This thesis argues that a ‘tradition of moral analysis’ between Jane Austen and George Eliot — a common ground which has been identified by critics from F.R. Leavis to Gillian Beer, but never fully explored — can be illuminated by turning to what this thesis calls ‘the reflective tradition’. In the eighteenth century, ideas about reflection provided a new and influential way of thinking about the human mind; about how we come to know ourselves and the world around us through the mind. The belief in the individual to act as his/her own guide through the cultivation of a reflective mind and attentiveness to a reflective voice emerges across a wide range of discourses. This thesis begins with an examination of reflection in the philosophy, children’s literature, novels, poetry, educational tracts and sermons that would have been known to Austen. It then defines Austen’s development of reflective dynamics by looking at her six major novels; finally, it analyzes Middlemarch to define Eliot’s proximity to this aspect of Austen’s art. The thesis documents Eliot’s reading of Austen through the criticism of G. H. Lewes to support a reading of Eliot’s assimilation of an Austenian attention to mental processes in her novels. Reflection is at the heart of moral life and growth for both novelists. This thesis corrects a tendency in Austen’s reception to focus on the mimetic aspect of her art, thereby overlooking the introspective sense of reflection. It offers new insights into Austen’s and Eliot’s work, and it contributes to an understanding of the development of the realist novel and the ethical dimension in the role of the novel reader.

SILVA, Ricelly Jáder Bezerra da. A tradução da personagem Elizabeth Bennet, de Pride & Prejudice, para o cinema. 2014. 123f. – Dissertação (Mestrado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Programa de Pós-graduação em Letras, Fortaleza (CE), 2014. / Submitted by Márcia Araújo (marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2014-08-08T17:31:13Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_dis_rjbsilva.pdf: 1467738 bytes, checksum: 9759e052fab69a1d5a79e9bba2afcf35 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Márcia Araújo(marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2014-08-08T17:40:42Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_dis_rjbsilva.pdf: 1467738 bytes, checksum: 9759e052fab69a1d5a79e9bba2afcf35 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-08T17:40:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_dis_rjbsilva.pdf: 1467738 bytes, checksum: 9759e052fab69a1d5a79e9bba2afcf35 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / This dissertation aims at analyzing the process of translating the character of Elizabeth Bennet, protagonist of the novel Pride & Prejudice, first published in 1813 by the English author, Jane Austen, into the film version Pride & Prejudice (1940), by Robert Z. Leonard. In her novel, Austen criticizes sociocultural patters which relegate women to an inferior position in relation to the male sex. Such criticism is subtlety present in the narrative and, especially, in the character of Elizabeth Bennet, who is seen as an intelligent, ironic and decisive woman. These qualities differ from the moral idea of women in nineteenth-century England. The presentation of this type of female character assures her of a timeless quality which is transmitted to posterity by means of translations. Pride & Prejudice was first translated for the Hollywood film in 1940, in the above mentioned Leonard’s version. Since the cinema is a medium that reaches a large audience of both readers and non-readers of literary works, one may question the strategies that are implied in the translation process of such character to the silver screen. It may be correctly assumed that when thus translated, any social criticism presented by the principal literary character tends to give way to a narrative which proposes entertainment, focusing on the love and comical relationship between the protagonists of the novel. The theoretic basis for the present analysis is based on the following concepts of translation: Lefevere’s translation rewriting (2007) and Cattrysse’s postulate (1995) which conceives film adaptation as a type of translation. Concerning film adaptation, Martin (2005), Eisenstein (2002) and McFarlane’s (2010) studies, which regard cinema as a linguistic art in its own right, were incorporated into our analysis as were those of Candido (2011), Rosenfeld (2011), Bakhtin (2011), Gomes (2011) and Forster (2004), all of whom discuss the structure of the fictional character. Such studies have resulted in a new configuration of the cinematographic character. Based on the criteria on the target system, this configuration permits the deleting of the critical level found in the universe of the novel and introduces the original work to a wider audience, as can be proved by the republishing of the novel in various editions after the release of the film version in 1940. / O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar o processo de tradução da personagem Elizabeth Bennet, protagonista do romance Pride & Prejudice, publicado em 1813, de autoria da escritora inglesa Jane Austen, para o filme Pride and Prejudice (1940), de Robert Z. Leonard. Em sua obra, Austen constrói uma crítica a padrões socioculturais que relegam posição inferior à mulher do século XIX em relação ao sexo masculino. Tal crítica está presente de maneira sutil em sua narrativa, principalmente, centrada na personagem Elizabeth Bennet, pois Austen a apresenta como uma mulher inteligente, irônica, decidida e ousada; qualidades que não eram associadas ao comportamento feminino durante o século XIX. Por apresentar personagens femininas de caráter decidido, suas criações ganham qualidade atemporal, sendo projetadas à posteridade por meio de traduções. Pride & Prejudice foi adaptado pela primeira vez para o cinema hollywoodiano em 1940, na versão supracitada de Leonard. E, sendo o cinema um meio que atinge grande público formado por leitores e não leitores de obras literárias, indagamo-nos quais estratégias foram empregadas no processo tradutório da referida personagem para a narrativa fílmica. Portanto, partimos da hipótese de que, ao ser traduzida para as telas, a personagem é reestruturada e a crítica é apagada para ceder lugar a uma narrativa cômica e romântica. Como base teórica, utilizamos princípios de Estudos da Tradução: Lefevere (2007), com o conceito de tradução como Reescritura e Cattrysse (1995), que concebe a adaptação fílmica como tradução. Quanto aos estudos de cinema e literatura, utilizamos Martin (2005), Eisenstein (2002) e McFarlane (2010); e no que diz respeito a questões literárias, utilizamos Candido (2011), Rosenfeld (2011), Bakhtin (2011), Gomes (2011) e Forster (2004). Os resultados mostraram que ocorreram mudanças na configuração da personagem cinematográfica, obedecendo aos critérios do sistema receptor e apagando o teor crítico encontrado no romance de Austen. Mostraram ainda que a obra fílmica projetou o universo literário do romance para um público mais amplo, dada as reedições do romance durante aquela década, em decorrência da exibição do filme.

Com apenas seis romances completos, Jane Austen foi capaz de pintar um retrato ímpar da sociedade rural da Inglaterra do final do século dezoito e início do século dezenove. Através da obra de Austen, o leitor é transportado para duzentos anos atrás, entra em contato com os desafios e problemas enfrentados pelas personagens, aproximando-se assim da vida dos ingleses daquele período. O conhecimento minucioso que Austen possuía daquilo que a cercava e a forma como foi capaz de inserir esse mundo em seus escritos são o motor desta tese de Mestrado, que propõe uma leitura de Persuasão (1817), o último romance completo escrito por Jane Austen, com foco nas jornadas geográficas, sociais e psicológicas apresentadas; e explorando tais jornadas com o objetivo de melhor compreender a obra de Austen. O trabalho vem dividido em quatro capítulos. O primeiro traz um panorama da vida da Austen e das circunstâncias políticas e econômicas da Inglaterra em que ela viveu. Os três capítulos seguintes analisam Persuasão: o capítulo dois discute as principais jornadas sociais apresentadas no romance, com atenção especial ao declínio da aristocracia em contraste com a ascensão do homem empreendedor que “se fez” por conta própria, representados aqui por Sir Walter Elliot e pelo Capitão Frederick Wentworth, respectivamente. O capítulo três viaja com os personagens pela Inglaterra e explora os lugares que eles visitam, priorizando os dois locais mais proeminentes para a história visitados por eles, a cidade costal de Lyme Regis, e a cidade turística de Bath, investigando – com a ajuda de acadêmicos especialistas em Austen como Maggie Lane e John Whiltshire – o impacto desses locais nas personagens e no modo como influenciam seus movimentos. O capítulo quatro analisa as jornadas pessoais das personagens, com atenção especial para as mudanças de espírito e humor em Anne Elliot, através do texto “Luto e Melancolia” de Sigmund Freud, objetivando compreender o que acontece com a personagem, e como ela supera o luto, recupera sua vivacidade e encontra seu caminho. Ao final deste trabalho, espero que as considerações aqui apresentadas possam contribuir, através do uso dessas “lentes de viagem”, para o conjunto de análises críticas sobre Persuasão, pois jornadas são mais do que apenas movimentos físicos de um local a outro: elas podem ter efeitos profundos e permanentes. / With only six complete novels, Jane Austen was able to paint a unique portrait of the genteel society of England in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Through Austen’s works, the twenty-first century reader is transported two hundred years back in time, gets in touch with the trials and tribulations of her characters, and gains an insight into the lives of English people during that time. Austen’s thorough knowledge of her surroundings, and how she expertly inserted them into her writings, are the motors of this thesis. This Master’s Degree Thesis proposes a reading of Persuasion (1817), the last complete novel written by Jane Austen, considering the geographical, social and psychological journeys presented, exploring said journeys in order to better comprehend Austen’s final novel. This thesis is divided into four chapters. The first contextualizes Austen’s life and the social and political circumstances of the England she knew. The three ensuing chapters analyse Persuasion: chapter two discusses the main social journeys found in the novel, with special attention to the decline of the aristocracy and the rise of the self-made-man, here represented by Sir Walter Elliot and Captain Wentworth, respectively. Chapter three travels with the characters around England and surveys the places they visit, with focus in the two most prominent locations in the novels, the seaside town of Lyme Regis, and the watering resort of Bath, exploring – with the help of Austen scholars such as Maggie Lane and John Wiltshire – the impact of those places on the characters, their relationships with said places and how they face their movements. Lastly, chapter four delves into the main characters’ personal journeys, focusing on Anne’s shifting states-of-mind, utilising Sigmund Freud’s text “Mourning and Melancholy” to understand what happens to her, how she overcomes her mourning, regains her bloom and finds her way back to Wentworth. At the end of the work, I hope to shed light on the importance of the “travel goggles” when it comes to analysing literary texts, Persuasion in particular, as I believe that journeys are more than just trips undertaken to get from one place to the other physically: they can have deeper and ever-lasting effects.

University of Macau / Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities / Department of English

Com apenas seis romances completos, Jane Austen foi capaz de pintar um retrato ímpar da sociedade rural da Inglaterra do final do século dezoito e início do século dezenove. Através da obra de Austen, o leitor é transportado para duzentos anos atrás, entra em contato com os desafios e problemas enfrentados pelas personagens, aproximando-se assim da vida dos ingleses daquele período. O conhecimento minucioso que Austen possuía daquilo que a cercava e a forma como foi capaz de inserir esse mundo em seus escritos são o motor desta tese de Mestrado, que propõe uma leitura de Persuasão (1817), o último romance completo escrito por Jane Austen, com foco nas jornadas geográficas, sociais e psicológicas apresentadas; e explorando tais jornadas com o objetivo de melhor compreender a obra de Austen. O trabalho vem dividido em quatro capítulos. O primeiro traz um panorama da vida da Austen e das circunstâncias políticas e econômicas da Inglaterra em que ela viveu. Os três capítulos seguintes analisam Persuasão: o capítulo dois discute as principais jornadas sociais apresentadas no romance, com atenção especial ao declínio da aristocracia em contraste com a ascensão do homem empreendedor que “se fez” por conta própria, representados aqui por Sir Walter Elliot e pelo Capitão Frederick Wentworth, respectivamente. O capítulo três viaja com os personagens pela Inglaterra e explora os lugares que eles visitam, priorizando os dois locais mais proeminentes para a história visitados por eles, a cidade costal de Lyme Regis, e a cidade turística de Bath, investigando – com a ajuda de acadêmicos especialistas em Austen como Maggie Lane e John Whiltshire – o impacto desses locais nas personagens e no modo como influenciam seus movimentos. O capítulo quatro analisa as jornadas pessoais das personagens, com atenção especial para as mudanças de espírito e humor em Anne Elliot, através do texto “Luto e Melancolia” de Sigmund Freud, objetivando compreender o que acontece com a personagem, e como ela supera o luto, recupera sua vivacidade e encontra seu caminho. Ao final deste trabalho, espero que as considerações aqui apresentadas possam contribuir, através do uso dessas “lentes de viagem”, para o conjunto de análises críticas sobre Persuasão, pois jornadas são mais do que apenas movimentos físicos de um local a outro: elas podem ter efeitos profundos e permanentes. / With only six complete novels, Jane Austen was able to paint a unique portrait of the genteel society of England in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Through Austen’s works, the twenty-first century reader is transported two hundred years back in time, gets in touch with the trials and tribulations of her characters, and gains an insight into the lives of English people during that time. Austen’s thorough knowledge of her surroundings, and how she expertly inserted them into her writings, are the motors of this thesis. This Master’s Degree Thesis proposes a reading of Persuasion (1817), the last complete novel written by Jane Austen, considering the geographical, social and psychological journeys presented, exploring said journeys in order to better comprehend Austen’s final novel. This thesis is divided into four chapters. The first contextualizes Austen’s life and the social and political circumstances of the England she knew. The three ensuing chapters analyse Persuasion: chapter two discusses the main social journeys found in the novel, with special attention to the decline of the aristocracy and the rise of the self-made-man, here represented by Sir Walter Elliot and Captain Wentworth, respectively. Chapter three travels with the characters around England and surveys the places they visit, with focus in the two most prominent locations in the novels, the seaside town of Lyme Regis, and the watering resort of Bath, exploring – with the help of Austen scholars such as Maggie Lane and John Wiltshire – the impact of those places on the characters, their relationships with said places and how they face their movements. Lastly, chapter four delves into the main characters’ personal journeys, focusing on Anne’s shifting states-of-mind, utilising Sigmund Freud’s text “Mourning and Melancholy” to understand what happens to her, how she overcomes her mourning, regains her bloom and finds her way back to Wentworth. At the end of the work, I hope to shed light on the importance of the “travel goggles” when it comes to analysing literary texts, Persuasion in particular, as I believe that journeys are more than just trips undertaken to get from one place to the other physically: they can have deeper and ever-lasting effects.

Com apenas seis romances completos, Jane Austen foi capaz de pintar um retrato ímpar da sociedade rural da Inglaterra do final do século dezoito e início do século dezenove. Através da obra de Austen, o leitor é transportado para duzentos anos atrás, entra em contato com os desafios e problemas enfrentados pelas personagens, aproximando-se assim da vida dos ingleses daquele período. O conhecimento minucioso que Austen possuía daquilo que a cercava e a forma como foi capaz de inserir esse mundo em seus escritos são o motor desta tese de Mestrado, que propõe uma leitura de Persuasão (1817), o último romance completo escrito por Jane Austen, com foco nas jornadas geográficas, sociais e psicológicas apresentadas; e explorando tais jornadas com o objetivo de melhor compreender a obra de Austen. O trabalho vem dividido em quatro capítulos. O primeiro traz um panorama da vida da Austen e das circunstâncias políticas e econômicas da Inglaterra em que ela viveu. Os três capítulos seguintes analisam Persuasão: o capítulo dois discute as principais jornadas sociais apresentadas no romance, com atenção especial ao declínio da aristocracia em contraste com a ascensão do homem empreendedor que “se fez” por conta própria, representados aqui por Sir Walter Elliot e pelo Capitão Frederick Wentworth, respectivamente. O capítulo três viaja com os personagens pela Inglaterra e explora os lugares que eles visitam, priorizando os dois locais mais proeminentes para a história visitados por eles, a cidade costal de Lyme Regis, e a cidade turística de Bath, investigando – com a ajuda de acadêmicos especialistas em Austen como Maggie Lane e John Whiltshire – o impacto desses locais nas personagens e no modo como influenciam seus movimentos. O capítulo quatro analisa as jornadas pessoais das personagens, com atenção especial para as mudanças de espírito e humor em Anne Elliot, através do texto “Luto e Melancolia” de Sigmund Freud, objetivando compreender o que acontece com a personagem, e como ela supera o luto, recupera sua vivacidade e encontra seu caminho. Ao final deste trabalho, espero que as considerações aqui apresentadas possam contribuir, através do uso dessas “lentes de viagem”, para o conjunto de análises críticas sobre Persuasão, pois jornadas são mais do que apenas movimentos físicos de um local a outro: elas podem ter efeitos profundos e permanentes. / With only six complete novels, Jane Austen was able to paint a unique portrait of the genteel society of England in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Through Austen’s works, the twenty-first century reader is transported two hundred years back in time, gets in touch with the trials and tribulations of her characters, and gains an insight into the lives of English people during that time. Austen’s thorough knowledge of her surroundings, and how she expertly inserted them into her writings, are the motors of this thesis. This Master’s Degree Thesis proposes a reading of Persuasion (1817), the last complete novel written by Jane Austen, considering the geographical, social and psychological journeys presented, exploring said journeys in order to better comprehend Austen’s final novel. This thesis is divided into four chapters. The first contextualizes Austen’s life and the social and political circumstances of the England she knew. The three ensuing chapters analyse Persuasion: chapter two discusses the main social journeys found in the novel, with special attention to the decline of the aristocracy and the rise of the self-made-man, here represented by Sir Walter Elliot and Captain Wentworth, respectively. Chapter three travels with the characters around England and surveys the places they visit, with focus in the two most prominent locations in the novels, the seaside town of Lyme Regis, and the watering resort of Bath, exploring – with the help of Austen scholars such as Maggie Lane and John Wiltshire – the impact of those places on the characters, their relationships with said places and how they face their movements. Lastly, chapter four delves into the main characters’ personal journeys, focusing on Anne’s shifting states-of-mind, utilising Sigmund Freud’s text “Mourning and Melancholy” to understand what happens to her, how she overcomes her mourning, regains her bloom and finds her way back to Wentworth. At the end of the work, I hope to shed light on the importance of the “travel goggles” when it comes to analysing literary texts, Persuasion in particular, as I believe that journeys are more than just trips undertaken to get from one place to the other physically: they can have deeper and ever-lasting effects.

This study examines the settings in Jane Austen's six novels. Chapter I introduces the topic generally, and refers briefly to Jane Austen's aims and methods of creating her settings. Short accounts are given of the emphasis put on setting in the criticism of Jane Austen's work; of the chronology of the novels; and of the use made of this aspect of the novel in eighteenth-century predecessors. Chapter II deals with the treatment of place in Northanger Abbey, Sense and Sensibility, Pride and Prejudice, Mansfield Park and Emma. The consideration of five novels together makes it possible to generalize about aspects of place common to all , and to discuss particulars peculiar to individual novels without, I hope, excessive repetition. The chapter may be thought disproportionately long, but this aspect of setting is most prominent and important in the delineation of character. Chapter III discusses the handling of spatial detail and time in these five novels. Chapter IV offers a fuller analysis of what is the chief concern of this thesis, the nature and function of setting, in respect of the single novel Persuasion, and attempts to draw together into a coherent whole some of the points made in Chapters II and III. Persuasion separates conveniently from the other works, not only because it was written after them, but more importantly because in it there is a new development in Jane Austen's use of setting. Some critics, notably E.M. Forster and B.C. Southam, have found startlingly new qualities in the setting of Sanditon, and, certainly, the most striking feature of the fragment is the treatment of place. But Jane Austen left off writing Sanditon in March 1817 because of illness, and the twelve chapters make up too small and unfinished a piece to be considered in the same way as the other novels. The Watsons, too, except for some references to it in Chapter I, does not come within the scope of this dissertation. Another introductory point needs to be made briefly. Where it is necessary, the distinction between Jane Austen and the omniscient narrator is observed, but generally, partly because it is clear that Jane Austen's values are close to those of the narrator, and partly because it is convenient, traditional and sensible to do so, the name "Jane Austen" is used to refer both to the actual person and to the narrator of the novels.

This thesis considers Jane Austen's reception in America from 1800 to 1900 and concludes that her novels were not generally recognized for the first half of the century. In that period, she and her family adversely affected her fame by seeking her obscurity. From mid century to the publication of J.E. Austen-Leigh's Memoir in 1870, appreciation of Austen grew, partly due to the decline of romanticism, and partly due to the focusing of critical theory for fiction, which caused her novels to be valued more highly. From 1870 to 1900 Austen's novels gained popularity. The critics were divided as to those who admired her art, and those who found her novels to be dull.

Les romans de Jane Austen sont souvent perçus comme étant une narration parfaite de la vie domestique au dix-neuvième siècle. La plupart des intrigues sont centrées autour de quelques familles et d'une héroïne qui, à la fin du roman, est récompensée à travers son mariage avec l'homme de son choix (qui s'avère souvent riche et muni d'une bonne position sociale). Puisque les romans d'Austen se terminent généralement par un mariage conventionnel et apparaissent d'une envergure limitée, les analyses des thèmes féministes sous-jacents ne sont pas apparues avant le vingtième siècle. Plusieurs études ont révélé qu'au dessous de ces romans à caractère domestique se cache des arguments féministes en faveur de l'éducation des femmes et une critique des inégalités entre les sexes et des codes de conduite. L'étude qui suit comparera le féminisme d'Austen à celui de Mary Wollstonecraft, à partir de ses essais A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, A Vindication of the Rights of Men, ainsi que ses romans Mary et The Wrongs of Woman. Cette analyse portera aussi sur trois des romans d'Austen : Northanger Abbey, Sense and Sensibility et Mansfield Park. Ces romans reflètent clairement la situation des femmes de l'époque et s'attardent sur l'importance de l'éducation des femmes, les stéréotypes socialement définis, les relations homme-femme et les situations de violence dans le mariage et la famille. En comparant son engagement avec cette problématique aux oeuvres de Wollstonecraft, cette étude démontre que, au travers de ses romans, Austen était beaucoup plus consciente et engagée avec la société dans laquelle elle vivait qu'on ne l'imaginait

Ill health, accident and death are themes common to all of Jane Austen's novels. Some illnesses are physical, whereas some of her heroines experience excessive psychological, emotional and spiritual traumas. These references are too numerous to be either coincidental, glossed over or ignored. Austen expressed an interest in the mind/body relationship, believing that illness could be brought upon in certain personalities by the sufferer herself, and it seems that she might have held theories similar to those advocated by Mary Wollstonecraft in A Vindication of the Rights of Woman and even have anticipated those on feminine hysteria, and the effects of unconscious motives on behaviour, which were advanced by Freud in works such as The Interpretation of Dreams. This study examines Austen's novels, and the origin and purpose of physical and psychological illness in these, and looks at how Austen uses illness, accident and death, and more particularly how their roles progressively change and develop. For Austen's handling of these common issues appears to vary and to develop in line with the order of composition of her novels. She places increasing emphasis on them, not just to further plot, but also to reflect character change and development. Many of the parents or guardians of Austen's heroines are inadequate. And so Austen's heroines are often deprived of commendable models, left to find their own way, alone and in need of emotional support, to confront their youthful excesses, to work their way through these and to find their own destiny despite their handicaps. Self-improvement is neither pleasant nor easy, especially where one is young, inexperienced and alone. And, where heroines exhibit unhealthy or excessive interests in anything that diverts them from their paths of virtue or usefulness, the correction may frequently be painful. Thus most of the novels are, to a greater or lesser degree, filled with references to both physical and psychological ill health. This thesis examines how Austen used these illnesses, accidents and deaths in the various novels, both in the development of plot, as well as in the development of the character of the heroine in each instance. / English Studies / M.A. (English)