Thesis (M.Soc.Sc.)--University of Hong Kong, 1988. / Also available in print.

A preocupação com a questão ambiental vem, nas últimas décadas, ganhando cada vez mais espaço para discussão, deixando de pertencer apenas a uma ou outra área do conhecimento formal para invadir todas as instâncias sociais e do saber, mesmo aquele saber que não goza de um estatuto científico, como acontece com a chamada “Ciência ambiental”. Dessa forma, os conceitos ambientais fazem parte de um universo muito amplo de indivíduos, que representam os mais variados grupos e interesses, fato que por si só já caracteriza importância dessa questão. A presente dissertação trata dos principais conceitos ambientais utilizados em instituições pública, privada e não-governamental buscando estabelecer as possíveis semelhanças e/ou divergências conceituais existentes no emprego dos mesmos por essas entidades e a relação com o desenvolvimento de seu trabalho. Para tanto, foram entrevistados agentes que pertencessem e representassem essas três classes operacionais. A pesquisa foi realizada em dois momentos que corresponderam à aplicação de um questionário previamente elaborado e aplicado aos agentes entrevistados por meio de entrevista e a construção de uma tabela de classificação dos resultados, respectivamente. Percebeu-se a fragmentação da realidade das relações humanas em realidade ambiental e realidade social; exclusão de abordagens e a imprecisão ou abrangência de termos conceituais. / The concern with the environmental issue has achieved, in the past decades, a larger space for discussion, broadening its range from a few areas of formal knowledge into other social and knowledge fields, including knowledge fields deprived of scientific status, as occurs with the so-called “environment science”. Thus, the environmental concepts take part in a quite broad universe of individuals, who represent a wide range of groups and interests, a fact that, per se, characterizes the importance of this issue. The present dissertation addresses the main environmental concepts used in public, private and non-governmental institutions, attempting to establish potential conceptual similarities and/or divergences existent in the employment of the same by these organizations and the relationship with the development of their work. With this purpose, agents that belong and represent these three operational classes were interviewed. The study was carried out at two moments that corresponded to the application of a previously elaborated questionnaire applied to the interviewees and the development of a table for classification of results, respectively. A fragmentation of the reality of human relations into environmental reality and social reality, exclusion of approaches, and the inaccuracy or range of conceptual terms were observed.

Territorial Asylum Abstract The aim of this thesis is to analyze territorial asylum, as an important institute of international law. Territorial asylum is analyzed on three levels; therefore, three different aspects of this institute are examined. The determined levels are as follows: history of territorial asylum, its legal regulation, and examination of existence of the right of asylum. As of now, the institute of territorial asylum and refugee issue are often mistaken or misused. For this reason, this thesis focuses on finding similarities and differences of the territorial asylum and refugee issue in perspective of the analyzed levels. This thesis is divided into three chapters corresponding to the selected levels. The first chapter analyzes the history of territorial asylum. It describes its origin and subsequent development from ancient history to modern times, ranging from religious asylum to gradual formation of territorial asylum, including brief analyses of diplomatic asylum as specific form of asylum typical for South America. This is followed by an analysis of history of refugee issue, as a relatively modern institute, including historical circumstances essential for its development. In this chapter, the research question, whether the historical development of the territorial asylum influenced...

Partindo de uma análise histórica comparativa do tratamento da questão nuclear no Brasil, buscou-se compreender os condicionantes da estrutura normativa constitucional do tema atômico na atual Carta de 1988 para então lançar-se a uma análise crítica do atual quadro institucional, posto que é anterior à Constituição, mas que teria sido pela mesma recepcionado. Após esta análise crítica, tenta-se, no mesmo ambiente, reconstruir uma tessitura mínima para um ramo jurídico da energia nuclear, analisando, juntamente, a natureza das atividades do chamado ciclo nuclear. Enfim, cotejando todos estes dados, procura-se demonstrar que o atual marco legal é, ao menos, desatualizado e não atende a um projeto maior de desenvolvimento e controle das atividades nucleares no Brasil. Insta ainda salientar que, devido à própria natureza de uma tese de doutoramento, fez-se um recorte temático na questão nuclear, propositadamente não se aprofundando na temática referente à responsabilidade civil por dano nuclear, uma vez que já é tema tratado com bastante propriedade por variados escritos e autores. / From a historical comparative analysis of the nuclear issue treatment in Brazil, we sought to understand the constitutional constraints of the normative structure of atomic matter in the current Federal Constitution of 1988 and then embark on a critical analysis of the current institutional framework put - that is earlier the Constitution, but that would have been approved by it. Following this review, attempts to, in the same environment, rebuilding the fabric of a legal minimum for one class of nuclear energy, and examine, to-gether, the nature of the activities of so-called nuclear cycle. Finally, comparing all these data, we seek to demonstrate that the current legal framework is, at least, outdated and does not attend to a broader project of developing and controlling nuclear activities in Brazil. It must also be remembered that due to the nature of a doctorate, became a thematic focus on the nuclear issue, purposely not delving into themes related to civil liability for nuclear damage since it is already subject dealt with enough property for various writings and authors.

A preocupação com a questão ambiental vem, nas últimas décadas, ganhando cada vez mais espaço para discussão, deixando de pertencer apenas a uma ou outra área do conhecimento formal para invadir todas as instâncias sociais e do saber, mesmo aquele saber que não goza de um estatuto científico, como acontece com a chamada “Ciência ambiental”. Dessa forma, os conceitos ambientais fazem parte de um universo muito amplo de indivíduos, que representam os mais variados grupos e interesses, fato que por si só já caracteriza importância dessa questão. A presente dissertação trata dos principais conceitos ambientais utilizados em instituições pública, privada e não-governamental buscando estabelecer as possíveis semelhanças e/ou divergências conceituais existentes no emprego dos mesmos por essas entidades e a relação com o desenvolvimento de seu trabalho. Para tanto, foram entrevistados agentes que pertencessem e representassem essas três classes operacionais. A pesquisa foi realizada em dois momentos que corresponderam à aplicação de um questionário previamente elaborado e aplicado aos agentes entrevistados por meio de entrevista e a construção de uma tabela de classificação dos resultados, respectivamente. Percebeu-se a fragmentação da realidade das relações humanas em realidade ambiental e realidade social; exclusão de abordagens e a imprecisão ou abrangência de termos conceituais. / The concern with the environmental issue has achieved, in the past decades, a larger space for discussion, broadening its range from a few areas of formal knowledge into other social and knowledge fields, including knowledge fields deprived of scientific status, as occurs with the so-called “environment science”. Thus, the environmental concepts take part in a quite broad universe of individuals, who represent a wide range of groups and interests, a fact that, per se, characterizes the importance of this issue. The present dissertation addresses the main environmental concepts used in public, private and non-governmental institutions, attempting to establish potential conceptual similarities and/or divergences existent in the employment of the same by these organizations and the relationship with the development of their work. With this purpose, agents that belong and represent these three operational classes were interviewed. The study was carried out at two moments that corresponded to the application of a previously elaborated questionnaire applied to the interviewees and the development of a table for classification of results, respectively. A fragmentation of the reality of human relations into environmental reality and social reality, exclusion of approaches, and the inaccuracy or range of conceptual terms were observed.

Face à la chute brusque dans le volume de ventes de disques qui déjà persistait depuis ledébut des années 2000, les sociétés du secteur phonographique brésilien ont fait appelau Pouvoir Législatif Brésilien dans la tentative de dépasser la crise qui affrontaient.L'instrument d'interaction entre l'État et le secteur phonographique a été la Propositiond'Amendement Constitutionnel (PEC), qui a eu transaction initiée en 2007. Laproposition connue comme PEC de la Musique a été approuvé en 2013 et, commeconséquence, l'industrie phonographique brésilienne a été incluse entre petit grouped'activités sociales et culturelles qui reçoivent immunité fiscale enregistrée directementdans la Constitution Fédérale. Devant ce contexte, l'objectif central de cette recherche aété enquêter quelles conditions sont déterminant pour qu'une crise sectorielle soitcomprise comme un problème public qui justifie de l'intervention de l'État. Commeoption théorique-méthodologique, ce travail a proposé l'Approche Discursive del'Action Publique, en réunissant les conceptions d'État et des acteurs de la Sociologie del'Action Publique, ainsi que les conceptions de langue et le sujet de l'Analyse deDiscours Française. Les principaux matériels d'analyse ont été la Propositiond'Amendement Constitutionnel 98/2007 et les transcriptions des audiences publiquesqui ont débattu le thème, au-delà des documents historiques qui ont été utilisés pourreconstruire partie des moments de consolidation du modèle d’affaires de l'industriephonographique. Pour comprendre comme s'il construit l'approbation de PEC de laMusique, cette recherche a initialement analysé historicité du discours qui a établi et aconsolidé le modèle d’affaires de l'industrie phonographique. Ensuite, en deuxièmepartie du travail, ont été analysés les réseaux de formulation qui ont soutenu lesglissements de sens exposés au moment de discussion. Donc, cette recherche prouveque deux facteurs ont contribué au succès en la transformation d'une crise sectorielledans problème public : en premier lieu, le joint des mémoires discursives quisuggéraient une relation directe et indiscutable entre musique et le marché de lamusique, en effaçant que cette forme d'appropriation de la musique a été construite àpartir d'une technologie contrôlée par un groupe petit de sociétés et que l'intermédiationentre des artistes et de l'audience s'est donnée dans environnement où les sociétés plusgrand pouvoir de financier contrôlaient l'exposition des productions et les artistes pourle grand public ; et, en deuxième lieu, l'utilisation minutieuse des glissements de senspendant les moments d'audience, qui a rendu possible de généraliser les effets de lacrise, en convainquant que la fin du modèle d’affaires représentait la fin de laproduction musicale au Brésil et que les principaux endommagés par la piraterie étaientles artistes brésiliens en général. / In the face of the sharp fall in the record sales amount that had persisted since thebeginning of the 2000s, companies in the Brazilian music sector turned to the BrazilianLegislative Branch in an attempt to overcome the crisis they faced. The instrument ofinteraction between the State and the phonographic sector was one ConstitutionalAmendment Proposal (PEC, initials in Portuguese), which began its procedures in 2007.The proposal known as “Music PEC” was approved in 2013 and, as a consequence, inBrazil the music industry was included among the small group of social and culturalactivities that receives fiscal immunity, directly registered in the Federal Constitution. Inview of this context, the main objective of this research was to investigate whatconditions are determinant for a sectoral crisis, such to be understood as a public issuethat justifies State intervention. As a methodological-theoretical option, this workproposed the Discursive Approach of Public Action, bringing together the Stateconceptions and actors of the Public Action Sociology, as well as the language andsubject conceptions from French Discourse Analysis. The main analysis materials werethe Constitutional Amendment Proposal 98/2007 and the transcriptions from the publichearings that debated the theme, as well as historical documents that were used toreconstruct part of the moments from the music industry business model consolidation.To understand how the approval of the Music PEC was built, this research initiallyanalyzed the discourse historicity that founded and consolidated the music industrybusiness model. Then, in the second part of the work, we analyzed the formulationnetworks that sustained the sense displacements exposed in the discussion moments.Therefore, this research shows that two factors contributed to the successfultransformation of a sectoral crisis into a public issue: first, the articulation of discursivememories that suggested a direct and indisputable relationship between music and themusic market, erasing that this music appropriation way was constructed from atechnology controlled by a small group of companies, and that the inter mediationbetween artists and audience occurred in an environment in which these greaterfinancial power companies controlled the productions and artists exhibition to thegeneral public; and, secondly, the meticulous use of sensory displacements duringmoments of audience, which made it possible to generalize the crisis effects, convincingthat the end of the business model represented the end of musical production in Braziland that the main affected by piracy were, in general, the Brazilian artists and, therefore,that the PEC approval was unavoidable.

Partindo de uma análise histórica comparativa do tratamento da questão nuclear no Brasil, buscou-se compreender os condicionantes da estrutura normativa constitucional do tema atômico na atual Carta de 1988 para então lançar-se a uma análise crítica do atual quadro institucional, posto que é anterior à Constituição, mas que teria sido pela mesma recepcionado. Após esta análise crítica, tenta-se, no mesmo ambiente, reconstruir uma tessitura mínima para um ramo jurídico da energia nuclear, analisando, juntamente, a natureza das atividades do chamado ciclo nuclear. Enfim, cotejando todos estes dados, procura-se demonstrar que o atual marco legal é, ao menos, desatualizado e não atende a um projeto maior de desenvolvimento e controle das atividades nucleares no Brasil. Insta ainda salientar que, devido à própria natureza de uma tese de doutoramento, fez-se um recorte temático na questão nuclear, propositadamente não se aprofundando na temática referente à responsabilidade civil por dano nuclear, uma vez que já é tema tratado com bastante propriedade por variados escritos e autores. / From a historical comparative analysis of the nuclear issue treatment in Brazil, we sought to understand the constitutional constraints of the normative structure of atomic matter in the current Federal Constitution of 1988 and then embark on a critical analysis of the current institutional framework put - that is earlier the Constitution, but that would have been approved by it. Following this review, attempts to, in the same environment, rebuilding the fabric of a legal minimum for one class of nuclear energy, and examine, to-gether, the nature of the activities of so-called nuclear cycle. Finally, comparing all these data, we seek to demonstrate that the current legal framework is, at least, outdated and does not attend to a broader project of developing and controlling nuclear activities in Brazil. It must also be remembered that due to the nature of a doctorate, became a thematic focus on the nuclear issue, purposely not delving into themes related to civil liability for nuclear damage since it is already subject dealt with enough property for various writings and authors.

A preocupação com a questão ambiental vem, nas últimas décadas, ganhando cada vez mais espaço para discussão, deixando de pertencer apenas a uma ou outra área do conhecimento formal para invadir todas as instâncias sociais e do saber, mesmo aquele saber que não goza de um estatuto científico, como acontece com a chamada “Ciência ambiental”. Dessa forma, os conceitos ambientais fazem parte de um universo muito amplo de indivíduos, que representam os mais variados grupos e interesses, fato que por si só já caracteriza importância dessa questão. A presente dissertação trata dos principais conceitos ambientais utilizados em instituições pública, privada e não-governamental buscando estabelecer as possíveis semelhanças e/ou divergências conceituais existentes no emprego dos mesmos por essas entidades e a relação com o desenvolvimento de seu trabalho. Para tanto, foram entrevistados agentes que pertencessem e representassem essas três classes operacionais. A pesquisa foi realizada em dois momentos que corresponderam à aplicação de um questionário previamente elaborado e aplicado aos agentes entrevistados por meio de entrevista e a construção de uma tabela de classificação dos resultados, respectivamente. Percebeu-se a fragmentação da realidade das relações humanas em realidade ambiental e realidade social; exclusão de abordagens e a imprecisão ou abrangência de termos conceituais. / The concern with the environmental issue has achieved, in the past decades, a larger space for discussion, broadening its range from a few areas of formal knowledge into other social and knowledge fields, including knowledge fields deprived of scientific status, as occurs with the so-called “environment science”. Thus, the environmental concepts take part in a quite broad universe of individuals, who represent a wide range of groups and interests, a fact that, per se, characterizes the importance of this issue. The present dissertation addresses the main environmental concepts used in public, private and non-governmental institutions, attempting to establish potential conceptual similarities and/or divergences existent in the employment of the same by these organizations and the relationship with the development of their work. With this purpose, agents that belong and represent these three operational classes were interviewed. The study was carried out at two moments that corresponded to the application of a previously elaborated questionnaire applied to the interviewees and the development of a table for classification of results, respectively. A fragmentation of the reality of human relations into environmental reality and social reality, exclusion of approaches, and the inaccuracy or range of conceptual terms were observed.

A l'heure de changements fondamentaux dans la procédure pénale française, suivant un courant européen de plus en plus pressant, il est temps de faire le point conformément aux objectifs de la QPC, sur les dispositions législatives au regard de la nouvelle prérogative du conseil constitutionnel et des droits fondamentaux qu'il entend protéger. Ce nouveau contrôle à posteriori marque la fin de la toute puissance législative et renforce le pouvoir des citoyens vis-à vis du législateur plus ou moins directement. Comment les acteurs de la QPC vont jongler entre dispositions actuelles, dispositions en sursis et futures dispositions, inventaire... Notre objectif est d'apporter au praticien des outils de réflexions par rapport à la construction intellectuelle d'une QPC qui se rapporte à des droits fondamentaux connus sur leurs principes, mais qui se doivent avant tout d'être reconnus constitutionnellement pour être utiles.Seront ainsi déclinés en premier lieu des droits fondamentaux relatifs à ‘l'organisation du procès pénal, puis ceux relatifs à la protection liée aux personnes.Bien que récente, la QPC, qui s'appuie sur des principes construits depuis 50 ans, a déjà bouleversé notre paysage pénaliste en y apportant de nouveaux moyens de protections issus directement de la contestation de la loi dans son application effective là où elle ne pouvait l'être que dans un cadre restreint de contrôle a priori. / According of the new projects in French criminal procedure, between the old laws, the future laws and the laws closed to disappear, the question is how to proceed between the complex French law organization. This new procedure, allows to the actors of a criminal trial to intercede directly at the top of the pyramid of the French system quasi directly. Maybe is it time to make a kind of inventory to apprehend this new procedure.Our goal is to help lawyer to find some tools to organize the construction of a QPC relatives to fundamentals rights well known by everybody, but which need specially to be known and accepted by French Conseil Constitutionnel to be used.We are going to organize our work, first, by the fundamentals rights around the organization of French criminal process, and second by the fundamental rights around the criminal or his victim inside the trial.This QPC seems to be new, but this is only according a technical view point, because the bases of each QPC find its own roots built for 50 years by the Conseil Constitutionnel in its a priori control moved in a a posteriori one which can be used by everyone. And everybody can note than QPC has already changed the French criminal process by its results.

In this paper, I discuss the area of issue-ownership as it applies to the 2016 presidential primaries. The central discussion of the paper features a tradeoff between viability and issues in primary contests. Viability, which is presented through The Party Decides: Presidential Nominations Before and After Reform by Marty Cohen et al. as party elites deciding who should be the nominee, and issues that are salient to primary voters, and thus candidates, which I present as the more likely reason for how nominees are selected. Using a combination of national polls and analysis of candidates’ Twitter feeds, I hope to compare data on who primary and caucus voters support and which issues are important to them. The hypothesis is simple: if candidates stake claims on issues that voters care about and frequently remind voters of that via Twitter, they will receive a bump in the polls.