<p>Tl⁺ is thought to be toxic to cells due to ionic mimicry of K⁺. The aims of this study were two-fold. First, to identify whether K⁺ and Tl⁺ were interacting in isolated guts, whole animals and tissues in <em>Chironomus riparius, </em>and second, to determine the strategies of Tl⁺ tolerance. <em>C. riparius. </em>were very tolerant towards Tl⁺with a 48-hr LC₅₀ of 723 μmol l^-1. The Scanning Ion-selective Technique (SIET) allowed us to identify the caecae, AMG and PMG as the major K⁺-transporting regions of isolated guts. Evidence for an interaction was based on the finding that Tl⁺ was transported in the same directions at these segments (and others), and that 50 μmol l^-1Tl⁺ decreased K⁺ flux at the AMG and PMG. In addition, exposure to Tl⁺ prior to flux measurements had significant effects on net K⁺ transport by the gut. Measurements of Tl⁺ and K⁺ concentrations in the whole animal, gut and hemolymph by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) indicated that Tl⁺ uptake was saturable in the whole animal and gut, and non-saturable in the hemolymph. Together with the SIET measurements, the AAS data suggests that high levels of Tl⁺ can perturb K⁺ transport and homeostasis. The absorption of Tl⁺ from the gut to hemolymph, measured by SIET, was confirmed by hemolymph measurements of Tl⁺ using AAS. This indicated that Tl⁺ gains access to the hemolymph and that sensitive tissues (such as the nervous system) are thus exposed. However, survival of <em>C. riparius</em> at these concentrations implies efficient mechanisms for detoxification of Tl⁺. This tolerance may involve sequestration in the gut, metal-binding proteins and increased secretion by the anal papillae and MTs. In addition, loss of K⁺ from the muscle may prevent hypokalemia in the hemolymph and gut.</p> / Master of Science (MSc)

Using multiple theoretical methods, comprehensive calculations are performed to create a new and more comprehensive data set for elastic scattering and related transport cross sections for collisions of (H$^+$ + H), (H + H) and (He$^{2+}$ + H) in the center-of-mass energy frame. In proton-atomic hydrogen collisions, we have significantly updated and extended previous work of elastic scattering, charge transfer and related transport integral and differential cross sections in the center-of-mass energy range $10^{-4} - 10^4$ eV where the multi-channel molecular orbital approach (MO3) is used. For atomic hydrogen-hydrogen collisions, similar updates have been made of elastic scattering and spin exchange differential and integral cross sections, also for the H + H collision the ionization and negative ion formation cross sections are provided in energy range (1-20 KeV) by use of the 'hidden crossing' theoretical framework. For collisions of alpha particles with atomic hydrogen we have computed the elastic scattering cross section in the center-of-mass energy range $10^{-4} - 10^8$ eV. In this case, at the lowest energies where elastic scattering greatly dominates other reaction channels, a single-channel quasi-molecular-orbital approach (MO1) is used. With the opening of inelastic channels at higher energies the multi-channel atomic-orbital, close-coupling method is applied, and at the highest energies considered perturbation theory (the Born approximation) is used. The results are compared with other data available in literature.

AABBSSTTRRAACCTT The molecular circadian clock enables anticipation of environmental changes. In mammals, clocks are ubiquitously present in almost all tissues and they are comprised of transcriptional-translational feedback loops of the so-called clock genes. The central clock represents the intrinsic pacemaker which is located in suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) of hypothalamus and synchronizes peripheral clocks. Clockwork system in alimentary tract and its regulatory link to intestinal functions are poorly understood. Therefore the objective of the thesis was to characterize molecular clock in particular parts of the rat intestine and to elucidate its link to the intestinal transport, regulation of cell cycle and neoplastic transformation in colonic tissue. We used quantitative RT-PCR (qPCR) to determine circadian profiles of mRNA expression of clock genes in the epithelium of duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and colon of rat. Furthermore, we analysed the expression of genes coding sodium chloride transporters and channels as well as cell cycle regulators in colon. To focus more precisely on different structures of intestinal epithelia we used laser capture microdissection. In addition, we performed Ussing chamber measurements to determine the colonic electrogenic transport. To study the contribution of circadian...

Le but de ce travail de thèse consiste à étudier les propriétés physico-chimiques des verres chalcogénures afin de pouvoir les utiliser comme membranes de capteurs chimiques destinés pour le dosage des ions Hg²⁺. Dans un premier temps, les propriétés macroscopiques des systèmes vitreux AgY-As₂S₃ (Y = Br, I), HgS-GeS₂, AgI-HgS-As₂S₃ et AgI-HgS-GeS₂, telles que les densités et les températures caractéristiques (Tg et Tc) ont été mesurées et analysées selon les compositions des verres. Puis, dans un second temps, les propriétés de transport ont été étudiés à l'aide de la spectroscopie d'impédance complexe d'une part, ou d'autre part, par des mesures de la résistivité. Ces dernières montrent que les verres de chalcogénures dopés à l'halogénure d'argent présentent deux différents régimes de transports au-dessus du seuil de percolation xc ≈ 30 ppm : (i) domaine de percolation critique, et (ii) domaine contrôlé par modificateur. Vient ensuite la troisième partie, elle consiste à déchiffrer les relations composition/structure/propriété grâce à plusieurs études structurales. Des mesures par spectroscopie Raman, par diffraction de neutrons et de rayons X haute énergie, par diffusion des neutrons sous petits angles (SANS), ainsi que des modélisations RMC/DFT et AMID ont été réalisées. Enfin, la dernière partie de ce travail était une étude préliminaire des caractéristiques des nouveaux capteurs chimiques. Il a été consacré à l'étude des relations entre la composition et la sensibilité des membranes ainsi qu'aux limites de détection qui les définissent. / The aim of the thesis is to study the physicochemical properties of the silver halide doped chalcogenide glasses for the possibility to use them as chemical sensors for quantitative analysis of Hg²⁺ ions. First, the macroscopic properties of AgY-As₂S₃ (Y = Br, I), HgS-GeS₂, AgI-HgS-As₂S₃ and AgI-HgS-GeS₂ glassy systems such as the densities and the characteristic temperatures (Tg and Tc) were measured and analyzed according to the glass compositions. Second, the transport properties were studied using complex impedance and dc conductivity. Measurements show that the silver halide doped chalcogenide glasses exhibit two drastically different ion transport regimes above the percolation threshold at xc ≈ 30 ppm : (i) critical percolation, and (ii) modifier-controlled regimes. Third, to unveil the composition/structure/property relationships, various structural studies were carried out. Raman spectroscopy, high-energy X-ray diffraction, neutron diffraction and small-angle neutron scattering experiments, together with RMC/DFT and AMID modelling were employed. Finally, the last part was a preliminary study of the characteristics of new chemical sensors. It was devoted to study the relationship between the membranes' composition and sensitivity but also detection limits.

No description available.

Methods of slab-geometry molecular dynamics computer simulation were tested, compared, and applied to the prediction of activity coefficients, interfacial electrochemistry characterization, and ion transport through a model biological channel-membrane structure. The charged-sheets, 2-D Ewald, corrected 3-D Ewald, and corrected particle-particle-particle-mesh (P3M) methods were compared for efficiency and applicability to slab-geometry electrolyte systems with discrete water molecules. The P3M method was preferred for long-range force calculation in the problems of interest and was used throughout. The osmotic molecular dynamics method (OMD) was applied to the prediction of liquid mixture activity coefficients for six binary systems: methanol/n-hexane, n-hexane/n-pentane, methanol/water, chloroform/acetone, n-hexane/chloroform, methanol/ chloroform. OMD requires the establishment of chemical potential equilibrium across a semi-permeable membrane that divides the simulation cell between a pure solvent chamber and a chamber containing a mixture of solvent and solute molecules in order to predict the permeable component activity coefficient at the mixture side composition according to a thermodynamic identity. Chemical potential equilibrium is expedited by periodic adjustment of the mixture side chamber volume in response to the observed solvent flux. The method was validated and shown to be able to predict activity coefficients within the limitations of the simple models used. The electrochemical double layer characteristics for a simple electrolyte with discrete water molecules near a charged electrode were examined as a function of ion concentration, electrode charge, and ion size. The fluid structure and charge buildup near the electrode, the voltage drop across the double layer, and the double layer capacitance were studied and were found to be in reasonable agreement with experimental findings. Applied voltage non-equilibrium molecular dynamics was used to calculate the current-voltage relationship for a model biological pore. Ten 10-nanosecond trajectories were computed in each of 10 different conditions of concentration and applied voltage. The channel-membrane structure was bathed in electrolyte including discrete water molecules so that solvation, entry, and exit effects could be studied. Fluid structure, ion dynamics, channel selectivity, and potential gradients were examined. This work represents the first such channel study that does not neglect the vital contributions of discrete water molecules.

La fibrose kystique (FK), causée par des mutations dans le gène codant pour le canal chlorure CFTR, est caractérisée par des infections bactériennes chroniques des voies aériennes (VA), impliquant en particulier Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) et Staphylococcus aureus (SA). Les facteurs de virulence (VirF) sécrétés par celles-ci sont responsables de la destruction progressive des VA et altèrent la capacité de réparation du tissu épithélial. Il existe cependant des molécules spécifiques permettant de corriger le défaut de CFTR et de moduler l’activité de canaux potassiques, deux actions qui pourraient favoriser la réparation épithéliale de par leur action. Leur efficacité pourrait toutefois être altérée par les VirF de P. aeruginosa ou S. aureus. Mon objectif a été d’identifier le potentiel de réparation épithélial du Trikafta et du ML277, modulateurs respectivement spécifiques des canaux CFTR et KvLQT1 (canal potassique sensible au voltage, du syndrome du QT long), impliqués dans les processus de réparation. Des cultures primaires de cellules bronchiques des VA de patients FK ont été traitées avec la triple combinaison de modulateurs de CFTR Trikafta, l’activateur de KvLQT1 ML277, et la combinaison de ces deux derniers, en plus d’être exposées aux VirF de cultures de P. aeruginosa ou S. aureus. L’efficacité de ces traitements sur les processus de réparation fut évaluée, suite à des lésions, selon la vitesse de réparation des plaies, la prolifération cellulaire et les dynamiques de migration guidée cellulaire. Les VirF de P. aeruginosa et S. aureus altèrent la vitesse de fermeture lésionnelle, la prolifération cellulaire et les dynamiques de migration cellulaire. Les traitements Trikafta et ML277 permettent cependant d’améliorer ces processus de la réparation épithéliale, et ce, en absence comme en présence des VirF bactériens nocifs à la réparation. La combinaison du Trikafta et du ML277 n’amène cependant pas l’effet additif espéré sur la réparation épithéliale. Ces résultats témoignent finalement de l’effet bénéfique du Trikafta et du ML277 sur la réparation épithéliale malgré la condition infectieuse, favorisant l’intégrité fonctionnelle de l’épithélium des VA FK. / Cystic fibrosis (CF), caused by mutations in the gene coding for the chloride channel CFTR, is characterized by chronic bacterial infections in the airways, particularly by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) and Staphylococcus aureus (SA). The virulence factors (VirF) secreted by these bacteria are responsible for the progressive destruction of the airways and impair the repair process of the epithelia. Nevertheless, there are specific molecules that correct the CFTR defect and modulate potassium channel activity, both of which could be beneficial at promoting epithelial repair. However, their efficacy could be altered by P. aeruginosa or S. aureus VirF. My objective was to identify the repair potential of Trikafta and ML277, respectively specific modulators of CFTR and KvLQT1 channels, involved in repair processes. Primary cultures of airways epithelial cells from CF patients were treated with the triple combination of CFTR modulators Trikafta, the KvLQT1 activator ML277, and the combination of the latter two, in addition to being exposed to VirF from P. aeruginosa or S. aureus cultures. The efficacy of these treatments on repair processes was evaluated, following wound injury, by the rate of wound repair, cell proliferation and guided cell migration dynamics. P. aeruginosa and S. aureus VirF alter wound repair rates, cell proliferation and cell migration dynamics. Nevertheless, Trikafta and ML277 treatments improve these epithelial repair processes, both in the absence and presence of repair-damaging P. aeruginosa or S. aureus VirF. However, the combination of Trikafta and ML277 did not have the hoped-for additive effect on epithelial repair. Overall, these results show the beneficial effect of Trikafta and ML277 epithelial repair despite the infectious condition, promoting the functional integrity of the CF airways epithelia.

No description available.

No description available.

The present thesis deals in detail the influence of solvent dynamics and solvation on ion transport in succinonitrile based plastic crystalline electrolytes. The main objective of correlating plastic solvent characteristics with ion transport was achieved by probing the electrolyte using characterization techniques at various length and time scales. Although majority of the results presented in this thesis focus on a prototype succinonitrile electrolyte (succinonitrile-lithium perchlorate, SN-LiClO4), the conclusions drawn from the results on SN-LiClO4 are quite general and can be extended to various types of salts as well as plastic crystalline matrices. Chapters 2-5 demonstrate in a systematic and detailed manner the beneficial influence of solvent dynamics on ion transport in the solid state. The thesis comprises of six chapters. A brief discussion of the contents and highlights of the individual chapters are described below: Chapter 1 briefly reviews the importance of various types of electrolytes for electrochemical applications. The chapter starts with a discussion on different types of liquid and solid crystalline electrolytes and their drawbacks in electrochemical devices such as lithium-ion batteries. Following the discussion on the two extremes of electrolytes viz. liquid and solid electrolytes, various soft matter electrolytes including polymer and plastic crystalline materials are discussed. Aims of the thesis are specified in chapter 1. Chapter 2 discusses plastic crystalline electrolytes as prospective electrolytes for electrochemical applications. In this chapter, we present a detailed study of correlation of ion transport with solvent structure and dynamics in lithium perchlorate (LiClO4)-succinonitrile (SN), a prototype succinonitrile based plastic crystalline electrolyte. Significant influences of the salt on the crystallographic structure, trans-gauche isomerism and solvation properties of succinonitrile (SN) are observed. Ionic conductivity (ac-impedance spectroscopy) and single crystal X-ray studies (in-situ cryo crystallography) reveal the influence of configurational isomerism and ion solvation on ion transport in LiClO4-SN. We quantify the ion association using theoretical analysis of Fuoss-Onsager formalism for various LiX-SN (typically X = ClO4-, CF3SO3-, TFSI-) electrolytes. Thermal (differential scanning caloriemetry) and spectroscopic (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)) studies have also been discussed in the chapter to support our proposition. Chapter 3 describes our investigation on issues other than salt that are likely to affect ion transport in Li-salt-SN based plastic crystalline electrolytes such as water in sample and sample thermal history. We investigate here in a detailed manner the influence of water and thermal history on SN configurational isomerism and solvation in LiClO4-SN. LiClO4 in SN electrolyte samples were prepared in various ways for the fulfillment of the objectives of the study of the present chapter. Correlation of water and thermal history on ion transport were studied via ac-impedance spectroscopy and room temperature Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The ionic conductivity and infra-red findings were supplemented via differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Chapter 4 presents dielectric relaxation spectroscopy (DRS) to study the various relaxation processes of the plastic crystalline solvent and ionic species responsible for ion-transport in succinonitrile-based electrolytes. For the DRS study, we select the same system i.e. SN-LiClO4 for which the role of solvent dynamics and ion-association on ion transport was discussed in detail in chapter 2. We supplement the ionic conductivity and various spectroscopic investigations highlighted in chapter 2 via study of the frequency dependence of dielectric function. The permittivity data are further analyzed using Havriliak-Negami (HN) and Kohlrausch-Williams-Watta (KWW) functions for identification of various processes and also for detailed insight on the ion transport mechanism. Chapter 5 comprises of the temperature dependence the bulk acoustic phonons in SN and SN-LiX (X = ClO4-, CF3SO3-, TFSI-, Cl-) electrolytes from (200-300) K. Room temperature Brillouin spectra of SN based plastic crystalline electrolytes with different cationic salts (MClO4-, M = Li+, Na+, Rb+) were also measured. The influences of salt concentration and temperature on solvent dynamics and ion-association effect have been investigated in detail for the SN-LiClO4 electrolyte. The Brillouin data were further analyzed using Lorentzian and Fano resonance function for identification of behavior of various Brillouin modes. An attempt was made to understand ion transport mechanism in SN-LiX plastic crystalline electrolytes based on the concept of molecular liquids as opposed to conventional solid state defect chemistry. The chapter also discusses preliminary results on the relaxational dynamics of SN and SN-LiClO4 in the plastic phase examined using quasi elastic neutron scattering (QENS) facility at ILL-Grenoble IN16 beamline. Chapter 6 provides a brief summary of the work presented in the thesis and discusses how knowledge from the present work (chapters 2-5) can be utilized to generate new electrolytes. The system proposed is a liquid electrolyte based on bis-nitrile (G0-CN) which does not possess majority of the detrimental issues associate with conventional liquids and various improvisations of polymer electrolytes. We also show that the various dendrimer generations obtained from the monomer bis-nitrile (G0-CN) can also be utilized as an alternative solvent for generation of liquid electrolytes for electrochemical devices such as (primary/secondary) batteries. In a way, we discuss a novel liquid electrolyte system whose physical (viscosity, dielectric constant) and solvation properties can be tuned easily to fulfill task of specific objectives. The preliminary ionic conductivity, viscosity and electrochemical studies of the Gn-CN-Li-salt (n=0-2) liquid electrolytes show considerable promise. Though the prospective dendrimer solvent is a liquid, we envisage that in future compounds with similar chemical properties can also be synthesized in the soft matter state.