This study is an investigation of the subject matter of eighty Italian cassone paintings of the fifteenth century now located in the United States and answers a four-part question: (1) What were the major themes pictured on cassoni panels during the Quattrocento? (2) Were the themes of cassoni in Quattrocento Italy predominantly of a religious or secular nature? (3) If secular subject matter was dominant in cassone painting, was this a reflection of the newly founded tastes of aristocratic, wealthy and middle classes? (4) Did cassoni mirror the way these classes viewed themselves and the place occupied by women in society?

A perfect Italian dominating function on a graph G is a function f:V(G)→{0,1,2} satisfying the condition that for every vertex u with f(u)=0, the total weight of f assigned to the neighbors of u is exactly two. The weight of a perfect Italian dominating function is the sum of the weights of the vertices. The perfect Italian domination number of G, denoted γ Ip (G), is the minimum weight of a perfect Italian dominating function of G. We show that if G is a tree on n≥3 vertices, then γ Ip (G)≤[Formula presented]n, and for each positive integer n≡0(mod5) there exists a tree of order n for which equality holds in the bound.

Herbicides were evaluated for control of non-native and invasive plants namely tropical soda apple (TSA) (Solanum viarum), tropical spiderwort or Benghal dayflower (Commelina benghalensis), and Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) from 2007 to 2012 in greenhouse at Plant Science Research Center, Mississippi State University, Starkville-Mississippi. In TSA study, aminopyralid at 0.88 or 0.12 kg ae/ha, and triclopyr + picloram + 2,4-D at (0.56 + 0.15 + 0.56) kg ae/ha controlled TSA seedlings emergence ranged from 83 to 96% at premergence (PRE), and 1 month after treatments (MAT). All herbicides failed to provide more than 63% control of TSA at 3 and 6 MAT. In Benghal dayflower study, bentazon, bromoxynil, chlorimuron ethyl plus tribenuron methyl, dimethenamid-P, nicosulfuron plus rimsulfuron, primisulfuron-methyl, S-metolachlor plus glyphosate plus mesotrione, and sulfosulfuron provided less than 50% control of Benghal dayflower during 6 weeks of evaluation whereas other herbicides: aminocyclopyrachlor (34-96%) ametryn (2-55%), atrazine (2-68%), diclosulam (12-67%), flumioxazin (59-83%), saflufenacil (24-78%), and sulfentrazone (67-96%) provided variable control of Benghal dayflower. In Italian ryegrass study, 50 seeds of F1 generation of resistant biotype ’49E’ and susceptible biotypes ‘Gulf’ and ‘Marshall’ of Italian ryegrass which were previously grown in mixture were used. Each biotype’s F1 generation responce to imazapyr at 0, 1, and 2% under PRE, early post emergence (EPOST) and late postemergence (LPOST) was evaluated. At PRE, imazapyr at 1 and 2% reduced ‘49E’ seedlings emerged 3 and 18%, respectively, but both rates failed to have any significant impact on fresh biomass weight compared to untreated. At EPOST, survival of ‘49E’ shoots were reduced 3 to 10% by both rate of imazapyr whereas only imazapyr at 1% caused 0.74 to 3.8 % fresh biomass reduction. At LPOST, ‘49E’ shoot survival was reduced 9 to 12% by both rate of imazapyr whereas both rate of imazapyr reduced ‘49E’ fresh biomass 3 to 31%. In all the PRE, EPOST, and LPOST experiments, ‘Gulf’ and ‘Marshall’ were still susceptible to the imazapyr.

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