ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis examines the late novels of Henry James in the light of a distinction between "resolved" and "unresolved" ironies. The first chapter aims to clarify this distinction, arguing that in "traditional" ii'onie works the dominant irony is characteristically "resolved": that is, such works are structured upon the gradual enlightenment of the protagonist, to issue in the extinction of irony as such a protagonist achieves equality of insight with the reader. Such resolution, it is argued, is dependent on the author's access to and acceptance of a stable system of values. Conversely, where such stable communal values seem to the writer to be inconsistent with the unstable reality he perceives, the dominant irony of the work, in not being based upon a clearly defined or implied norm, is likely to remain "unresolved". The second chapter approaches the nineteenth-century novel as the product of a society generally perceived to be based on firmly established values. Resolved irony thus predominates in these novels, but not as the vehicle of a complacent view of society: the irony is usually dependent on the perceived need for change in society, its resolution being posited on a belief in the possibility of such change. As such a belief weakens, an unresolved element becomes more evident in these novels, to predominate by the end of the century. The third chapter uses James' The Ambassadors to show how unresolved irony can result from an author's exploration of his subject beyond the confines of his declared intention. In thi's instance, it is argued, the unresolved irony is a function of a more complex view of his pro, tagonist than James seems to have foreseen. The fourth chapter develops this enquiry by showing that in The Wings of the Dove James' subject once again grew beyond the projected outline, but in this case with James fully avlare of the development. Unresolved irony, though still a product of "unintended" meanings, thus more consciously reflects a critical view of its subject. The fifth chapter adduces The Goleen Bowl as James' most sustained work of unresolved irony. It is the aim to demonstrate that the novel's meaning is entirely a function of this lack of resolution, the controlling vision being that of a society in which professed values are hopelessly at odds with true motives. Joseph Conrad and D.H. Lawrence are consistently used for comparison and contrast with James, partly to demonstrate their awareness of the attractions· and dangers of irony as a response to perplexity, and partly to claim for James a place next to them as a profound commentator on the early twentieth century.

Thèse doctorat : Littérature américaine : Nantes : 2007. / Bibliogr. p. 519-531.

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This thesis is an examination of Henry James and James McNeill Whistler as cultural analysts of modernity. Using the theoretical work of Peter Burger, Jurgen Habermas and Theodor Adorno as a frame, I analyse James's and Whistler's theoretical and artistic responses to modernity and the problematic status of autonomous art and the modernist artist in late nineteenth century industrial capitalism. In so doing, I place both figures in their social and historical context and show how their work not only reflects but itself participates in the complex social and cultural transformations of late nineteenth century society. While Henry James has continued to attract critical attention from many quarters, those who have studied him in the larger context of nineteenth-century avant-garde culture are still relatively few. Of those contextual studies, none has examined James's career and work in the light of parallel developments in avant-garde visual art during this important and complex period. James McNeill Whistler, like Henry James an American expatriate working in late nineteenth century London, has been the subject of many studies describing his formal achievement; however, he has not yet attracted the attention of critics interested in theories of modernist representation, gender and sexuality. Because modernisation was a phenomenon which had an impact on all aspects of late nineteenth century culture, as both James and Whistler themselves acknowledge, my interdisciplinary, contextualist approach to cultural production can illuminate aspects of cultural theory and practice which might remain hidden in analyses contained within disciplinary boundaries. The present thesis is not primarily a work of art-historical scholarship nor is it an in-depth textual analysis of the Jamesian canon; it is an analysis of the ways in which two individuals deal with the conditions of their artistic practice. My thesis is original in its bringing together of two important figures - a writer and a visual artist - whose theory and practice reveals the complexity of early modern art's dialectical relationship with modernity. In so doing, I offer a critical reevaluation of the work of Henry James and James McNeill Whistler in light of its engagement with the discourses of modernity and modernism.

'Women and independence in the nineteenth century novel : a study of Austen, Trollope and James', begins with the concept of independence and works through the three most common usages of the word. The first, financial independence (not needing to earn one's livelihood) appears to be a necessary prerequisite for the second and third forms of independence, although it is by no means an unequivocal good in any of the novels. The second, intellectual independence (not depending on others for one's opinion or conduct; unwilling to be under obligation to others), is a matter of asserting independence while employing terms which society recognizes. The third, of being independent, is exemplified by an inward struggle for a knowledge of self. In order to trace the development of the idea of self during the nineteenth century, I have chosen a group of novels which seem to be representative of the beginning, the middle, and the end of the period. Particular attention is given to the characterizations of Emma Woodhouse, Glencora Palliser, Isabel Archer, Milly Theale and Maggie Verver. Whereas in Jane Austen's novels the self has a definite shape which the heroine must discover, and in Anthony Trollope's novels the self (reflecting the idea of socially-determined man) must learn to accommodate social and political changes, in Henry James's novels the self determined by external manifestations (hollow man) is posed against the exercise of the free spirit or soul. Jane Austen's novels look backward, as she reacts against late eighteenth century romanticism, and forward, with the development of the heroine who exemplifies intellectual independence. Anthony Trollope's women characters are creatures of social and political adaptation; although they do not derive their reason for being from men, they must accommodate themselves to men's wishes. And Henry James looks backward, wistfully, at Austen's solid, comforting, innocent self and forward, despairingly, to the dark, unknowable self of the twentieth century.

A importância da tragédia clássica, assim como da arte grega em geral, tem sido analisada não só individualmente mas, também, em relação a muitas obras que foram produzidas na história da literatura. William Shakespeare, por exemplo, escreveu várias peças que contém elementos de tragédia, ou possuem uma visão trágica da vida Hamlet, uma das obras mais conhecidas do autor, pode ser lembrada como sendo uma tragédia moderna. A própria ideia de tragédia moderna é importante neste trabalho, já que através de alguns conceitos, pode-se explicar a transposição de elementos de tragédia clássica a s obras de diferentes períodos históricos, com as necessárias e naturais transformações que a tragédia sofreu devida a s diferenças de tempo, espaço, cultura, etc. De qualquer modo, o efeito duradouro desta antiga forma de arte pode dar origem a inúmeros estudos. Será analisada nesta dissertação a visão trágica do romance The Portrait of a Lady, de Henry James, publicado em 1881, atrav6s das ações da personagem principal e nas mudanças que ocorrem no rumo dos acontecimentos dentro do romance. Isabel Archer, a heroína do romance em estudo, enfrenta ambiguidade e contradições internas ao julgar e escolher a ação que ira tomar, ação esta que ira modificar o rumo de sua vida. Apesar de haver, também, na tragédia clássica, um herói, ou heroína, enfrentando a difícil questão de decidir qual ação deve tomar, esta decisão não só depende muitas vezes de fatores externos ( questões familiares, de estado, ou influencia divina), mas pode influir nestas próprias questões. / The importance of classical tragedy, and Greek art in general, has been analyzed in itself and in relation to many works which were produced throughout the history of literature. The idea of "modern tragedy" is important in this sense, since it will explain the transportation of elements of Greek tragedy to literary works of diverse historical periods, with the necessary and natural transformation tragedy went through due to the differences of time, place, culture, etc. In any case, the long-lasting influence of this ancient form of art is a source of a great number of studies The Portrait of a Lady, by Henry James, published in 1881, is a modern novel which will be analyzed in this dissertation as having a tragic view of life. This can be seen through the actions of the principal character and in the turn of events which occur. The modern elements of tragedy present in the novel will be related to the classical ones to analyze the dilemma the heroine, Isabel Archer, faces, and to describe the ambiguity and contradictions this heroine deals with in judging and choosing the action she will take The necessity to organize the narrative patterns which indicated the tragic view in James' novel, led to a brief review of some ideas taken from semiotics, specifically those connected to the study of the polarity of signs in language. In this way, signs could be extracted from the novel to form two pairs of poles which functioned as a means of interpreting the tragedy of the heroine, Isabel, through the ambiguity present in the images used in narrative.

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A importância da tragédia clássica, assim como da arte grega em geral, tem sido analisada não só individualmente mas, também, em relação a muitas obras que foram produzidas na história da literatura. William Shakespeare, por exemplo, escreveu várias peças que contém elementos de tragédia, ou possuem uma visão trágica da vida Hamlet, uma das obras mais conhecidas do autor, pode ser lembrada como sendo uma tragédia moderna. A própria ideia de tragédia moderna é importante neste trabalho, já que através de alguns conceitos, pode-se explicar a transposição de elementos de tragédia clássica a s obras de diferentes períodos históricos, com as necessárias e naturais transformações que a tragédia sofreu devida a s diferenças de tempo, espaço, cultura, etc. De qualquer modo, o efeito duradouro desta antiga forma de arte pode dar origem a inúmeros estudos. Será analisada nesta dissertação a visão trágica do romance The Portrait of a Lady, de Henry James, publicado em 1881, atrav6s das ações da personagem principal e nas mudanças que ocorrem no rumo dos acontecimentos dentro do romance. Isabel Archer, a heroína do romance em estudo, enfrenta ambiguidade e contradições internas ao julgar e escolher a ação que ira tomar, ação esta que ira modificar o rumo de sua vida. Apesar de haver, também, na tragédia clássica, um herói, ou heroína, enfrentando a difícil questão de decidir qual ação deve tomar, esta decisão não só depende muitas vezes de fatores externos ( questões familiares, de estado, ou influencia divina), mas pode influir nestas próprias questões. / The importance of classical tragedy, and Greek art in general, has been analyzed in itself and in relation to many works which were produced throughout the history of literature. The idea of "modern tragedy" is important in this sense, since it will explain the transportation of elements of Greek tragedy to literary works of diverse historical periods, with the necessary and natural transformation tragedy went through due to the differences of time, place, culture, etc. In any case, the long-lasting influence of this ancient form of art is a source of a great number of studies The Portrait of a Lady, by Henry James, published in 1881, is a modern novel which will be analyzed in this dissertation as having a tragic view of life. This can be seen through the actions of the principal character and in the turn of events which occur. The modern elements of tragedy present in the novel will be related to the classical ones to analyze the dilemma the heroine, Isabel Archer, faces, and to describe the ambiguity and contradictions this heroine deals with in judging and choosing the action she will take The necessity to organize the narrative patterns which indicated the tragic view in James' novel, led to a brief review of some ideas taken from semiotics, specifically those connected to the study of the polarity of signs in language. In this way, signs could be extracted from the novel to form two pairs of poles which functioned as a means of interpreting the tragedy of the heroine, Isabel, through the ambiguity present in the images used in narrative.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-12-20Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:22:26Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 gualda_lc_dr_assis.pdf: 1930104 bytes, checksum: 1cfdb5058d8185e70aab55242e303af0 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A tese objetiva discutir as representações do feminino a partir das relações entre literatura e cinema em níveis práticos e teóricos das obras literárias de Henry James Washington Square, Daisy Miller e The Europeans e dos filmes homônimos de Agnieszka Holland, Peter Bogdanovich e James Ivory, respectivamente, tendo como ponto de partida as protagonistas Catherine Sloper, Daisy Miller e Eugenia Munster. Acreditamos que tais representações equivalem, no contexto das obras, a uma apropriação do olhar masculino – the male gaze – sobre o corpo feminino. Os signos do cinema hollywoodiano estão carregados de uma ideologia patriarcal que sustenta as estruturas sociais e constrói a mulher de uma maneira específica, refletindo as necessidades e o inconsciente patriarcal. A partir de uma leitura intersemiótica, que rejeita a noção de fidelidade e vê a obra alvo como uma tradução do texto de partida, propomos uma reflexão a respeito da identidade de gênero criada e veiculada sob uma ótica masculina. Para isso, além da teoria de tradução, nos apoiamos, como suporte teórico, na teoria feminista do cinema contemporâneo, que se preocupa em desmascarar as imagens, o signo da mulher, para ver como funcionam os significados adjacentes ao código fílmico / This thesis aims to discuss the representations of the feminine concerning the relations between literature and cinema on practical and theoretical levels having as its basis Henry James’s literary works Washington Square, Daisy Miller and The Europeans, as well their homonymous filmic versions made by Agnieszka Holland, Peter Bogdanovich and James Ivory, respectively, having as starting point the leading figures Catherine Slopes, Daisy Miller and Eugenia Munster. We believe that such representations correspond, in the context of the works, to an appropriation of the masculine glance – the male gaze – over the feminine body. The signs of Hollywood´s film industry are loaded of a patriarchal ideology that sustains social structures and build woman in a specific manner, reproducting needs and patriarchal unconsciousness. Based on an intersemiotic reading, which refuses the idea of fidelity and sees the target work as a translation of the starting text, we propose a reflection about the gender identity created and conveyed in a male perspective. For that, beyond the translation theory, we have as a complementary theoretical support the feminist theory of the contemporary cinema which is concerned to unmask the images, the woman´s sign, to see how the adjacent meanings to the filmic code works

A importância da tragédia clássica, assim como da arte grega em geral, tem sido analisada não só individualmente mas, também, em relação a muitas obras que foram produzidas na história da literatura. William Shakespeare, por exemplo, escreveu várias peças que contém elementos de tragédia, ou possuem uma visão trágica da vida Hamlet, uma das obras mais conhecidas do autor, pode ser lembrada como sendo uma tragédia moderna. A própria ideia de tragédia moderna é importante neste trabalho, já que através de alguns conceitos, pode-se explicar a transposição de elementos de tragédia clássica a s obras de diferentes períodos históricos, com as necessárias e naturais transformações que a tragédia sofreu devida a s diferenças de tempo, espaço, cultura, etc. De qualquer modo, o efeito duradouro desta antiga forma de arte pode dar origem a inúmeros estudos. Será analisada nesta dissertação a visão trágica do romance The Portrait of a Lady, de Henry James, publicado em 1881, atrav6s das ações da personagem principal e nas mudanças que ocorrem no rumo dos acontecimentos dentro do romance. Isabel Archer, a heroína do romance em estudo, enfrenta ambiguidade e contradições internas ao julgar e escolher a ação que ira tomar, ação esta que ira modificar o rumo de sua vida. Apesar de haver, também, na tragédia clássica, um herói, ou heroína, enfrentando a difícil questão de decidir qual ação deve tomar, esta decisão não só depende muitas vezes de fatores externos ( questões familiares, de estado, ou influencia divina), mas pode influir nestas próprias questões. / The importance of classical tragedy, and Greek art in general, has been analyzed in itself and in relation to many works which were produced throughout the history of literature. The idea of "modern tragedy" is important in this sense, since it will explain the transportation of elements of Greek tragedy to literary works of diverse historical periods, with the necessary and natural transformation tragedy went through due to the differences of time, place, culture, etc. In any case, the long-lasting influence of this ancient form of art is a source of a great number of studies The Portrait of a Lady, by Henry James, published in 1881, is a modern novel which will be analyzed in this dissertation as having a tragic view of life. This can be seen through the actions of the principal character and in the turn of events which occur. The modern elements of tragedy present in the novel will be related to the classical ones to analyze the dilemma the heroine, Isabel Archer, faces, and to describe the ambiguity and contradictions this heroine deals with in judging and choosing the action she will take The necessity to organize the narrative patterns which indicated the tragic view in James' novel, led to a brief review of some ideas taken from semiotics, specifically those connected to the study of the polarity of signs in language. In this way, signs could be extracted from the novel to form two pairs of poles which functioned as a means of interpreting the tragedy of the heroine, Isabel, through the ambiguity present in the images used in narrative.