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Thesis. 1976. M.C.P.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning. / Microfiche copy available in Archives and Rotch. / Bibliography: leaves 357-359. / M.C.P.

By the 1960s violence became institutionalized in modern Jamaican politics. This endemic violence fostered an unstable political environment that developed out of a symbiotic relationship between Jamaican labor organizations and political violence. Consequently, the political process was destabilized by the corrosive influence of partisan politics, whereby party loyalists dependent on political patronage were encouraged by the parties to defend local constituencies and participate in political conflict. Within this system the Jamaican general election process became ominous and violent, exemplifying how limited political patronage was dispersed among loyal party supporters. This dissertation examines the role of the political parties and how they mobilized grassroot supporters through inspirational speeches, partisan ideology, complex political patronage networks, and historic party platform issues from 1940 through 1980. The dissertation argues that the development of Jamaican trade unionism and its corresponding leadership created the political framework out of which Jamaica's two major political parties, the Jamaica Labor Party (JLP) and People's National Party (PNP) emerged. Within the evolution of their support base Jamaican politicians such as Alexander Bustamante utilized their influence over local constituencies to create a garrison form of mobilization that relied heavily upon violence. By investigating the social and political connection between local politicians and violence, this dissertation examines how events such as the Henry Rebellion in 1960, the 1978 Green Bay Massacre, and the public murder of the PNP candidate Roy McGann in 1980 demonstrate the failure of traditional Jamaican political patronage to control extremist violence among grassroot supporters, giving rise to a general public dissatisfaction with the established Jamaican leadership. This transformation of the political system resulted in the institutionalization of political violence by the late 1960s, and a pattern of general elections destabilized by vicious conflicts between JLP and PNP gangs. This political violence was reflected in the rise of gang dons such as Jim Brown and Wayne "Sandokhan" Smith who became independent of the patronage system through their exploitation of the drug trade. Consequently, modern Jamaican politics in the twenty-first century is fractured and local political leaders have lost control of the gangs.

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Nature-based tourism is proposed as a conservation strategy in both the developed and developing world, yet few empirical studies exist examining how the conservation process is achieved. An emerging nature-based tourism industry in Black River, Jamaica was studied to determine the factors involved in creating a symbiotic tourism-environment relationship. The tourism-environment relationship brings into play many stakeholders and at the local level these include the tour developers, conservation authorities, the natural environment, the host population and the visiting public. In this study, surveys of tour developers, conservation authorities and the host population indicate that Black River nature-based tourism is degrading the natural and host environment. To modify this outcome of resource degradation adequate administrative arrangements must be established to disengage the elite growth process in favor of a more equitable distribution among a majority of stakeholders. Surveys of the visiting public indicate satisfaction of this consumer group and provide detailed information to guide marketing and management strategies for further improvement of the tour product. Recommendations are presented to strengthen the link between nature-based tourism and conservation of the environment.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Esta pesquisa explora e descreve como o movimento RastafÃri tem se manifestado em Fortaleza, CearÃ. ApÃs um abrangente panorama do movimento conforme se originou na Jamaica, busquei caracterizar a diversidade da cultura e da organizaÃÃo do viver de alguns adeptos residentes em Fortaleza, comparando-os com aspectos gerais do movimento na Jamaica. Busquei tambÃm apontar para traÃos das suas vivÃncias que possam ter sido influenciados pela cultura e identidade brasileiras e cearenses. Adotando como base de referÃncia teÃrica os conceitos de cultura e identidade, investiguei, atravÃs de entrevistas semiestruturadas e de registros de suas memÃrias, os aspectos identitÃrios de sujeitos que se denominam adeptos da cultura RastafÃri na cidade de Fortaleza, CearÃ. AlÃm das entrevistas, foram realizadas observaÃÃes participantes, nas quais tomei parte em eventos realizados pelos sujeitos entrevistados, visando observar seus contextos e colher dados, que posteriormente foram analisados. Com esses instrumentos foi possÃvel explorar e descrever as manifestaÃÃes peculiares de alguns membros da cultura RastafÃri na capital do estado do CearÃ. / This research aims to explore and describe how the Rastafarian movement has manifested their beliefs in Fortaleza, CearÃ. After a comprehensive view of the movement as it originated in Jamaica, I tried to identify the diversity of the culture and ethos of some Rastafarians who reside in Fortaleza, comparing them to general aspects of the movement in Jamaica. I also attempted to point out some traces of their livity that may have been influenced by the culture and identity of Brazil and CearÃ. By adopting as a theoretical basis the concepts of culture and identity, I investigated the identity aspects of people who classify themselves as Rastafarians in Fortaleza, CearÃ, through semi-structured interviews and through records of their memories. Other than the interviews, participant observations were also conducted, where I took part in events promoted by the interviewees, whose purpose was to observe their contexts and collect data to be analyzed later. Through these instruments I was able to explore and describe the peculiar manifestations of these members of the Rastafarian culture who reside in the capital city of CearÃ.

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Jamaica has an abundance of freshwater resources, however, a lack of infrastructure makes treated, piped water inaccessible in many areas. Through literature reviews and site visits, this thesis is an analysis of how the people and land, and money and policy, interact with one another in relation to Jamaica's freshwater resources and water infrastructure. Special attention is given to the island's type-example Cockpit karst geology; tourism, mining, and farming's relation to this karst; types of water delivery systems in rural southern Trelawny's Cockpit Country; southern Trelawny residents' perceptions of the water situation; and policy and development goals in the context of Jamaica and southern Trelawny. I hope to bring attention to the unique social, geologic, and developmental context of water in Jamaica, and more specifically to garner attention for major water infrastructure improvements in south Trelawny. A number of recommendations for improvements with policy and infrastructure are made.