O estudo de 135 acessos de batata-doce (Ipomoea batatas L. Lam), do Banco de Germoplasma da Embrapa-CNPH, constituída com materiais oriundos de todas as regiões brasileiras, materiais do CIP-Peru e materiais dos Estados Unidos, Japão e Peru, com marcadores microssatélites e descritores morfoagronômicos, permitiu obter informações sobre a diversidade genética e a distribuição desta diversidade dentro e entre regiões geográficas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar a diversidade genética destes 135 acessos de batata-doce, a partir de oito locos de microssatélites, de 21 descritores morfológicos, que totalizaram 124 caracteres diferentes entre parte aérea e raiz tuberosa, e de caracteres agronômicos através da porcentagem de matéria seca, porcentagem de umidade e produtividade por planta. Podemos ressaltar que mesmo com o elevado número de acessos (135) e o elevado número de caracteres morfológicos (97) para a parte aérea avaliados neste trabalho, houve a expressão de 77% e dos (69) caracteres morfológicos da raiz, houve a expressão de 80% desses caracteres. A ausência de 23% e 20% dos caracteres avaliados para parte aérea e raiz, respectivamente, pode ser decorrente da sua não ocorrência no material avaliado, e em parte pela dificuldade de identificá-los na planta, por ser subjetivo ou qualitativo, uma vez que o resultado varia com o avaliador, principalmente para as características relacionadas à cor e forma. O grau de similaridade morfológica foi de 0,13 a 0,83, e o grau de similaridade molecular foi de 0,23 a 1,0 obtidos pelo coeficiente de Jaccard (J). Conclui-se que os materiais da Coleção do Banco de Germoplasma do CIP-Peru e dos demais países (Estados Unidos, Japão e Peru) não são geneticamente distintos dos materiais do Brasil, ou seja, não foram agrupados separadamente. Existe alta variabilidade entre os materiais estudados, que se verifica pelo coeficiente de similaridade de Jaccard para ambos os dados moleculares e morfológicos. Para ambos os marcadores, morfológicos e moleculares, a maior parte da variação ocorre dentro das regiões. / The study of 135 accessions of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L. Lam), from the Germplasm Bank of Embrapa-CNPH, constituted by materials from all Brazilian regions, from CIP-Peru and from the United States, Japan and Peru, with microsatellite markers and morphoagronomic descriptors, provided information about the genetic diversity and distribution of this diversity within and among geographic regions. The objective of this study was to characterize the genetic diversity of 135 accessions of sweet potato with eight microsatellite loci, 21 morphological descriptors, which totaled 124 different characters among the aerial vegetative and tuberous roots traits, and agronomic characters such as the dry matter percentage, moisture percentage and plant yield. We emphasize that even with the high number of accessions (135) and the large number of morphological characters (97) among to aerial vegetative traits assessed in this study, 77% of these traits were expressed and of the tuberous roots (69) morphological traits, 80% of these were expressed. The absence of 23% and 20% of the characters evaluated for aerial vegetative and tuberous roots traits, respectively, may be due to their non-occurrence in the material evaluated, and in part by the difficulty of their identification in the plants, considering that due to the fact of being subjective or qualitative, the results vary with the evaluator, especially for the characteristics related to color and shape. The degree of morphological similarity varied from 0.13 to 0.83, and the degree of molecular similarity varied from 0.23 to 1.0, both obtained by the Jaccards coefficient. It is concluded that the materials from the Germplasm Bank of CIP-Peru and other countries (United States, Japan and Peru) are not genetically distinct from the materials from Brazil, or were not grouped separately. There is high variability among the studied materials, verified by the Jaccards similarity coefficient for both molecular and morphological data. Also, for both markers, morphological and molecular, most of the variation occurs within regions.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-18T17:51:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Joice Yuri Minamiguchi.pdf: 940892 bytes, checksum: 640b533bbf1ddeb7da432aa4e6083c07 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-12 / Sweet potato culture has a high potential for human and animal feeding; and for this last purpose the branches can be used as hay. Is a high yield root, rich in nutrients which occupy marginal crop lands. The propagation is highly vegetative using branches or shoots from roots, what can affect it by disseminating pathogens. The main objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of gelling agents and a systemic disinfectant in sweet potato tissue culture. Two experiments were done; one with different doses of gelling agents (Agar and Phytagel®) and another with a response curve of isothiazolinones (Kathon®CG). Shoots and roots Length and dry weight, their development rates; biochemical parameters as proline accumulation and Superoxide Dismutase were evaluated. Sweet potato did not respond to different gelling agents, and the recommendation is to use the low cost effective. Kathon®CG reduced the growth in the different concentrations. The return to the medium without Kathon®CG improved the plantlet growth. / A cultura da Ipomoea batatas (L.) é de imenso potencial alimentar, tanto para seres humanos quanto para animais. É uma raiz de alto rendimento e rico em nutrientes, que ainda ocupa áreas marginais da agricultura. A propagação é vegetativa utilizando-se ramas ou brotações de raízes para plantio. Porém, estes métodos podem afetar a propagação desta espécie, uma vez que pode disseminar doenças. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar gelificantes e um desinfetante sistêmico na cultura de tecido de batata-doce. Para isso dois experimentos foram montados, um comparando três doses de cada um dos gelificantes (agar e Phytagel®) e outro uma curva de doses de isotiazolinonas (Kathon®CG). Foram avaliados parâmetros de desenvolvimento como altura e massa seca dos explantes, e as taxas de desenvolvimento de cada um, além parâmetros bioquímicos, como acúmulo de prolina e atividade da superóxido dismutase. A batata-doce não respondeu positivamente aos diferentes gelificantes, recomendando-se então o de menor custo. O Kathon®CG provocou redução no crescimento dos explantes em qualquer dose. O retorno ao meio sem o Kathon®CG promoveu incremento no crescimento das plantas sob condições experimentais oferecidas. Batata-doce não se comporta como espécie acumuladora de prolina.

Orientador: Pablo Forlan Vargas / Resumo: A batata-doce (Ipomoea batatas L.) é uma hortaliça tuberosa de ampla adaptação à diferentes tipos de solo e clima, e ocupa posição de destaque entre as culturas que desempenham papéis importantes na segurança alimentar. As raízes de polpa alaranjada são ricas em carotenoides, principalmente betacaroteno, precursor de próvitamina A, podendo o consumo de batata-doce de polpa alaranjada ser utilizado no combate à deficiência de vitamina A no Brasil e em diversos lugares do mundo. Diante disso, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a interação genótipo x ambiente e estimar a adaptabilidade e estabilidade de genótipos de batata-doce com altos teores de betacaroteno visando a identificação e seleção dos mais adaptados em busca de futura obtenção de novas cultivares. Foram realizados ensaios em quatro ambientes: no município de Vera Cruz-SP, Selvíria-MS e em dois ambientes (sistema de produção orgânico e sistema de produção consorciado) no município de Sete Barras. O delineamento experimental adotado foi em blocos casualizados com duas repetições avaliando 265 genótipos de batata-doce provenientes do International Potato Center e uma cultivar comercial ‘Beauregard’ de polpa alaranjada. Os parâmetros genéticos e componentes de variância foram obtidos pelo procedimento REML/BLUP. Foi utilizado o índice proposto por Mulamba e Mock para selecionar os melhores genótipos e estimar o ganho genético predito com a seleção. Para o estudo de estratificação ambiental, adaptabilidade e ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) is a tuberous vegetable that is widely adapted to different soil and climate types and occupies a prominent position among crops that play important roles in food security. Orange pulp roots are rich in carotenoids, mainly beta-carotene, precursor of pro-vitamin A, and orange-fleshed sweetpotato can be used to combat vitamin A deficiency in Brazil and around the world. Therefore, the present work aimed to evaluate the genotype x environment interaction and to estimate the adaptability and stability of sweetpotato genotypes with high beta-carotene contents, aiming at the identification and selection of the most adapted ones in search of future obtaining of new cultivars. Tests were carried out in four environments: in the municipality of Vera Cruz-SP, Selvíria-MS and in two environments (organic production system and consortium production system) in the municipality of Sete Barras. he experimental design was a randomized block design with two replications evaluating 265 genotypes from the International Potato Center and a commercial orange-fleshed 'Beauregard' cultivar. Genetic parameters and variance components were obtained by the REML/BLUP procedure. The index proposed by Mulamba and Mock was used to select the best genotypes and to estimate the predicted genetic gain with the selection. For the study of environmental stratification, adaptability and stability we used the methodologies MHPRVG and AMMI. The adopted methodologies were concord... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

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Submitted by Edisangela Bastos (edisangela@ufpa.br) on 2014-02-03T21:23:11Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Dissertacao_IntoxicacaoIpomoeaRuminantes.pdf: 4833600 bytes, checksum: b2c0edd4ee6e5d2653d9520e66b75d22 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Rosa Silva(arosa@ufpa.br) on 2014-02-04T11:48:53Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Dissertacao_IntoxicacaoIpomoeaRuminantes.pdf: 4833600 bytes, checksum: b2c0edd4ee6e5d2653d9520e66b75d22 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-02-04T11:48:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Dissertacao_IntoxicacaoIpomoeaRuminantes.pdf: 4833600 bytes, checksum: b2c0edd4ee6e5d2653d9520e66b75d22 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / FAPESPA - Fundação Amazônia de Amparo a Estudos e Pesquisas / Na Ilha de Marajó, embora exista grande quantidade de I. asarifolia e I. carnea subsp. fistulosa, não há relatos de intoxicação por essas plantas em caprinos, ovinos e bubalinos. A intoxicação por I. asarifolia foi observada nessa região somente em bovinos (Barbosa et al. 2005). O objetivo do presente trabalho foi descrever a intoxicação por em bovinos e ovinos e a intoxicação por I. carnea subsp. fistulosa em caprinos na Ilha de Marajó, sendo constituído de dois capítulos: Capitulo I- Intoxicação por Ipomoea carnea subsp. fistulosa (Convolvulaceae) em caprinos na Ilha de Marajó; e Capítulo II- Intoxicação por Ipomoea asarifolia (Convolvulaceae) em ovinos e bovinos na Ilha de Marajó.

<p>The aquatic plant <i>Ipomoea aquatica</i> is a popular vegetable in Southeast Asia, often cultivated in nutrient rich and polluted waters. The overall aim of this thesis was to estimate potential risks for human health and reduced plant growth due to accumulation and toxicity of total-Hg, methyl-Hg, Cd and Pb.</p><p>In plants from cultivations in Thailand, the concentrations of Cd and Pb in the shoots were well beneath recommended maximum values for human consumption, but at some sites the Hg concentrations were high. It was demonstrated that <i>I. aquatica</i> has the capacity to accumulate much higher Cd and Pb concentrations in the shoots than found in field-cultivations, before exhibiting toxic symptoms. The Hg concentrations, however, occasionally reached levels that are toxic for the plant. Up to11% of total-Hg was methyl-Hg, the most toxic Hg species, though at one site it was 50-100%. To study if methyl-Hg is formed in <i>I.</i> <i>aquatica</i>, plants were exposed to inorganic Hg through the roots. Of the Hg that reached the young, metabolically active parts of the shoots, a part was transformed to methyl-Hg. A major proportion of absorbed metals was retained in the roots, which had a high tolerance for high internal metal concentrations. </p><p>The nutrient level did influence accumulation and effects of Hg, Cd and Pb in<i> I. aquatica</i>. Low external nutrient levels resulted in increased metal accumulation in the shoots and in metal-induced toxic effects in the plant at low external metal levels. A generous supply of sulphur or nitrogen induced formation of thiol-rich peptides in <i>I. aquatica</i>, compounds that have a metal detoxifying effect in plants. </p><p>To conclude, the levels of Cd and Pb in field cultivated <i>I. aquatica</i> do not pose any apparent threat to human health or risk for reduced plant growth. The levels of Hg however, were high at some sites and could be a health threat, for children and foetuses in particular, and especially considering the presence of methyl-Hg. The use of fertilizers is favourable as it reduces the risk for increased metal concentrations in <i>I.</i> <i>aquatica</i> and for reduced crop yields. </p>

The aquatic plant Ipomoea aquatica is a popular vegetable in Southeast Asia, often cultivated in nutrient rich and polluted waters. The overall aim of this thesis was to estimate potential risks for human health and reduced plant growth due to accumulation and toxicity of total-Hg, methyl-Hg, Cd and Pb. In plants from cultivations in Thailand, the concentrations of Cd and Pb in the shoots were well beneath recommended maximum values for human consumption, but at some sites the Hg concentrations were high. It was demonstrated that I. aquatica has the capacity to accumulate much higher Cd and Pb concentrations in the shoots than found in field-cultivations, before exhibiting toxic symptoms. The Hg concentrations, however, occasionally reached levels that are toxic for the plant. Up to11% of total-Hg was methyl-Hg, the most toxic Hg species, though at one site it was 50-100%. To study if methyl-Hg is formed in I. aquatica, plants were exposed to inorganic Hg through the roots. Of the Hg that reached the young, metabolically active parts of the shoots, a part was transformed to methyl-Hg. A major proportion of absorbed metals was retained in the roots, which had a high tolerance for high internal metal concentrations. The nutrient level did influence accumulation and effects of Hg, Cd and Pb in I. aquatica. Low external nutrient levels resulted in increased metal accumulation in the shoots and in metal-induced toxic effects in the plant at low external metal levels. A generous supply of sulphur or nitrogen induced formation of thiol-rich peptides in I. aquatica, compounds that have a metal detoxifying effect in plants. To conclude, the levels of Cd and Pb in field cultivated I. aquatica do not pose any apparent threat to human health or risk for reduced plant growth. The levels of Hg however, were high at some sites and could be a health threat, for children and foetuses in particular, and especially considering the presence of methyl-Hg. The use of fertilizers is favourable as it reduces the risk for increased metal concentrations in I. aquatica and for reduced crop yields.

Leaf shape is remarkably variable among plants, and hence likely has major consequence for ecological function and fitness. My thesis addresses the ecological significance of clinal variation for a leaf shape polymorphism in Ipomoea hederacea (lobed leaves dominate the north, entire-shaped leaves restricted to the south), and investigates the role of adaptation and demography in shaping its evolutionary history in its eastern North American range. To evaluate the adaptive value of the cline, I surveyed leaf shape genotypes from 77 populations , and found a steep latitudinal leaf shape cline that was not reflected in 173 neutral genetic markers. Furthermore, the leaf shape locus was a genomic outlier, implicating divergent selection in generating or maintaining the cline. I investigated the thermoregulatory and freezing tolerance properties of the leaf shape genotypes, and discovered that lobed leaves remain marginally warmer at night, and a 1&deg;C decrease separated mildly damaged and severely frost damaged tissue, potentially suggesting that a critical ambient temperature could drive differential leaf shape damage. I further explored three additional hypothesized selective agents (insect herbivores, flowering phenology and growth), and showed that these putative agents impose selection on I. hederacea, but do not differentiate between leaf shapes. These studies highlighted the challenge of identifying selective agents, even for a polymorphic trait with hypothesized selective mechanisms. To understand the contribution of adaptation and demography in shaping I. hederacea&rsquo;s evolutionary history, I sequenced 7 nuclear loci from 192 individuals sampled from 24 populations and characterized patterns of nucleotide diversity. I demonstrated that I. hederacea is genetically structured in patches consistent with long-distance dispersal, genetically depauperate, and undergoing range expansion, suggesting a recent founder event or metapopulation dynamics. My thesis represents a comprehensive evaluation of the key processes affecting a polymorphism that influences plant morphology, geographical distribution, and population history.

Leaf shape is remarkably variable among plants, and hence likely has major consequence for ecological function and fitness. My thesis addresses the ecological significance of clinal variation for a leaf shape polymorphism in Ipomoea hederacea (lobed leaves dominate the north, entire-shaped leaves restricted to the south), and investigates the role of adaptation and demography in shaping its evolutionary history in its eastern North American range. To evaluate the adaptive value of the cline, I surveyed leaf shape genotypes from 77 populations , and found a steep latitudinal leaf shape cline that was not reflected in 173 neutral genetic markers. Furthermore, the leaf shape locus was a genomic outlier, implicating divergent selection in generating or maintaining the cline. I investigated the thermoregulatory and freezing tolerance properties of the leaf shape genotypes, and discovered that lobed leaves remain marginally warmer at night, and a 1&deg;C decrease separated mildly damaged and severely frost damaged tissue, potentially suggesting that a critical ambient temperature could drive differential leaf shape damage. I further explored three additional hypothesized selective agents (insect herbivores, flowering phenology and growth), and showed that these putative agents impose selection on I. hederacea, but do not differentiate between leaf shapes. These studies highlighted the challenge of identifying selective agents, even for a polymorphic trait with hypothesized selective mechanisms. To understand the contribution of adaptation and demography in shaping I. hederacea&rsquo;s evolutionary history, I sequenced 7 nuclear loci from 192 individuals sampled from 24 populations and characterized patterns of nucleotide diversity. I demonstrated that I. hederacea is genetically structured in patches consistent with long-distance dispersal, genetically depauperate, and undergoing range expansion, suggesting a recent founder event or metapopulation dynamics. My thesis represents a comprehensive evaluation of the key processes affecting a polymorphism that influences plant morphology, geographical distribution, and population history.

Mr Clarke used molecular genetic techniques to determine the origins of the sweet potato (kumara) and the bottle gourd in Oceania. Both are thought to have been introduced into Oceania by Polynesian voyagers who collected them from South America about 1,000 years ago (the word kumara is used by indigenous South Americans). Using new and improved DNA techniques, Mr Clarke analysed several hundred varieties of sweet potato and about 40 varieties of bottle gourd. The results are consistent with a pre-European introduction of these crops into Polynesia from South America, and have revealed something about their dispersal patterns within Polynesia, including New Zealand.