niveus cultivado em fermentação submersa (FSbm), em meio YPD por 120 h, foi capaz de secretar uma proteína com massa molecular de 19 kDa. A proteína foi analisada por espectrometria de massas e os peptídeos identificados apresentaram identidade de 88 a 100% com outras ribotoxinas já descritas na literatura, como α-sarcina, restrictocina e Asp f1. A ribotoxina inibiu a proliferação celular in vitro de linhagens tumorais de glioblastoma (até 32%), melanoma (43%), osteossarcoma (41%) e m... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Natural products can be produced by organisms from all kingdoms, from prokaryotes to eukaryotes. Among these, filamentous fungi are abundant sources of various metabolites, such as proteins and enzymes, which have been outstanding due to their diverse biological activities, with applications not only in the pharmaceutical and medical areas but also in the materials and food industries and in agriculture. Recently, microbial resistance to available antibiotics and the increasingly of aggressive tumor cell lines, makes urgent the investigation of new bioactive molecules, especially those with low or without toxicity to mammalian cells. Due to the great potential of fungal proteins, as promising molecules with biotechnological applications, the objective of this project was the prospection of bioactive proteins secreted by filamentous fungi of the genus Aspergillus. Among the different species studied, Aspergillus niveus cultured under submerged fermentation (Sbmf), in YPD medium for 120 h, was able to secrete a protein with molecular mass of 19 kDa. The protein was analyzed by mass spectrometry and the peptides identified showed 88 to 100% of identity with other ribotoxins described in the literature, such as α-sarcin, restrictocin and Asp f1. The ribotoxin inhibited, in vitro, the cell proliferation of glioblastoma tumor cell line (up to 32%), melanoma (43%), osteosarcoma (41%) and medulloblastoma (50%) at concentration of 20 μg / mL and incubation for 72 h. The ribotoxin was ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

O lixiviado gerado em aterro sanitário possui substâncias de difícil degradação e amônia, que dificulta o tratamento biológico. O tratamento do lixiviado gerado em aterros sanitários requer uma série de processos de elevado custo e, outras técnicas de tratamento têm sido investigadas no intuito de reduzir custos e aumentar a eficiência do tratamento. A evaporação do lixiviado é uma técnica que aproveita o gás de aterro como fonte de calor, e é utilizada na redução do volume a tratar; porém as emissões atmosféricas geradas durante essa evaporação indicam a presença de amônia, o que pode causar impactos negativos em torno do aterro. Desta forma, é importante a realização de estudos que aprimorem esta técnica, para que a evaporação torne-se ambientalmente e economicamente viável. A amônia presente em amostras com pH em torno de 8,0 e temperatura em torno de 25C, está na forma de íon amônio, o que favorece ao processo de troca iônica. A troca iônica é um processo que tem sido estudado por muitos pesquisadores e consiste na troca de um ou mais constituintes de uma fase fluida para a superfície de uma fase sólida (resinas poliméricas). Este trabalho apresenta a eficiência de quatro tipos diferentes de resinas poliméricas: Amberlyst 15 Wet, Lewatit VPOC 1800, Dowex Mac-3 e Purolite MN250 na remoção e posterior, recuperação do íon amônio presente nos vapores condensados da evaporação de lixiviados. A princípio foi investigado a quantidade e o momento em que o amônio é lançado durante o processo de evaporação. Em seguida, caracterizaram-se as resinas quanto à eficiência de remoção, o tempo de contato e a quantidade ideal da resina. Estão apresentadas neste estudo as isotermas de adsorção de Langmuir, Freundlich e Temkin em diferentes temperaturas (298-318 K) e as condições ideais do processo. Os resultados apontaram duas resinas com eficiência de remoção, em torno de 40%, para concentrações acima de 1000 mg dm-3 de amônio, utilizando 0,5 g de resina e um tempo de contato de 20 minutos. Diferentes modelos cinéticos foram aplicados: Pseudo-Primeira Ordem, Pseudo-Segunda Ordem, difusão intrapartícula, Elovich e o modelo cinético de difusão externa e os resultados discutidos. Foi possível tratar Através da condensação dos vapores emitidos durante a evaporação do lixiviado, foi possível tratar foi possível obter uma recuperação em torno de 70% do íon amônio contido no vapor condensado proveniente da evaporação do lixiviado. / The leachate generated at the landfill has substances are difficult to degrade and ammonia, which hinders the biological treatment. The treatment of the leachate generated in landfills requires a number of high-cost procedures and other treatment techniques have been investigated in order to reduce costs and increase the efficiency of treatment. Evaporation of leachate is a technique that takes advantage of landfill gas as a heat source , and is used in reducing the volume to be treated, but atmospheric emissions generated during this evaporation indicate the presence of ammonia, which can cause negative impact on the surrounding the landfill. Thus, it is important to conduct studies that will improve this technique, so that evaporation to become environmentally and economically viable. The present in samples with pH around 8.0 and temperature around 25 C, ammonia is in the form of ammonium ion, which favors the ion exchange process. Ion exchange is a process that has been studied by many researchers and consists of the exchange of one or more constituents of a fluid phase to the surface of a solid phase ( polymer resin ). This paper shows the efficiency of four different types of polymeric resins: Amberlyst 15 Wet, Lewatit VPOC 1800 Dowex Mac - 3 and Purolite MN250 removal and later, recovery of ammonium ion present in the vapor condensate evaporation of leachate. At first it was investigated how much and when ammonium is released during the evaporation process. Then, the resins were characterized as to the removal efficiency, the contact time and the optimum amount of the resin. Are presented in this study, adsorption isotherms of Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin at different temperatures (298-318 K) and the optimal process conditions. The results showed two resins with removal efficiency of around 40% for concentrations above 1000 mg dm-3 ammonium, using 0.5 g of resin and a contact time of 20 minutes. Different kinetic models were applied: pseudo-first order , pseudo-second order, intraparticle diffusion and Elovich kinetic model of external diffusion and results discussed. It can be treated by the condensation of the vapors emitted during the evaporation of the leachate was possible to treat it was possible to obtain a recovery of around 70% of the ammonium ion contained in the condensed steam from the evaporation of leachate.

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