CNPq, CAPES, FINEP / Devido à alta resistência a corrosão, os aços inoxidáveis possuem uma larga aplicabilidade em diversos setores industriais, seja indústria química, petroquímica ou alimentícia. Buscando atender solicitações ainda mais severas, métodos que melhorem a relação resistência à corrosão e propriedades mecânicas destes aços tem sido objeto de estudo de diversos pesquisadores. Com o objetivo de aumentar a resistência mecânica, dureza superficial e resistência à corrosão dos aços inoxidáveis propôs-se a introdução de nitrogênio em solução sólida pelo processo de SHTPN (Solution Heat Treatment after Plasma Nitriding), em desenvolvimento no GrMaTS/UTFPR. O nitrogênio apresenta algumas vantagens como a redução da tendência à precipitação, e a estabilização da camada passiva. Além disso, o nitrogênio reage na área anódica, o que neutraliza o efeito da acidez melhorando assim a resistência a corrosão. Neste trabalho avaliou-se a resistência à corrosão do aço inoxidável ferrítico AISI 409, após a obtenção de uma camada martensítica enriquecida com nitrogênio em solução solida por meio do processo SHTPN. Em seguida foram avaliados os efeitos da temperatura de revenimento (200, 400 e 600 °C) e da temperatura de austenitização (950 e 1050 °C) na microestrutura, dureza e resistência à corrosão da camada martensítica obtida. A resistência à corrosão foi avaliada pela técnica de polarização cíclica em solução de NaCl 0,5 mol/L e os perfis de dureza obtidos por medição de dureza Vickers com carga de 0,05 Kgf (0,49 N). A microestrutura foi avaliada por Microscopia Óptica, Eletrônica de Varredura e por Difração de Raios-X. Os resultados indicam que o tratamento de SHTPN promoveu a formação de uma camada martensítica de nitrogênio, com consequente acréscimo de dureza de 160 HV para 580 HV. O tratamento têmpera após SHTPN não afetou significativamente a dureza do aço, contudo, refinou e melhorou a distribuição da martensita de nitrogênio. Os resultados de corrosão para as condições tratadas e revenidas a 200 °C indicam resistência à corrosão superior ou equivalente à da ferrita do material não tratado (AISI 409). Já as amostras revenidas nas temperaturas de 400 e 600 °C apresentaram um decréscimo na resistência à corrosão, bem como foi observada uma diminuição da dureza da amostra revenida a 600 °C. / Due to high corrosion resistance, stainless steels have a wide applicability in many industrial sectors, such as, chemical, petrochemical and food industries. With the demand for corrosion resistance materials becoming more stringent, methods that improve the relation corrosion resistance and mechanical properties of these steels has been studied by many researchers. In order to increase the mechanical strength, surface hardness and corrosion resistance of stainless steels we proposed the introduction of nitrogen in solid solution by the process of SHTPN (Solution Heat Treatment after Plasma Nitriding), under development in GrMaTS/UTFPR . Nitrogen in solid solution has some advantages over materials that have only carbon in the structure such lower tendency for precipitation and stabilization of the passive layer. In addition, the nitrogen reacts in the anodic area, which neutralizes the effect in the acidity thus improving the corrosion resistance. This research evaluate the corrosion resistance of ferritic stainless steel AISI 409, after obtaining a martensitic layer enriched with nitrogen, in solid solution, by SHTPN process. Effects of tempering temperature (200, 400 and 600 °C) and austenitization temperature (950 to 1050 °C) in the microstructure, hardness and corrosion resistance of martensitic layer obtained. Corrosion resistance was evaluated by cyclic polarization technique, with a NaCl solution 0.5 mol/L, and hardness profiles obtained by measuring the Vickers hardness with a load of 0.05 kgf (0.49 N). Samples microstructure was investigated by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and X- ray diffraction. Results indicate that the treatment of SHTPN promoted the formation of a martensitic nitrogen layer, with consequent increase of hardness of 160 HV to 580 HV on sample surface. Tempering treatments, realized after SHTPN did not significantly affect the hardness of steel, however, has refined and improved the distribution of nitrogen martensite. Corrosion results of sample treated and annealed at 200 °C indicate higher or equal resistance to that of the untreated ferrite materials (AISI 409) corrosion. Samples that were annealed at temperatures of 400 and 600 °C showed a decrease in the corrosion resistance as well as a decrease in hardness was observed in the sample tempered at 600 °C.

CNPq, CAPES, FINEP / Devido à alta resistência a corrosão, os aços inoxidáveis possuem uma larga aplicabilidade em diversos setores industriais, seja indústria química, petroquímica ou alimentícia. Buscando atender solicitações ainda mais severas, métodos que melhorem a relação resistência à corrosão e propriedades mecânicas destes aços tem sido objeto de estudo de diversos pesquisadores. Com o objetivo de aumentar a resistência mecânica, dureza superficial e resistência à corrosão dos aços inoxidáveis propôs-se a introdução de nitrogênio em solução sólida pelo processo de SHTPN (Solution Heat Treatment after Plasma Nitriding), em desenvolvimento no GrMaTS/UTFPR. O nitrogênio apresenta algumas vantagens como a redução da tendência à precipitação, e a estabilização da camada passiva. Além disso, o nitrogênio reage na área anódica, o que neutraliza o efeito da acidez melhorando assim a resistência a corrosão. Neste trabalho avaliou-se a resistência à corrosão do aço inoxidável ferrítico AISI 409, após a obtenção de uma camada martensítica enriquecida com nitrogênio em solução solida por meio do processo SHTPN. Em seguida foram avaliados os efeitos da temperatura de revenimento (200, 400 e 600 °C) e da temperatura de austenitização (950 e 1050 °C) na microestrutura, dureza e resistência à corrosão da camada martensítica obtida. A resistência à corrosão foi avaliada pela técnica de polarização cíclica em solução de NaCl 0,5 mol/L e os perfis de dureza obtidos por medição de dureza Vickers com carga de 0,05 Kgf (0,49 N). A microestrutura foi avaliada por Microscopia Óptica, Eletrônica de Varredura e por Difração de Raios-X. Os resultados indicam que o tratamento de SHTPN promoveu a formação de uma camada martensítica de nitrogênio, com consequente acréscimo de dureza de 160 HV para 580 HV. O tratamento têmpera após SHTPN não afetou significativamente a dureza do aço, contudo, refinou e melhorou a distribuição da martensita de nitrogênio. Os resultados de corrosão para as condições tratadas e revenidas a 200 °C indicam resistência à corrosão superior ou equivalente à da ferrita do material não tratado (AISI 409). Já as amostras revenidas nas temperaturas de 400 e 600 °C apresentaram um decréscimo na resistência à corrosão, bem como foi observada uma diminuição da dureza da amostra revenida a 600 °C. / Due to high corrosion resistance, stainless steels have a wide applicability in many industrial sectors, such as, chemical, petrochemical and food industries. With the demand for corrosion resistance materials becoming more stringent, methods that improve the relation corrosion resistance and mechanical properties of these steels has been studied by many researchers. In order to increase the mechanical strength, surface hardness and corrosion resistance of stainless steels we proposed the introduction of nitrogen in solid solution by the process of SHTPN (Solution Heat Treatment after Plasma Nitriding), under development in GrMaTS/UTFPR . Nitrogen in solid solution has some advantages over materials that have only carbon in the structure such lower tendency for precipitation and stabilization of the passive layer. In addition, the nitrogen reacts in the anodic area, which neutralizes the effect in the acidity thus improving the corrosion resistance. This research evaluate the corrosion resistance of ferritic stainless steel AISI 409, after obtaining a martensitic layer enriched with nitrogen, in solid solution, by SHTPN process. Effects of tempering temperature (200, 400 and 600 °C) and austenitization temperature (950 to 1050 °C) in the microstructure, hardness and corrosion resistance of martensitic layer obtained. Corrosion resistance was evaluated by cyclic polarization technique, with a NaCl solution 0.5 mol/L, and hardness profiles obtained by measuring the Vickers hardness with a load of 0.05 kgf (0.49 N). Samples microstructure was investigated by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and X- ray diffraction. Results indicate that the treatment of SHTPN promoted the formation of a martensitic nitrogen layer, with consequent increase of hardness of 160 HV to 580 HV on sample surface. Tempering treatments, realized after SHTPN did not significantly affect the hardness of steel, however, has refined and improved the distribution of nitrogen martensite. Corrosion results of sample treated and annealed at 200 °C indicate higher or equal resistance to that of the untreated ferrite materials (AISI 409) corrosion. Samples that were annealed at temperatures of 400 and 600 °C showed a decrease in the corrosion resistance as well as a decrease in hardness was observed in the sample tempered at 600 °C.

Orientador: Julio Roberto Bartoli / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T22:28:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Giacon_VirginiaMansanares_M.pdf: 2837652 bytes, checksum: cc8b7a2c68b1b5f694c6e06c1feb5bfb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004 / Resumo: Materiais poliméricos são alternativas aos materiais inorgânicos na fabricação de dispositivos ópticos como guias de ondas e fibras ópticas (POF) para transmissão de luz ou sinal. Isso porque, a estrutura molecular dos polímeros pode ser modelada com versatilidade, contribuindo para obter materiais com índices de refração (?) distintos, baixo custo e fácil processamento. Esses dispositivos são constituídos basicamente de um núcleo e uma camada externa, casca ou cladding. Os materiais para casca são usualmente à base de polímeros fluorados. Neste trabalho estudou-se a modificação de superfície de filmes de poli (metacrilato de metila), PMMA, utilizando-se a técnica de Polimerização por Plasma de gás fluorado. Filmes de PMMA com espessuras de 60 µm foram obtidos por spin coating a partir de uma solução de MIBK e Xileno (30% em massa de PMMA). Seguindo dois planejamentos fatoriais, em diferentes condições de pressão (0,5 a 2 torr) e potência (60 a 150 W), os filmes foram expostos ao plasma de CHF3. As superfícies desses filmes foram caracterizadas através de espectroscopia no infravermelho (FTIR/ATR), ângulo de contato de molhamento, microscopia de força atômica (AFM), espectroscopia XPS e análise gravimétrica. A fluoração da superfície dos filmes de PMMA expostos ao plasma foi confirmada por análises de XPS (razão atômica F/C=1,12) e pelo aumento do ângulo de contato de 700(PMMA original) para 100°. O planejamento fatorial mostrou que a pressão é um fator significante (95% confiança) no seu nível mínimo (0,5 torr) para aumentar o ângulo de contato. Análises via FTIR-ATR mostraram alterações nas intensidades de absorção dos grupos C=O e C-O do PMMA, diminuindo significativamente a razão C=O/C-O após o plasma. Análises de AFM mostraram um tolerável aumento da rugosidade da superfície dos filmes após o tratamento. A espessura da camada fluorada, estimada por gravimetria, foi de aproximadamente 0,11 µm. Essa camada deve apresentar um índice de refração menor que o PMMA, inferido pelo alto teor de flúor na superfície dos filmes, determinado pelas análises XPS / Abstract: Polymeric materials are alternative to inorganic materials for production of optical devices as waveguides and optical fibers (POF) for light transmission. This because the molecular structure of polymers can be versatile modeled, giving materials with different refractive indices, low cost and easy processing. These devices are basically consisted by core with an external layer, cladding, of low refractive index (?) allowing light propagation into the core. The cladding materials are usually made of fluorinated polymers. In this work the surface modification of Poly (methylmethacrylate), PMMA, was studied using the plasma polymerization technique. Polymeric films of 60µm thickness were obtained by spin coating using a solution of MIBK and Xylene (30 wt% PMMA). The films were exposed to CHF3 plasma. The processing conditions followed two factorial experimental designs for gas pressure (0.5 - 2 torr) and plasma power (60 - 120 W). The surfaces of the films were characterized using infrared spectroscopy (FTIR/ A TR), contact angle of wetting, atomic force microscopy, XPS spectroscopy and gravimetry. The surface fluorination of PMMA films was confirmed by XPS analysis and also inferred due to the increase on contact angle from 70° (PMMA original) to 100°. The factorial analysis indicated that pressure is a significant factor to increase the contact angle at the lower level 0.5 torr (95% of confidence). FTIR/ATR analysis showed significant alteration on the absorbance intensity of the C=O/C-O groups after plasma. AFM topography analysis showed a tolerable increase on roughness of the surface of plasma exposed films. The thickness of the fluorinated layer was approximately 0.11 µm (estimated by gravimetry). This fluorinated layer should have lower refractive index than the PMMA, due to the high fluorine content on the film surface (F/C ratio), measured by XPS analysis / Mestrado / Ciencia e Tecnologia de Materiais / Mestre em Engenharia Química

Orientador: Julio Roberto Bartoli / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-06T09:00:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Padilha_GiovanadaSilva_M.pdf: 1555922 bytes, checksum: 035b74427e55cfdd28217830ff384c88 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: Dispositivos ópticos poliméricos têm sido promissores para aplicação em comunicações, principalmente na utilização em redes de curta distância devido ao fácil processamento e baixo custo quando comparado aos materiais ópticos fabricados com sílica. Na fabricação de um dispositivo óptico é imprescindível que o índice de refração do núcleo seja maior do que o da casca para que o sinal seja transmitido pelo dispositivo. Algumas técnicas de tratamento superficiais são muito comuns para obter diferentes índices de refração entre os materiais, entre elas a fluoração por plasma, seja por reações de deposição ou substituição, formando-se uma camada de polímero fluorado sobre um substrato polimérico com índice de refração modificado. Neste trabalho, estudou-se a modificação da superfície de filmes de poli (metacrilato de metila) (PMMA), usando a técnica de polimerização por plasma de gás fluorado. Filmes de PMMA com espessura de 1 O _m foram obtidos por Spin-Coating a partir de uma solução de clorofórmio (15,36% em massa de PMMA). Os filmes foram expostos ao plasma de CHF3 seguindo dois planejamentos fatoriais em diferentes níveis de pressão e tempo. A superfície dos filmes ópticos fluorados produzidos foi caracterizada através das técnicas: gravimetria, espectroscopia no infravermelho (FTIR-A TR), ângulo de contato de molhamento, microscopia óptica, microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), microscopia de força atômica (AFM) e perfilometria. A fluoração da superfície dos filmes de PMMA pode ser inferida pelo aumento do ângulo de contato em todas as condições experimentais e confirmadas através das análises de FTIR-A TR. As análises gravimétricas apresentaram aumento da camada fluorada sobre o filme de PMMA em toàas as condições de processo, estimando a maior espessura próxima a 1,55 _m em 0,7 torr e 40 minutos de plasma. A análise estatística mostrou que a pressão e o tempo foram variáveis significativas (95% de confiança) para o crescimento de camada polimérica fluorada. Análises de MEV apresentaram uma camada fluorada bem definida e presença do elemento flúor com a análise de EDS. A rugosidade dos filmes ópticos fluorados foi de 200 Á, bastante satisfatório para cladding com 1,55 _m de espessura / Abstract: Polymeric optical devices have been promising for application in communications, mainly for local networks due to easy processing and low cost compared to the optical materials made silica. In the production of an optical device it is indispensable the difference between the refraction index of the core and the cladding. The refractive index of the core should be larger than the one of the cladding so that the signal is transmitted by the device. Some techniques of surface treatment are very common to obtain different refractive index among the materials, among them plasma fluorination that either allow deposition reaction of a layer of fluorinated polymers the substrate with refractive index modified. In this work, it was studied the modification of the surface of poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) films, with the technique of plasma polymerization. Films of PMMA with thickness of 1 O _m were obtained by Spin-Coating starting from a chloroform solution (15.36% wt% PMMA). The films were exposed to the plasma of CHF3 following two factorial experimental designs at different levels of pressure and time. The surface of the films was characterized through the techniques: gravimetry, infrared spectroscopy (FTIR-ATR), contact angle of wetting, optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scan profile. The surface fluorination of PMMA films can be inferred by the increase of the contact angle in all of the experimental conditions and confirmed with the analyses of FTIR-ATR. Gravimetry showed an increase of the layer of fluorinated polymer onto PMMA films, being 1.55 _m the largest thickness at 0.7 torr and 40 minutes of plasma. The factorial analysis showed that pressure and time were significant (95% of confidence) for the growth of the fluorinated polymeric layer. Analyses of SEM showed a layer of fluorinated polymer well defined and presence of the fluorine element by EDS analysis. The roughness of the films fluorinated polymers was around of 200 A, quite satisfactory for cladding of 1.55 micro m of thickness / Mestrado / Ciencia e Tecnologia de Materiais / Mestre em Engenharia Química

This work is focused on modelling of atmospheric pressure high frequency (HF) discharges operated at relatively low power densities. Two types of devices are considered – the radio frequency capacitively coupled atmospheric pressure plasma jet and the microwave discharge sustained by surface electromagnetic waves. They are addresses as the plasma shower and the surface-wave discharge (SWD). Both of the considered devices operate in argon at atmospheric pressure (p = 1 bar). However, the difference in the frequency of the power coupling mechanism induces a big difference in plasma properties. This implies also that different modelling approaches have to be employed. / Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Le transport anormal de l’energie observé en régime turbulent joue un rôle majeur dans les propriétés de stabilite des plasmas de fusion par confinement magnétique, dans des machines comme ITER. En effet, la turbulence plasma est intimement corrélée au temps de confinement de l’energie, un point clé des recherches en fusion thermonucléaire.<p>Du point de vue théorique, la turbulence plasma est décrite par les équations gyrocinétiques, un ensemble d équations aux dérivées partielles non linéaires couplées. Par suite des très différentes échelles spatiales mises en jeu dans des conditions expérimentales réelles, une simulation numérique directe et complète (DNS) de la turbulence gyrocinétique est totalement hors de portée des plus puissants calculateurs actuels, de sorte que démontrer la faisabilité d’une alternative permettant de réduire l’effort numérique est primordiale. En particulier, les simulations de grandes échelles (”Large-Eddy Simulations” - LES) constituent un candidat pertinent pour permettre une telle r éduction. Les techniques LES ont initialement été développées pour les simulations de fluides turbulents à haut nombre de Reynolds. Dans ces simulations, les plus grandes échelles sont explicitement simulées numériquement, alors que l’influence des plus petites est prise en compte via un modèle implémenté dans le code.<p>Cette thèse présente les premiers développements de techniques LES dans le cadre des équations gyrocinétiques (GyroLES). La modélisation des plus petites échelles est basée sur des bilans d’énergie libre. En effet, l’energie libre joue un rôle important dans la théorie gyrocinétique car elle en est un invariant non lin éaire bien connu. Il est démontré que sa dynamique partage de nombreuses propriétés avec le transfert d’energie dans la turbulence fluide. En particulier, il est montré l’existence d’une cascade d énergie libre, fortement locale et dirigée des grandes échelles vers les petites, dans le plan perpendiculaire â celui du champ magnétique ambiant.<p>La technique GyroLES est aujourd’hui implantée dans le code GENE et a été testée avec succès pour les instabilités de gradient de température ionique (ITG), connues pour jouer un rôle crucial dans la micro-turbulence gyrocinétique. A l’aide des GyroLES, le spectre du flux de chaleur obtenu dans des simulations à très hautes résolutions est correctement reproduit, et ce avec un gain d’un facteur 20 en termes de coût numérique. Pour ces raisons, les simulations gyrocinétiques GyroLES sont potentiellement un excellent candidat pour réduire l’effort numérique des codes gyrocinétiques actuels. <p>/ Anomalous transport due to plasma micro-turbulence is known to play an important role in confinement properties of magnetically confined fusion plasma devices such as ITER. Indeed, plasma turbulence is strongly connected to the energy confinement time, a key issue in thermonuclear fusion research. Plasma turbulence is described by the gyrokinetic equations, a set of nonlinear partial differential equations. Due to the various scales characterizing the turbulent fluctuations in realistic experimental conditions, Direct Numerical Simulations (DNS) of gyrokinetic turbulence remain close to the computational limit of current supercomputers, so that any alternative is welcome to decrease the numerical effort. In particular, Large-Eddy Simulations (LES) are a good candidate for such a decrease. LES techniques have been devised for simulating turbulent fluids at high Reynolds number. In these simulations, the large scales are computed explicitly while the influence of the smallest scales is modeled.<p>In this thesis, we present for the first time the development of the LES for gyrokinetics (GyroLES). The modeling of the smallest scales is based on free energy diagnostics. Indeed, free energy plays an important role in gyrokinetic theory, since it is known to be a nonlinear invariant. It is shown that its dynamics share many properties with the energy transfer in fluid turbulence. In particular, one finds a (strongly) local, forward (from large to small scales) cascade of free energy in the plane perpendicular to the background magnetic field.<p>The GyroLES technique is implemented in the gyrokinetic code Gene and successfully tested for the ion temperature gradient instability (ITG), since ITG is suspected to play a crucial role in gyrokinetic micro-turbulence. Employing GyroLES, the heat flux spectra obtained from highly resolved direct numerical simulations are recovered. It is shown that the gain of GyroLES runs is 20 in terms of computational time. For this reason, Gyrokinetic Large Eddy Simulations can be considered a serious candidate to reduce the numerical cost of gyrokinetic simulations. / Doctorat en Sciences / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Plusieurs évènements astrophysiques comme les novae, les supernovae de type Ia (SNeIa) et les sursauts X sont le résultat d'une combustion thermonucléaire explosive dans un plasma stellaire. Les supernovae comptent parmi les objets astrophysiques les plus fascinants tant sur le plan théorique que sur celui des observations. Au moment de l'explosion, la luminosité d'une supernova peut égaler celle de l'intégralité des autres étoiles de la galaxie. On admet aujourd’hui que les SNeIa résultent de l'explosion thermonucléaire d'une étoile naine blanche, un objet dense et compact composé de carbone et d'oxygène. Divers chemins évolutifs peuvent conduire à l’explosion de la naine blanche si celle-ci est membre d’un système stellaire binaire. Néanmoins, la nature du système binaire, les mécanismes d'amorçage et de propagation de la combustion thermonucléaire ainsi que le rapport carbone/oxygène au sein de l'étoile compacte ne sont pas encore clairement identifiés à ce jour. En ce qui concerne l’écoulement réactif, on invoque ainsi une détonation (Modèle sub-Chandrasekhar), une déflagration ou la transition d'une déflagration vers une détonation (Modèle Chandrasekhar). La détonation semble donc jouer un rôle prépondérant dans l'explication des SNeIa. <p>Les difficultés de modélisation des détonations proviennent essentiellement (i) de la libération d'énergie en plusieurs étapes, de l’apparition d’échelles de temps et de longueurs caractéristiques très différentes (ii) des inhomogénéités de densité, de température et de composition du milieu dans lequel se propage le front réactif et qui donnent naissance aux structures cellulaires et autres instabilités de propagation du front (extinctions et réamorçages locaux). <p>En plus de celles citées ci-dessus, deux autres difficultés majeures inhérentes à l'étude de ce mode de propagation dans les plasmas stellaires sont rencontrées :la complexité de l’équation d’état astrophysique et la cinétique nucléaire pouvant impliquer plusieurs milliers de nucléides couplés par plusieurs milliers de réactions. Ainsi, les premiers travaux impliquant une combustion thermonucléaire explosive ont été réalisés sur bases d'hypothèses simplificatrices comme l'équilibre nucléaire statistique instantané des produits de réactions ou l'utilisation d'un réseau réduit à une dizaine d'espèces nucléaires. Dans tous ces travaux, la détonation est assimilée à une discontinuité totalement réactive (détonation de Chapman-Jouguet ou CJ). La résolution de l'onde de détonation nécessite l'étude détaillée du processus nucléaire se déroulant dans la zone de réaction. Malheureusement, les supports de calculs actuels ne permettent pas encore ce type de simulations pour les détonations astrophysiques. Le modèle ZND qui constitue une description unidimensionnelle stationnaire de l’écoulement (plan ou courbé) constitue une excellente approximation de la réalité. <p>Notre travail réexamine les résultats des calculs des structures des ondes de détonations stellaires dans les conditions de température, de densité et de composition envisagées dans les travaux de ce type (détonation CJ et ZND) réalisés jusqu’à présent mais avec une équation d’état appropriée aux plasmas stellaires et une cinétique nucléaire nettement plus riche ;le plus grand réseau jamais utilisé pour ce genre d’études (333 noyaux couplés par 3262 réactions), prenant en compte les données les plus récentes de la physique nucléaire (vitesses de réaction et fonctions de partition)./Several astrophysics events like novae, supernovae and X burts, result from an explosive thermonuclear burning in stellar plasma. Type Ia Supernovae (SNeIa) count amoung the most fascinating stellar objects, they can be more brighter than an entire galaxy. Astrophysic works show that SNeIa may result from a thermonuclear explosion of a compact and dense star called carbon-oxygen white dwarf. The ignition stage and the propagation mode of the thermonuclear combustion wave are not identified yet. The Deflagration-to-Detonation Transition process (or "delayed detonation") sims to give the best overall agrements with the observations :detonations can play appart in SNeIa events. <p><p>Simulating thermonuclear detonations count same difficults. The most important are the burning length scales that spent over more than ten oders of magnitud, the nuclear kinetics that involve thousands of nuclids linked by thousands of nuclear reactions and the stellar plasma equation of state (EOS). Hydrodynamical simulations of detonation use very simplified ingedients like reduced reactions network and asymptotic EOS of completely electron degenerate stellar plasma.<p><p>Our work is the modelling of these detonations using more representative EOS of the stallar plasma that includs ions, electrons, radiation and electron-pistron pairs. We also use a more <p>detailed kinetic network, comprising 331 nuclids linked by 3262 capture and photodisintegration reactions, than those usualy employed.<p> <p> / Doctorat en Sciences / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Turbulent phenomena are found in both natural (e.g. the Earth's oceans, the Sun's corona) and artificial (e.g. flows through pipes, the plasma in a tokamak device) settings; evidence suggests that turbulence is usually the normal behaviour in most cases. Turbulence has been studied extensively for more than a century, but a complete and consistent theoretical description of it has not yet been proposed. It is in this context that the motion of particles under the influence of turbulent fields is studied in this work, with direct numerical simulations. The thesis is structured in three main parts. The first part describes the tools that are used. Methods of integrating particle trajectories are presented, together with a discussion of the properties that these methods should have. The simulation of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) turbulence is discussed, while also introducing fundamental concepts of fluid turbulence. Particle trajectory integration requires information that is not readily available from simulations of turbulent flows, so the interpolation methods needed to adapt the fluid simulation results are constructed as well. The second part is dedicated to the study of two MHD problems. Simulations of Kolmogorov flow in incompressible MHD are presented and discussed, and also simulations of the dynamo effect in compressible MHD. These two scenarios are chosen because large scale structures are formed spontaneously by the turbulent flow, and there is an interest in studying particle transport in the presence of structures. Studies of particle transport are discussed in the third part. The properties of the overall approach are first analyzed in detail, for stationary predefined fields. Focus is placed on the qualitative properties of the different methods presented. Charged article transport in frozen turbulent fields is then studied. Results concerning transport of particles in fully developed, time-evolving, turbulent fields are presented in the final chapter.<p><p><p>\ / Doctorat en Sciences / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

A numerical model for inductive plasma wind tunnels is developed. This model provides the flow conditions at the edge of a boundary layer in front of a thermal protection material placed in the plasma jet stream at the outlet of an inductive torch. The governing equations for the hydrodynamic field are derided from the kinetic theory. The electromagnetic field is deduced from the Maxwell equations. The transport properties of partially ionized and unmagnetized plasma in weak thermal nonequilibrium are derived from the Boltzmann equation. A kinetic data base of transport collision integrals is given for the Martian atmosphere. Multicomponent transport algorithms based upon Krylov subspaces are compared to mixture rules in terms of accuracy and computational cost. The composition and thermodynamic properties in local thermodynamic<p>equilibrium are computed from the semi-classical statistical mechanics.<p>The electromagnetic and hydrodynamic fields of an inductive wind tunnel is presented. A total pressure measurement technique is thoroughly investigated by means of numerical simulations.<p> / Doctorat en sciences appliquées / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished