Le contrôle conjoint correspond à la situation dans laquelle plusieurs personnes détiennent le contrôle d’une société. Des définitions distinctes de la notion de contrôle conjoint existent en droit financier, en droit des sociétés, en droit de la concurrence et en droit comptable et ont, a priori, un champ d’application limité à chacune de ces branches du droit. Chaque définition est étudiée en vue d’en dégager les critères, en prenant appui sur les réglementations, la pratique des autorités et la jurisprudence. Sur le fondement de ces différentes définitions fonctionnelles du contrôle conjoint, une définition commune peut être dégagée : « le contrôle conjoint est un accord par lequel les membres d’une société conviennent de déterminer ensemble et de manière égalitaire la stratégie sociale ». Les éléments principaux de la définition commune sont précisés. Le contrôle conjoint pose par ailleurs des problématiques relatives à son régime juridique. D’une part, le champ d’application du contrôle conjoint est rarement défini parce que les textes font généralement référence au contrôle uniquement. Il est proposé de déterminer le champ d’application en fonction de la finalité du texte. D’autre part, les textes, qui renvoient à la notion de contrôle, prévoient des conséquences juridiques en précisant rarement les modalités de mise en oeuvre de ces conséquences à plusieurs contrôlaires (solidarité passive, indivisibilité ou pluralité des obligations). La règle de principe est l’application de la solidarité passive aux obligations découlant du contrôle conjoint. / Joint control is the situation according to which several persons hold control of a company. Various definitions of the notion of joint control exist in financial law, corporate law, competition law and accounting law and have, a priori, a scope limited to each of these fields of law. Each definition is separately studied in order to identify its criteria, by relying on regulations, the practice of authorities and the case law. On the basis of these different functional definitions of joint control, a common definition can be found: "joint control is an agreement according to which members of a company agree to determine jointly and equally the social strategy ". The main elements of this common definition are clarified. Joint control also raises issues relating to its legal regime. On the one hand, the scope of joint control is rarely defined because the texts generally refer only to control. It is proposed to determine the scope according to the purpose of the text. On the other hand, texts that refer to the notion of make provision of legal consequences without specifying how to implement these consequences to several controllers (joint liability, indivisibility or plurality of obligations). The rule of principle is the application of joint liability to the obligations arising from joint control.

Die Zielsetzung dieser Arbeit besteht darin zu prüfen, ob die Luxationsrate bei Hochrisikopatienten durch den Einsatz von 40-mm- und 44-mm-Köpfen im Vergleich zu Patienten mit maximal 36-mm-Köpfen reduziert werden kann. Hierzu wurden die im Zeitraum von September 2009 bis Mai 2014 hüftendoprothetisch versorgten Patienten mit einem erhöhten Luxationsrisiko erfasst und die Verläufe auf Luxationen überprüft. Zur Risikobewertung diente eine eigens entwickelte Klassifikation. Des Weiteren erfolgte die Analyse der postoperativen Verläufe, der Röntgenbilder und eines Telefoninterviews in den Fällen, in denen Köpfe ≥ 40 mm zum Einsatz kamen. Im Untersuchungszeitraum wurden 288 Hüftendoprotheseneingriffe mit erhöhtem Luxationsrisiko durchgeführt. Bei 278 HTEP-Implantationen erfolgte der Einsatz von Gelenkköpfen ≤ 36 mm. In dieser Gruppe betrug die Luxationsrate 15,1% (n=42). Bei 10 Patienten wurden 40-mm- oder 44-mm-Gelenkköpfe eingesetzt. In diesen Fällen wurde das Luxationsrisiko entsprechend der vorgeschlagenen Klassifikation mit 3A (hoch) bis 4B (sehr hoch) bewertet. Bei einem mittleren Follow up von 22,8 Monaten wurde bei diesen Patienten keine Luxation festgestellt. Die mit 40-mm- sowie 44-mm-Köpfen erzielten Ergebnisse und die aktuelle Literatur sprechen für eine wesentlich höhere Gelenkstabilität und eine deutlich verminderte Luxationsneigung größerer Köpfe. Deren Einsatz ist daher gegenwärtig bei Risiko-patienten gerechtfertigt, sofern dieser in Abhängigkeit vom Pfannenaußendurch-messer konstruktiv möglich ist. In der weiteren Entwicklung der Hüftendoprothetik sollte die Verwendung größerer Köpfe angestrebt werden.

Prior studies indicated that beam-to-column connections of reinforced concrete (RC) moment resisting frame structures experience considerable deformations under earthquake loading and these deformations have a major contribution to story drift of the building. In current analysis and design applications, however, the connection regions are generally modeled as rigid zones and the inelastic behavior of the joint is not taken into account. This assumption gives rise to an underestimation of the story drifts and hence to an improper assessment of the seismic performance of the structure. In order to implement the effect of these regions into the seismic design and analysis of buildings, a model that properly represents the seismic behavior of connection regions needs to be developed. In this study, a parametric model which predicts the joint shear strength versus strain relationship is generated by investigating the several prior experimental studies on RC beam-to-column connections subjected to cyclic loading and establishing an extensive database. Considering previous experimental research and employing statistical correlation method, parameters that significantly influence the joint behavior are determined and these parameters are combined together to form a joint model. This model is then verified by comparing the results obtained from the dynamic earthquake analysis by Perform 3D with the experimental ones. The main contribution of the developed model is taking into account parameters like the effect of eccentricity, column axial load, slab, wide beams and transverse beams on the seismic behavior of the connection region, besides the key parameters such as concrete compressive strength, reinforcement yield strength, joint width and joint transverse reinforcement ratio.

[Truncated abstract] Normal and pathological upper limb movement assessments rely on the valid and reliable identification of the glenohumeral joint centre of rotation (GHJ). However, clarifying the most suitable techniques to identify and reference this location has proved a challenge, and performing a variety of methods that lack validation is commonplace. This may not only be erroneous, but also prevents the standardised collection of upper limb biomechanical information. The principle aim of this research was to clarify the accuracy and reliability of various methods of GHJ identification, including both predictive and functional techniques, as well as the error associated with referencing the GHJ location during dynamic movement trials. Predictive methods of GHJ identification rely on a generic relationship between the GHJ position and predetermined anatomical distances or locations. The ISB recommended predictive method was developed and validated using cadavers, and it appears that a number of convenient, yet to be validated methods are routinely performed in preference of this recommended technique. In the present study, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was utilised to validate, in vivo, the accuracy of various predictive approaches; the ISB recommended method and a representative sample of commonly used techniques. A new multiple linear regression model and simple 3D offset method, were developed from the MRI identified locations of the GHJ and the surface markers. The results indicated that the new multiple linear regression model (13 ±4.6) mm and simple 3D offset (12 ±4.6 mm) found an average GHJ location closer to the MRI determined location than any of the established predictive methods (14-50 mm), including the ISB recommended method (32 ±8.2 mm), and a recently publicised amended 2nd version (16 ±8.4 mm). ... For instance when the optimal algorithm (geometric sphere fit), marker set and movement trial were used in the functional approach, average in vivo accuracy errors of 27 ±8.6 mm were reported, around half the error reported by the most accurate and reliable predictive method (13 ±4.6 mm). A further investigation aimed to determine the most suitable location to reference the GHJ during dynamic motion analysis trials. The GHJ was referenced in a number of upper arm and acromion technical coordinate systems (TCSs) in a series of static MRIs. This permitted the error associated with each set of markers to be calculated in vivo. The results indicated that a combination of TCSs defined from two sets of markers; one placed on the acromial plateau and one located proximally on the upper arm, produced the most accurate results, recording an average of 18 ±4 mm of error following a large humeral elevation (up to 180°). Furthermore, a distal upper arm set of markers proved to be inappropriate for GHJ referencing, reporting average errors greater than 30 cm in two large humeral elevations. Therefore, following the identification of the GHJ, its 3D location should be referenced in the average of two TCSs determined from respective sets of markers placed on the acromion and proximal upper arm, during dynamic trials.

My diploma theisis is focused on design and assessment of structural systém of industrial building in tended for livestock farming. The design is processed in two options. Both oft hem has the same dimensions but cross sections of the supporting elements are changed. Floor plan of the first part is a rectangular shape, dimension is 29,28 m x 24,8 m. Floor plan of the second part is a rectangular shape, dimension is 161,18 m x 46,8 m. Slope of saddle roof is 18°.

<p>Musculoskeletal degradation and musculoskeletal injuries place a substantial burden on the healthcare system. Advancing the understanding and prevention of the injury potential associated with these injuries in various demographics as well as advancing performance optimization requires knowledge of the loading distribution among the various musculoskeletal tissues at the joints. Accurate muscle force estimates are needed for characterizing these distributions due to their influence on the loading of the system. This dissertation discusses</p> <p>the development and validation of a physiologically-driven skeletal muscle force model that is suitable for application on an individualized level. The derivation of the skeletal muscle force model began with dimensional analysis and a selection of critical parameters that define muscle force generation. One of the key parameters included was measured muscle voltage using electromyography sensors. This provided the model with the ability to be easily used</p> <p>in application-based studies. It also incorporated the muscle force-length, force-velocity, and force-frequency curves, providing an even stronger physiological basis to the model. Validation was performed by multiple studies using experimental data from subjects conducting exercises chosen to target specific muscles of interest. Data was collected from a Vicon Vero motion capture system, an instrumented Bertec treadmill, and Delsys Trigno electromyography sensors. The first study analyzed the ankle joint of seventeen subjects using the two Newton-Euler equations of rigid body motion and the skeletal muscle force model. The average percent error across all subjects was 8.2% and ranged from 4.2% to 15.5%. The second study analyzed the sensitivity of two sets of parameters within the model. The first was conducted on a set of observed and fitted constants from the dimensionless pi terms and aimed to identify which, if any, could be excluded from an optimization routine. Results indicated that only two of the nine constant parameters needed to be optimized. The second sensitivity analysis focused on the anatomical kinematic parameters in order to identify the impact that the incorporation of MRI scans for subject-specific anatomical models would have on the accuracy of the model’s output. Results demonstrated sensitivity to the muscle insertion points, suggesting that the use of MRI scans could increase the accuracy of the model. The third study was a case study focused on evaluating the assumption of a constant within the skeletal muscle force model remaining constant over time. Results indicated that the collection of maximum EMG recordings for these studies may not have been controlled to a desirable level and that the inclusion of specialized equipment for maximum EMG recordings would likely validate this assumption. The final study analyzed the</p> <p>knee joint of ten subjects in a similar fashion to that of the ankle joint. The goal was to observe the model’s performance on a more anatomically complex joint. The average percent error across all subjects was 20.6%, approximately two times higher than the ankle joint.</p> <p>However, the majority of the error associated with this study came from the deviation in calculated moments about an axis of much smaller importance and magnitude than the primary flexion/extension axis. When errors were excluded from this axis, the average percent error for all subjects was 8.8%, almost identical to that of the ankle joint application. These findings as a whole indicate that the model has predictive ability and is capable of providing reasonable estimates of both muscle forces and surrounding musculoskeletal tissue loading. Therefore, the model could be used in various biomechanical advancements and applications in injury prevention, performance optimization, tissue engineering, prosthetic design, and more.</p>

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1959 F91

Cette thèse de doctorat s'inscrit dans le cadre de projets CRIAQ (Consortium de recherche et d'innovation en aérospatiale du Québec) orientés vers le développement d'approches embarquées pour la détection de défauts dans des structures aéronautiques. L'originalité de cette thèse repose sur le développement et la validation d'une nouvelle méthode de détection, quantification et localisation d'une entaille dans une structure de joint à recouvrement par la propagation d'ondes vibratoires. La première partie expose l'état des connaissances sur l'identification d'un défaut dans le contexte du Structural Health Monitoring (SHM), ainsi que la modélisation de joint à recouvrements. Le chapitre 3 développe le modèle de propagation d'onde d'un joint à recouvrement endommagé par une entaille pour une onde de flexion dans la plage des moyennes fréquences (10-50 kHz). À cette fin, un modèle de transmission de ligne (TLM) est réalisé pour représenter un joint unidimensionnel (1D). Ce modèle 1D est ensuite adapté à un joint bi-dimensionnel (2D) en faisant l'hypothèse d'un front d'onde plan incident et perpendiculaire au joint. Une méthode d'identification paramétrique est ensuite développée pour permettre à la fois la calibration du modèle du joint à recouvrement sain, la détection puis la caractérisation de l'entaille située sur le joint.Cette méthode est couplée à un algorithme qui permet une recherche exhaustive de tout l'espace paramétrique.Cette technique permet d'extraire une zone d'incertitude reliée aux paramètres du modèle optimal. Une étude de sensibilité est également réalisée sur l'identification. Plusieurs résultats de mesure sur des joints à recouvrements 1D et 2D sont réalisées permettant ainsi l'étude de la répétabilité des résultats et la variabilité de différents cas d'endommagement. Les résultats de cette étude démontrent d'abord que la méthode de détection proposée est très efficace et permet de suivre la progression d'endommagement. De très bons résultats de quantification et de localisation d'entailles ont été obtenus dans les divers joints testés (1D et 2D). Il est prévu que l'utilisation d'ondes de Lamb permettraient d'étendre la plage de validité de la méthode pour de plus petits dommages. Ces travaux visent d'abord la surveillance in-situ des structures de joint à recouvrements, mais d'autres types de défauts. (comme les disbond) et. de structures complexes sont également envisageables.

Thesis (M.Tech.: Chiropractic)- Dept. of Chiropractic,Durban Institute of Technology, 2005 xx, 116 leaves ; 30 cm / Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome (PFPS) is a common knee problem that affects 25% of the general population. PFPS generally affects adolescents, especially females, young adults and sports men and women. PFPS is defined as anterior knee pain arising from dysfunction of the patellofemoral articulation including its connective and contractile tissues. Literature suggests an extensor mechanism dysfunction as the most probable etiology. The majority of literature suggests that PFPS is associated with restricted patella motion, especially medial glide, resulting from a tight lateral retinaculum and/or tight iliotibial band. The beneficial effect of patella mobilization in the management of PFPS, suggested by the results of a number of studies, further suggests that restricted patella motion may be an integral feature of PFPS, as a causative and/or perpetuating factor. The purpose of this study was to assess the associations between the severity of PFPS (in terms of the objective and subjective clinical measures) and patella mobility (direction of mobility loss and degree of motion loss).

Thesis (M.Tech.: Chiropractic) -Dept. of Chiropractic, Durban Institute of Technology, 2003. xvi, 138 leaves / Knee joint pathologies, in general, are associated with a loss of knee-extensor muscle strength. This weakness has been attributed to arthrogenic muscle inhibition (AMI). Manipulation of the sacroiliac (SI) has been shown to significantly reduce AMI and increase the strength in the quadriceps muscle group. Although both the knee and SI joints have been linked to AMI of the quadriceps muscle group, no studies have been conducted showing that manipulating the tibio-femoral (knee) joint has any effect on quadriceps muscle strength or AMI. The purpose of this study was therefore to verify whether manipulation of the knee (tibio-femoral) joint is as effective as SI joint manipulation in increasing quadriceps muscle strength in PFPS patients. This study also investigated the effect of combining manipulative therapy of the tibio-femoral and SI joints on quadriceps muscle strength in PFPS patients.