Esta tese se insere na área dos estudos de tradução, com ênfase na tradução teatral ou tradução do drama. É apresentada uma análise dos estudos de tradução no século XXI, com a finalidade de esclarecer o direcionamento atual dessa área do conhecimento. O foco da pesquisa é a tradução do texto teatral, ou tradução do drama, a qual, até a última década, era uma área negligenciada nos estudos da tradução, e, no mundo acadêmico, a peça teatral era, tradicionalmente, vista e traduzida como um texto literário. Para uma melhor compreensão da tradução do texto teatral é apresentada uma análise detalhada de todas as características do texto que possui a particularidade de somente atingir sua concretização quando representado. Também é apresentada uma abordagem histórico-descritiva das teorias da tradução teatral, procurando-se abranger os vários aspectos desse tipo de tradução, que pode ser orientada para o palco (stage-oriented) ou para o leitor (reader-oriented). Para complementar esta pesquisa, é apresentada uma proposta de tradução da peça Guy Domville, de Henry James, embasada nos pressupostos teóricos descritos anteriormente. / The area of research of this thesis is translation studies, with emphasis on theater translation or drama translation. It presents an analysis of the translation studies in the 21st century, in order to clarify the present direction of this area of knowledge. The focus of the research is the translation of theatre texts, which, until the last decade, was a neglected field in translation studies, and, in the world of academe, the stage play was traditionally viewed and translated as a work of literature. For a better understanding of theatre translation is presented a detailed analysis of the features of the theatre text which main characteristic is be written to be performed. Is also presented a historical-descriptive approach of the theater translation theories, aiming to cover the various aspects of this kind of translation, which can be stage-oriented or reader-oriented. To complement this research, is presented a translation of the play Guy Domville, by Henry James, based on the conceptual framework mentioned above.

Esta tese se insere na área dos estudos de tradução, com ênfase na tradução teatral ou tradução do drama. É apresentada uma análise dos estudos de tradução no século XXI, com a finalidade de esclarecer o direcionamento atual dessa área do conhecimento. O foco da pesquisa é a tradução do texto teatral, ou tradução do drama, a qual, até a última década, era uma área negligenciada nos estudos da tradução, e, no mundo acadêmico, a peça teatral era, tradicionalmente, vista e traduzida como um texto literário. Para uma melhor compreensão da tradução do texto teatral é apresentada uma análise detalhada de todas as características do texto que possui a particularidade de somente atingir sua concretização quando representado. Também é apresentada uma abordagem histórico-descritiva das teorias da tradução teatral, procurando-se abranger os vários aspectos desse tipo de tradução, que pode ser orientada para o palco (stage-oriented) ou para o leitor (reader-oriented). Para complementar esta pesquisa, é apresentada uma proposta de tradução da peça Guy Domville, de Henry James, embasada nos pressupostos teóricos descritos anteriormente. / The area of research of this thesis is translation studies, with emphasis on theater translation or drama translation. It presents an analysis of the translation studies in the 21st century, in order to clarify the present direction of this area of knowledge. The focus of the research is the translation of theatre texts, which, until the last decade, was a neglected field in translation studies, and, in the world of academe, the stage play was traditionally viewed and translated as a work of literature. For a better understanding of theatre translation is presented a detailed analysis of the features of the theatre text which main characteristic is be written to be performed. Is also presented a historical-descriptive approach of the theater translation theories, aiming to cover the various aspects of this kind of translation, which can be stage-oriented or reader-oriented. To complement this research, is presented a translation of the play Guy Domville, by Henry James, based on the conceptual framework mentioned above.

Esta tese se insere na área dos estudos de tradução, com ênfase na tradução teatral ou tradução do drama. É apresentada uma análise dos estudos de tradução no século XXI, com a finalidade de esclarecer o direcionamento atual dessa área do conhecimento. O foco da pesquisa é a tradução do texto teatral, ou tradução do drama, a qual, até a última década, era uma área negligenciada nos estudos da tradução, e, no mundo acadêmico, a peça teatral era, tradicionalmente, vista e traduzida como um texto literário. Para uma melhor compreensão da tradução do texto teatral é apresentada uma análise detalhada de todas as características do texto que possui a particularidade de somente atingir sua concretização quando representado. Também é apresentada uma abordagem histórico-descritiva das teorias da tradução teatral, procurando-se abranger os vários aspectos desse tipo de tradução, que pode ser orientada para o palco (stage-oriented) ou para o leitor (reader-oriented). Para complementar esta pesquisa, é apresentada uma proposta de tradução da peça Guy Domville, de Henry James, embasada nos pressupostos teóricos descritos anteriormente. / The area of research of this thesis is translation studies, with emphasis on theater translation or drama translation. It presents an analysis of the translation studies in the 21st century, in order to clarify the present direction of this area of knowledge. The focus of the research is the translation of theatre texts, which, until the last decade, was a neglected field in translation studies, and, in the world of academe, the stage play was traditionally viewed and translated as a work of literature. For a better understanding of theatre translation is presented a detailed analysis of the features of the theatre text which main characteristic is be written to be performed. Is also presented a historical-descriptive approach of the theater translation theories, aiming to cover the various aspects of this kind of translation, which can be stage-oriented or reader-oriented. To complement this research, is presented a translation of the play Guy Domville, by Henry James, based on the conceptual framework mentioned above.

Situated at the crossroads of literary studies, ecocriticism and political theory, Active Enchantments explores a strain of thought within American literature that understands life in all of its forms to be generated not by self determined identities, but by interconnectedness and self abandonment. I argue that this interest led American writers across the nineteenth century to develop theories of subjectivity and of politics that not only emphasize the entanglement of the self with its environment, but also view this relationship as structured by self overcoming. Thus, when Emerson calls such interconnectedness "active enchantment," he means to signal life's inherent ability to constantly surpass itself, to never fully be identical with itself. My dissertation brings to the fore the political and ecological stakes of this paradox: if our selves and communities are molded by self abandonment, then the standard scholarly account of how nineteenth century American literature conceptualized politics must be revised. Far from understanding community as an organic production, founded on a teleological and harmonizing principle, the writers I study reconceive it around a sense of a commonality irreducible to fixed identity. The politics emerging out of such redefinition disposes with the primacy of individual or human agency, and becomes ecological in that it renders inoperative the difference between the social and the natural, the human and the non human, ourselves and what comprises us. It is the ecological dimension of what seems like a properly political question that brings together writers as diverse as Emerson and Sarah Orne Jewett, Margaret Fuller and Henry and William James. I argue, for example, that in Jewett's The Country of the Pointed Firs, racial minorities emerge from geological strata as a kind of natural archive that complicates the nation's understanding of its communal origin. When she sets her romances on Native American shell mounds in Maine, or makes the health of a New England community depend on colonial pharmacopoeia and herbalist healing practices of the West Indies, Jewett excavates from history its silent associations and attunes us not only to the violent foundation of every communal identity, but to this identity's entanglement in a number of unacknowledged relations. Her work thus ultimately challenges the procedures of democratic inclusiveness that, however non violent, are nevertheless always organized around a particular notion of identity. The question of the self's constitutive interconnectedness with the world is as central to Margaret Fuller's work. Active Enchantments documents how Fuller's harrowing migraines enabled her to generate a peculiar conception of the "earthly mind," according to which the mind is material and decomposable, rather than spiritual, incorruptible or ideal. This notion eventually led her to devise a theory of the self that absolves persons from self possession and challenges the distinctiveness of personal identity. My concluding chapter argues that Henry James's transnational aesthetics was progressively politicized in the 1880s, and that what scholarship celebrates as the peak of his novelistic method develops, in fact, out of a network of surprising and heretofore unexplored influences, William James's concurrent theories of corporeal emotion, Mikhail Bakunin's anarchism, and Henry James's friendship with Ivan Turgenev, which inflamed James's interest in British politics, the Russo Turkish War, and the Balkan revolutions.

vii, 157 p. / In the second half of the nineteenth century, the Aesthetic Movement in England coalesced literary and visual arts in unprecedented ways. While the writers associated with the Aesthetic Movement reflected on visual art through the exercise of criticism, their encounters with painting, portraiture, and sculpture also led to the articulation of a problem. That problem centers on the fascination with the attentive look, or the physical act of seeing in a specialized way for an extended period of time that can result in a transformation in the mind of the observer. In this dissertation, I consider how Dante Gabriel Rossetti, Henry James, and Oscar Wilde utilize the attentive look in their poetry, fiction, and drama, respectively. As I argue in this dissertation, the writers associated with the Aesthetic Movement approach and treat attention as a new tool for self-creation and self-development. As these writers generally attempt to transcend both the dullness and repetitiveness associated with modern forms of industrialized labor as well as to create an antidote for the endless distractions affiliated with the modern urban environment, they also develop or interrogate systems for training and regulating the senses. What these writers present as a seemingly spontaneous attentive engagement with art and beauty they also sell to the public as a specialized form of perception and experience that can only be achieved through training or, more specifically, through an attentive reading of their works. While these writers attempt to subvert institutional authority, whether in the form of the Royal Academy or the Oxford University system, they also generate new forms of authority and knowledge. Even though the Aesthetic Movement is not a homogeneous set of texts and art works, the Aesthetic Movement can be characterized in terms of its utilization of attentiveness as a way to both understand and create modern subjectivity. / Committee in charge: Dr. Forest Pyle， Chair； Dr. Sangita Gopal， Member； Dr. Linda Kintz， Member； Dr. Kenneth Calhoon， Outside Member

"Rum, Rome, and Rebellion: The Reform of Reform in the Political Fiction of the Gilded Age" examines a collection of American political novelists who were active during the mid- to late-nineteenth century. These writers were not only active in politics, they also used their experience in politics to compose realist fiction that typically contained a great deal of humor and satire. Despite their different backgrounds, each of these writers challenged the literary and political conventions of Romanticism, championing ironic detachment and cosmopolitanism. Although fiction about quotidian political life rarely achieves canonical status, such literature has always enjoyed a large readership, both in the nineteenth-century and in our own time. This dissertation attempts to untangle why we find (or don’t find) literature about quotidian political life entertaining and/or instructive, while also providing insight into this transitional period in American history. Each chapter concentrates on the fifty-year period between 1848 and 1898 from a different location, forming what are essentially four cross-sectional samples. This serves two interconnected purposes. One, it reorients the periodization of American literature and history away from 1865 by highlighting cultural continuities between the periods before and after the Civil War And two, it serves to highlight the integration of American literature, culture, and politics, with the broader, nineteenth-century Atlantic world, where the year 1865 carries less cultural significance. The first chapter begins in the nation's capital and examines the anti-populist liberalism of Henry Adams and John Hay. From Washington, we move north to New England where we encounter Henry James’s Bostonians. With the exception of Lionel Trilling, few major critics have championed James’s "middle period," which provides quasi-ethnographic sketches of political movements on both sides of the Atlantic. I reveal James’s long-standing fascination and engagement with the political analyses of Alexis de Tocqueville, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and his friend, Henry Adams. I show how the novel anticipates George Santayana’s notion of "the genteel tradition" which dominated northern American culture during this period. After examining two canonical figures, I turn my attention in a more southerly direction, to two lesser known authors. The first is Maria Ruiz de Burton, a Mexican writer from the Southwestern Borderlands who immigrated to the U.S. after the Mexican-American War. Ruiz de Burton has primarily been read as a proto-Chicana/o author, but I view her as a cosmopolitan whose observations about American culture and politics resemble those of James and Santayana. My last chapter is set in Louisiana, where we encounter and recover an eccentric, Spanish-Creole politician and author named Charles Gayarré and his 1856 novel The School for Politics, a satire of local machine politics. Largely forgotten today, Gayarré was connected to intellectual circles in both Europe and Latin America, and was acquainted with American writers like Herman Melville and Henry Adams. I relate The School for Politics with his later political novels in which anti-imperialism and a pluralistic plea for the tolerance of ethnic minorities also implicitly serve as an apology for racial segregation in the Jim Crow South.

This dissertation examines how the trait of intelligence is portrayed in novels of twentieth-century Britain, and how this portrayal grapples with the quantitative revolution in the conception of intelligence, brought on by the invention of IQ testing in the 1900s. I trace the construction of characters’ intelligence across different genres, starting with Arthur Conan Doyle’s Sherlock Holmes stories, through the modernist Bildungsromane of Henry James, James Joyce, and Virginia Woolf, to Iris Murdoch’s realism, and finally to Lee Child’s late twentieth- century serial thrillers featuring Jack Reacher. I posit that the IQ model of intelligence as abstracted, quantified, and statistically measurable is profoundly at odds with the novelistic investment in the unique individual subject. This project traces the narratological strategies of characterization through which intelligence—or cleverness, or smartness, or brightness—are conveyed to the reader. Novels, generally speaking, do not provide the IQ scores of their characters; and though we might occasionally encounter an explicit narratorial characterization of some fictional being or other as “remarkably clever,” most often we must rely on perceptions of behavior, speech, and thought in order to assess characters’ intelligence, much as we do in real life. As the psychometric paradigm gained prominence in the psychological circles in the United States, England, and Europe, and as more people were exposed—and subjected—to intelligence testing, its values and assumptions gained more cultural traction. Attributes like mathematical facility, logical and systemic thinking, or a large vocabulary, are likely to yield a high score on an IQ test, as well as a favorable judgment in an informal, casual assessment, such as that of a date or a new acquaintance at a party. This dissertation, therefore, explores how this permeation of the psychometric paradigm into general culture affect the novelistic construction of smartness. Ultimately, I argue that against the IQ model, the novels I am reading construct a conception of intelligence as a coherent set of cognitive abilities, remarkably consistent across genres, which overlaps, yet reconfigures, the priorities and epistemological frameworks of psychometrics. This model centers on the notion of observation, i.e., a mix of sensory susceptibility to impressions and the cognitive skill of taking notice of the world and of other people. It is both anchored to the body by connoting a sensory experience, and divorced from it in conveying a more purely cognitive process, one of directing attention and processing information, thus renegotiating psychometric assumptions regarding embodiment and sensory experience—as well as the relationship between the individual’s intelligence, the world, and the minds of others.