O reparo ósseo de alvéolos após exodontia dos molares superiores em um modelo animal em ratos Wistar (Rattus norvegicus, albinus) de osteonecrose dos maxilares associada ao uso de bisfosfonatos foi avaliado através de analise microscópica e molecular. Foram utilizados 48 ratos (Rattus norvegicus, albinus, Wistar) machos, com 12 semanas de vida e peso aproximado de 300 gramas, que foram dividos em 4 grupos. Cada grupo era composto por 12 animais, sendo 2 grupos experimentais AZ e AZ-Cirúrgico (AZ-C), que foram submetidos a administração de ácido zoledrônico, 0,6 mg/kg a cada 28 dias com um total de 5 doses e 2 grupos controles CO e CO-Cirúrgico (CO-C) com administração de cloreto de sódio 0,9% no mesmo volume e frequencia do ácido zoledrônico. Todas as soluções foram administradas por via intraperitoneal. O grupo AZ-C e o grupo CO-C foram submetidos a exodontia do primeiro, segundo e terceiro molares superiores 45 dias após a primeira aplicação das soluções. Todos os animais foram eutanasiados após 150 dias do início do experimento (105 dias após as exodontias). As maxilas dos animais foram avaliadas macroscopicamente para presença de lesões espontâneas e com uma sonda clinica número 5 as regiões das exodontias dos molares foram avaliadas para presença ou ausência de solução continua do epitélio. Após feita a avaliação macroscópica as regiões das exodontias dos molares superior esquerdo e do lado contralateral de cada animal foram submetidas a análises qualitativa e quantitativa para presença de sequestros ósseos, restos radiculares, área de osteonecrose, área de espaço trabecular, área de reação periosteal, através de estudos por microscopia óptica pela coloração Hematoxilina e Eosina. Análise quantitativa da expressão do RNAm de proteínas envolvidas no processo de reparo ósseo RANK, RANKL, OPG e VEGF, pelo método de reação em cadeia da polimerase em tempo real (RealTimePCR) também foi realizada. A avaliação macroscópica mostrou que 91,66% dos animais do grupo AZ-C e 41,66% do grupo CO-C apresentaram solução de continuidade do epitélio, sendo estatisticamente significante maior no grupo em terapia com ácido zoledrônico pelo este exato de Fischer (p<0,05). Todos animais do grupo AZ-C e nenhum do grupo CO-C apresentaram sequestros ósseos e todos os animais apresentaram presença de restos radiculares na análise microscópica. A área de osteonecrose foi maior nos animais do grupo AZ-C do que no grupo CO-C (p<0,005), não havendo diferença estatística entre as áreas de espaço trabecular, reação periosteal e osso total. Na análise molecular de RANK, RANKL, OPG e VEGF não houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre os grupos CO, AZ, COC e AZ-C, mesmo quando comparadas áreas de exodontia com áreas com dentes. Estes resultados levam a conclusão que o modelo animal utilizado no presente estudo é um modelo seguro, que o ácido zoledrônico interferiu no reparo ósseo dos alvéolos, causando um atraso na remodelação óssea da região e uma maior incidência de osteonecrose e sequestros ósseos. O ácido zoledrônico não afetou a expressão de RANK, RANKL, OPG e VEGF 105 dias após as exodontias. / The alveolar bone repair following extraction of maxillary molars in an animal model of bisphosphonate related osteonecrosis of the jaws in Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus, Albinus) was assessed through microscopic and molecular analysis. A total of 48 rats (Rattus norvegicus, Albinus, Wistar rats) with 12 weeks old and weighing approximately 300 grams were used, they were divided into 4 groups. Each group consisted of 12 animals, with 2 experimental groups AZ and AZ-Cirúrgico (AZ-C), who underwent the administration of zoledronic acid, 0.6 mg / kg every 28 days with a total of 5 doses. And 2 control groups CO and CO-Cirúrgico (CO-C) with administration of sodium chloride at 0.9% in the same volume and frequency of zoledronic acid. All solutions were administered intraperitoneally. The group AZ-C and CO-C underwent to extraction of the first, second and third molars 45 days after the first application of the solutions. All animals were sacrificed after 150 days from the beginning of the experiment (105 days after extractions). The maxilla of the animals were assessed macroscopically for the presence of spontaneous lesions, and with a clinical probe number five the regions of the molar extractions were evaluated for the presence or absence of loss of continuity of the oral epithelium. After macroscopic evaluation, the upper left molar and contralateral side of the extraction regions of each animal were submitted to qualitative and quantitative analyzes for the presence of bone sequestrum, root fragments, osteonecrosis area, trabecular space area, area of periosteal reaction, through optical microscopic studies by hematoxylin and eosin staining. And quantitative analysis of mRNA expression of proteins involved in bone repair (RANK, RANKL, OPG and VEGF), by the method of RealTimePCR were carried out. Macroscopic evaluation showed that 91.66% of the AZ -C group and 41.66% of the CO-C group presented a loss of continuity of the epithelium, which was statistically significant higher in the zoledronic acid group according to the Fisher test (p<0.05). All animals in group AZ-C and none in CO-C group showed bone sequestrum and all animals in both groups had root fragments in microscopic analysis. The area of osteonecrosis was higher in the animals of AZ-C group than in CO-C (p<0.005), with no statistical difference between the areas of trabecular space, periosteal reaction and total bone. In the molecular analysis of RANK, RANKL, OPG e VEGF there was no statistically significant difference between the CO, AZ, CO-C e AZ-C groups, even when extraction regions were compared to non extractions areas. These results lead to the conclusion that the animal model described used in this study is a reliable model and zoledronic acid interferes with alveolar bone repair causing a delay in bone emodeling and a higher incidence of osteonecrosis and bone sequestrum. Zoledronic acid did not affect the expression of RANK, RANKL, OPG and VEGF 105 days after dental extractions.

O uso da ultrassonografia, para diagnóstico, como forma de exame complementar na área da Saúde é cotidiano e consagrado, principalmente no estudo e avaliação das doenças em tecidos moles. Com a consolidação e o desenvolvimento deste método, novos usos vem sendo descritos. Existem relatos científicos da possibilidade do uso do ultrassom para avaliação de lesões no interior do tecido ósseo. Frente a esta alternativa, o presente estudo avaliou o uso da ultrassonografia para exploração através de tecido ósseo, de diferentes espessuras, com a utilização de um modelo laboratorial em costelas bovinas, definindo a espessura óssea cortical que permite a passagem do ultrassom. Primeiramente realizamos um ensaio experimental para definir a melhor metodologia para o estudo. O modelo laboratorial usado era constituído por uma costela bovina, macerada, desgastada em diferentes espessuras. A amostra do estudo foi constituída em 180 leituras de ultrassom provenientes de 20 costelas bovinas maceradas; onde cada uma delas foi examinada em 9 áreas que se diferenciavam na espessura do remanescente ósseo; assim definidas 4,0mm, 3,0mm, 2,5mm, 2,0mm, 1,5mm, 1,0mm, 0,5mm, 0,2mm e sem desgaste. Para os exames de ultrassom foi utilizado o aparelho de ultrassom portátil Terason t3000 (Terason, divisão da Teratech Corporation, USA). Os exames foram realizados pela técnica da imersão, onde se mergulhava os espécimes e o transdutor do ultrassom em um recipiente com água. Para avaliar se havia ou não passagem da onda de ultrassom pelo tecido ósseo, em uma determinada espessura, era observada a formação de imagem de um objeto metálico posicionado atrás do osso. Conforme observado pela tabulação dos resultados ocorreu a passagem das ondas de ultrassom através do osso de espessuras 2,0mm, 1,5mm, 1,0mm, 0,5mm e 0,2mm diferentemente do ocorrido nas espessuras 4,0mm, 3,0mm, 2,5mm e sem desgaste. Houve diferença estatisticamente significante (P<0,001) entre as espessuras menores ou iguais a 2,0mm e as espessuras maiores ou iguais a 2,5mm, quanto a formação de imagem ultrassonográfica de um objeto metálico posicionado atrás do tecido ósseo. Concluímos que houve possibilidade de utilização do exame de ultrassom na avaliação através do tecido ósseo de espessuras menores ou iguais a 2,0mm. / The use of ultrasound as a complementary examination in health diagnoses is something usual and well established, mainly in the study and evaluation of diseases in soft tissue. As the consolidation and development of this method ocourred, new uses for it has been described. There are scientific reports with the possibility of the use of ultrasound for the evaluation of lesions within the bone tissue. Faced with this alternative, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the use of ultrasound for exploration through the bone tissue of different thicknesses, using a laboratory model of beef ribs, so thath would be defined the minimum required thicknesses of cortical bone for passage of the ultrasound. First we conducted an experimental trial to determine the best methodology for the study. The laboratory model used consisted of beef ribs prepared in different thicknesses. The study sample consisted of 180 ultrasound readings from 20 macerated beef ribs, each of which was examined in 9 different areas defined as, no wear, 4.0 mm, 3.0 mm, 2.5 mm, 2.0 mm, 1.5mm, 1.0mm, 0.5mm and 0.2mm in thicknesses of the remaining bone. For ultrasound scanning was used a portable ultrasound device, Terason t3000 (Terason, a division of Teratech Corporation, USA). The examinations were performed by the technique of immersion, where the specimens and the ultrasound transductor were immersed in a water tank. To assess whether there was passage of ultrasound waves by the bone tissue in a certain thickness, it was observed the occurrence of a image formation from a metallic object that was positioned behind the bone. As noted by tabulating the results, there was passage of ultrasound waves through the bone thickness 2.0mm, 1.5mm, 1.0mm, 0.5mm and 0.2mm different from those occurred in thickness of 4.0mm, 3.0mm, 2.5mm and no wear. There was significant difference (P<0.001) between the thicknesses less than or equal to 2.0 mm and thickness greater than or equal to 2.5 mm, in the ultrasound imaging of a metallic object positioned behind the bone. We conclude that there was possibility of using the ultrasound examination in the evaluation through the bone thickness less than or equal to 2.0mm.

Atualmente é crescente o número de pacientes utilizando drogas que visam a alteração da remodelação óssea. Doenças como osteoporose e tumores ósseos têm possibilidade de tratamento com a utilização dos antirreabsortivos. Entretanto tais medicamentos apresentam, entre outros, um efeito colateral muito nocivo: a osteonecrose dos maxilares (ONM), que consiste em uma lesão rara, mas grave, da mandíbula ou maxila caracterizada por necrose óssea exposta. O denosumab é uma droga antirreabsortiva que possui um mecanismo de ação diferente do encontrado nos bisfosfonatos (BFs), medicação amplamente usada e anterior ao denosumab, entretanto já mostra efeitos colaterais similares aos BFs em relação à ONM e para ambos os medicamentos a fisiopatogenia da doença ainda não está esclarecida pela literatura Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito de diferentes concentrações do denosumab sobre a viabilidade, proliferação e migração de fibroblastos em cultura. Foram utilizados fibroblastos de mucosa bucal humana linhagem FMM1. Após serem submetidos aos testes de citotoxicidade com concentrações do denosumab variando de 10- 3?g a 10 - 7?g os fibroblastos não apresentaram quaisquer alterações quanto aos quesitos avaliados. Foi possível concluir que o denosumab não é citotóxico para fibroblastos em cultura. ecrose dos maxilares Fibroblastos / The number of patients using drugs that target the manipulation of bone remodeling is currently increasing. Bone volume diseases such as osteoporosis and tumors have the possibility of treatment with the use of antiresorptive medications. However, these drugs, among others, may present a very harmful side effect: osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ), which consists of a rare but severe injury characterized by exposed bone necrosis. The denosumab is an antiresorptive drug that presents a different mechanism of action found in bisphosphonates (BPs) and shows similar side effects to BPs regarding ONJ. BPs are a class of medication widely used and prior to denosumab. In both drugs the pathophysiology of the disease it is still not clear. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of denosumab in different concentrations on the viability, proliferation and migration of fibroblasts in culture. Were used human oral mucosa fibroblasts FMM1. After being subjected to denosumab concentrations ranging from 10-3?g to 10-7?g fibroblasts did not show any changes to the variables evaluated. It was possible to concluded that denosumab is not cytotoxic to fibroblasts in culture.

Thesis--København Tandlægehøjskole. / Summary in Danish. Bibliography: p. 179-194.

Thesis--København Tandlægehøjskole. / Summary in Danish. Bibliography: p. 179-194.

<p>The purpose of this paper is to find out how visually impaired people get information on Internet. Visually impaired people has got the right to be able to use the Internet like everyone else. We are also going to revise which aids visually impaired people use today, and how they work in practise. What problems can you run into when you use these aids? We are also going to revise how the webpages design affect the use of the Internet for the visually impaired people. The sites of today tends to contain more and more graphics without alternative texts. The aids a visually impaired person use have problems to interpret the graphics, which leads to that many sites are inaccessible for this group of people . We have interviewed nine visually impaired and blind people to get insight in how they use the Internet and which aids are the most common and how they work in practise. We have come to the conclusion that a lot of visually impaired people today are very dependent of the Internet. These people use sites that they from their own experience knows works. The persons we have talked to told us that they feel that many sites are not adjusted to visually impaired people. At the same time we discovered that the technology to interpret graphics on the Internet actually exists. But this technology is not available since the eye clinics does not realise the importance of updating the aids more often. </p> / <p>Syftet med uppsatsen är att ta reda på hur de synskadade kan ta till sig information på Internet. Även de synskadade ska ha rätt till att kunna använda sig av Internet som alla andra. Vi ska också undersöka vilka webbhjälpmedel som finns till hands för de synskadade idag och hur dessa webbhjälpmedel fungerar i praktiken. Vilka problem som man kan stöta på när man använder sig av dessa webbhjälpmedel? Vi ska även undersöka hur mycket webbplatsernas utformning påverkar de synskadades Internetanvändning. Dagens webbplatser tenderar att använda mer och mer grafik utan alternativa texter. De hjälpmedel som en synskadad person använder har svårt att tolka detta, vilket leder till att många webbplatser är otillgängliga för denna grupp av människor. Vi har intervjuat nio synskadade och helt blinda personer för att få en inblick i hur de använder sig av Internet, vilka hjälpmedel som är vanliga och hur dessa hjälpmedel fungerar i praktiken. Vi kom fram till att synskadade idag är relativt beroende av Internet och att de använder sig av webbplatser på Internet som de känner till sedan tidigare. De personer som vi har talat med upplever att det är väldigt många webbplatser som inte är anpassade för synskadade personer. Samtidigt upptäckte vi att tekniken faktiskt finns som kan tolka grafiken på Internet, men att denna teknik inte är tillgänglig mycket beroende på att syncentralerna som delar ut dessa hjälpmedel inte inser vikten av att uppdatera dessa hjälpmedel oftare. </p>

The purpose of this paper is to find out how visually impaired people get information on Internet. Visually impaired people has got the right to be able to use the Internet like everyone else. We are also going to revise which aids visually impaired people use today, and how they work in practise. What problems can you run into when you use these aids? We are also going to revise how the webpages design affect the use of the Internet for the visually impaired people. The sites of today tends to contain more and more graphics without alternative texts. The aids a visually impaired person use have problems to interpret the graphics, which leads to that many sites are inaccessible for this group of people . We have interviewed nine visually impaired and blind people to get insight in how they use the Internet and which aids are the most common and how they work in practise. We have come to the conclusion that a lot of visually impaired people today are very dependent of the Internet. These people use sites that they from their own experience knows works. The persons we have talked to told us that they feel that many sites are not adjusted to visually impaired people. At the same time we discovered that the technology to interpret graphics on the Internet actually exists. But this technology is not available since the eye clinics does not realise the importance of updating the aids more often. / Syftet med uppsatsen är att ta reda på hur de synskadade kan ta till sig information på Internet. Även de synskadade ska ha rätt till att kunna använda sig av Internet som alla andra. Vi ska också undersöka vilka webbhjälpmedel som finns till hands för de synskadade idag och hur dessa webbhjälpmedel fungerar i praktiken. Vilka problem som man kan stöta på när man använder sig av dessa webbhjälpmedel? Vi ska även undersöka hur mycket webbplatsernas utformning påverkar de synskadades Internetanvändning. Dagens webbplatser tenderar att använda mer och mer grafik utan alternativa texter. De hjälpmedel som en synskadad person använder har svårt att tolka detta, vilket leder till att många webbplatser är otillgängliga för denna grupp av människor. Vi har intervjuat nio synskadade och helt blinda personer för att få en inblick i hur de använder sig av Internet, vilka hjälpmedel som är vanliga och hur dessa hjälpmedel fungerar i praktiken. Vi kom fram till att synskadade idag är relativt beroende av Internet och att de använder sig av webbplatser på Internet som de känner till sedan tidigare. De personer som vi har talat med upplever att det är väldigt många webbplatser som inte är anpassade för synskadade personer. Samtidigt upptäckte vi att tekniken faktiskt finns som kan tolka grafiken på Internet, men att denna teknik inte är tillgänglig mycket beroende på att syncentralerna som delar ut dessa hjälpmedel inte inser vikten av att uppdatera dessa hjälpmedel oftare.

4 Neural crest-derived cellular cartilage is one of the defining characteristics of vertebrates. Elaboration of this tissue and its patterning allowed the evolution of jaws in the gnathostome lineage. Together these hallmarks helped jawed vertebrates become one of the dominant taxons in the animal kingdom. Lampreys, as basal jawless vertebrates, lie at a unique phylogenetic position that makes them ideal organisms for the study of evolution of vertebrate/gnathostome novelties. Larval lampreys possess a special oral skeleton composed of a tissue related to cartilage, termed mucocartilage. Despite considerable attention that has been paid to the evolutionary significance of mucocartilage, it is not yet clear, how this unique feature arises in development and to what extent it is homologous to gnathostome jaws. In this study, the development of oro-pharyngeal region was analyzed in the sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus. SEM imaging revealed shaping and topographic relationships of embryonic tissues, detailed plastic histology coupled with expression analyses of several molecular markers were used to describe origin, histogenesis and morphogenesis of mucocartilage. Furthermore, genetic regulation of the tissue was investigated in order to identify its unique or shared features. Mucocartilage is seen to...

A influencia de diversos fatores, principalmente no apinhamento dentário antero-inferior, vem sendo estudada desde muito tempo atras. Entretanto, a influencia do comprimento das bases apicais sobre o apinhamento dentario ainda nao foi esclarecida. Como existem evidencias na literatura de que esse fator pode influenciar o apinhamento dentario, resolveu-se desenvolver este trabalho para investigar a relacao entre comprimentos de bases apicais e apinhamento dentário superior e inferior na ma oclusao de Classe II completa. Um total de 80 documentacoes de pacientes ortodonticos retrospectivos, 47 homens e 33 mulheres com ma oclusao de Classe II completa foram divididas em 2 grupos segundo a discrepancia do perimetro do arco ou apinhamento inferior. O grupo 1, constituído por 25 pacientes com apinhamento inferior 3mm e com uma idade media de 12,81 anos; e o grupo 2, formado por 55 pacientes com apinhamento inferior < 3mm e com uma idade media de 13,33 anos. Os comprimentos das bases apicais da maxila e da mandibula e as discrepancias do perimetro dos arcos foram medidos nos cefalogramas e nos modelos de estudo iniciais, respectivamente. Os comprimentos das bases apicais e o apinhamento dentario foram comparados entre os grupos pelo teste t e tambem foram realizadas correlacoes entre os comprimentos das bases e o apinhamento para cada arco dentario. Os resultados mostraram que o grupo com maior apinhamento dentario teve comprimentos de bases apicais significantemente menores. Tambem foi encontrada uma correlacao negativa significante entre o comprimento das bases osseas e o apinhamento dentario na ma oclusao de Classe II completa. / The influence of many factors on dental crowding has been studied since long time ago, mainly in its relationship with anterior lower crowding. But, the influence of the apical bases length on the dental crowding was still not clarified. As there are evidences in the literature, it was decided to carry out the present study to investigate the relationship between apical base lengths and maxillary and mandibular anterior dental crowding in Class II malocclusions. Eighty retrospective orthodontic patients, 47 males and 33 females with complete Class II malocclusions were divided into two groups according to mandibular tooth-arch size discrepancy. The maxillary and mandibular apical base lengths and tooth-arch size discrepancies were measured on the initial cephalograms and plaster casts, respectively. The intergroup apical base length and crowding were compared with t tests and correlation between base length and dental crowding was investigated for each dental arch. Results demonstrated that the group with greater crowding had significantly smaller apical base lengths. A negative correlation was also found between apical base length and dental crowding in complete Class II malocclusions.

Phenotypic plasticity, the capacity of a single genotype to exhibit variable phenotypes in different environments, is common in many species. A sample of wild caught Archosargus probatocephalus, also known as sheepshead, from Florida was randomly divided into two treatment groups: one group was fed soft prey, Mercenaria sp. muscle tissue, and the other group was fed hard prey, Mercenaria sp. in the shell, for 365 days. It was hypothesized that the sheepshead fed hard prey would have a thicker tooth enamel layer containing more calcium, and therefore be stronger than the tooth enamel layer of those fed soft prey items. Additionally, the mean functional jaw surface area, the percentage of tooth coverage of functional jaw surface, number of teeth per jaw, correlation between standard length and mean total tooth height, and the combined surface area of the teeth, when compared between the two treatments, should be greater in the hard prey treatment. The seventeen jaws of two prey groups were acquired postmortem and each jaw was divided into four quadrants. The largest tooth in each quadrant was removed from the jaw, longitudinally sectioned, and examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to measure the enamel and dentin layers. Using the SEM backscatter electron detector the elemental composition of the different layers was determined at multiple locations. Finally, data was analyzed using analyses of variance (ANOVA’s) to compare mean tooth height, calcium content in enamel and dentin layers, mean functional jaw number of teeth per jaw, and upper to lower jaw overall enamel and dentin thickness between each treatment. Phenotypic plasticity was identified in three areas: percentage of jaw surface covered by teeth, a positive correlation between total tooth height and enamel height in hard prey treatment, and a positive correlation between total tooth height and soft prey treatment dentin height; but not in the other areas studied. It is apparent that phenotypic plasticity can increase an individual’s ability to survive in a variable food resource environment by changing some aspects of tooth morphology, but the ability to change in response to stimuli was not found in all areas of tooth structure. i