O estado do Rio Grande do Sul detém grande parte da produção de ágata no Brasil, sendo que o Distrito Mineiro de Salto do Jacuí possui uma das maiores jazidas desse mineral. No processo de beneficiamento dos geodos de ágata, após realizada a seleção de qualidade, os melhores, são destinados ao comércio exterior, e os demais, vendidos aos comerciantes locais para a produção de adornos para casa e para uso pessoal. Entre estes, encontram-se os anéis, confeccionados artesanalmente por pequenas fábricas. Observou-se que esses anéis, adquiridos no comércio de Soledade, RS, e em uma empresa situada na cidade de Lajeado, RS, apresentam diferença entre as suas espessuras laterais. Por lateral entende-se a porção do anel que pode ficar entre os dedos. Essa diferença tende a causar desconforto ao usuário, conhecido por percepção cinestésica, tornando o anel ergonomicamente impróprio para uso diário. A análise do senso cinestésico é realizada pela interpretação do que ocorre com uma parte do corpo quando determinada tarefa é executada, percebendo as forças e tensões exercidas pelo músculo. A partir disso, o objetivo do trabalho foi propor e investigar uma nova forma de fabricação desses adornos, utilizando softwares adequados para modelagem do anel e do equipamento de corte por jato d’água, que poderão proporcionar precisão do corte dos anéis em ágata, além de acelerar o processo de fabricação. Como conclusão do presente estudo, é possível afirmar que há dificuldades em manter a espessura de parede dos anéis, mas, se forem controladas as condições de pressão (318 MPa a 333 MPa) e velocidade de corte do equipamento (10 mm/s), é possível obter espessuras compatíveis para o aro dos anéis. / The state of Rio Grande Do Sul produces most of the agate in Brazil. The Salto do Jacuí mining district has one of the largest deposits of this gemological material. In the processing of agate geodes, the best geodes are intended for foreign trade after the quality selection is performed. The others are sold to local traders for the manufacture of home decoration and personal use items. Rings are among these. They are handmade by local and small factories. We observed that these rings, purchased in stores in the city of Soledade (in the state of Rio Grande do Sul) and in a company located in the city of Lajeado (in the same state), have different side thicknesses. Sides are the part of the ring that may be between the fingers. This difference tends to make the person wearing the ring uncomfortable. It is known as kinaesthetic perception, making the ring ergonomically improper for daily use. The analysis of the kinaesthetic sense is carried out by interpreting what happens with a part of the body when a certain task is performed, perceiving the forces and tensions created by the muscle. Based on this, the objective of this paper was to propose and to investigate a new way to manufacture these adornments, using proper softwares to model the ring and the water jet cutting equipment, which will be able to provide precision of the cut of the agate rings, in addition to speeding up the manufacturing process. The present study concludes that it is possible to state that there are difficulties in keeping the thickness of the walls of the rings. However, if the equipment's pressure conditions (318 MPa to 333 MPa) and cutting speed (10 mm/s) are controlled, it is possible to get compatible thicknesses for the hoop of the rings.

The work developed in the master's program, describes the technology of water jet cutting. The theoretical part deals with the description of this technology and it explains the basic concepts used in this field. The practical part was designed to verify some theoretical knowledge. Therefore, several experiments were performed, while there was studied the influence of abrasives on the final quality of the surface and the level of the generated noise. The practical part was completed by the production of the selected component and its technical and economic evaluation.

This master thesis is dealing with the analysis of current technology of machining based on unconventional method of water jet cutting for sheet machining of composite materials. My goal is to analyze and calculate the cost of technologies. There is, in conclusion of the master thesis, the techno-economic evaluation and final decision whether it is appropriate to invest in a new technology or not.

The master thesis contains a literature search dealing with the unconventional technology of water jet cutting. The first part is aimed to description of the water jet technology and shows the possibilities of controlling and awarding data for cutting. Follows the chapter about the influences of the input parameters to a surface quality and machining accuracy. The thesis also giving an account of ecological factors of the water jet cutting. The description of the whole technology for production of the sprocket is a part of the thesis. The last part of the thesis is solving the economics of the water jet cutting technology, especially for production of the sprocket with comparing dependency of the cutting conditions.

No estado do Rio Grande do Sul, estão localizadas importantes regiões de extração e processamento do material gemológico ágata. No Distrito Mineiro do Salto do Jacuí encontram-se as maiores jazidas de ágata do Brasil e do Mundo. No município de Soledade se concentram as principais empresas de beneficiamento e comércio de materiais gemológicos. Apesar da abundância de material, a maioria dos objetos produzidos apresenta baixo grau de inovação, os produtos oferecidos no mercado são muito semelhantes entre si e tem, em comum, a falta de diferencial e de utilização de processos que envolvam tecnologia. A ágata é geralmente exportada em estado bruto ou apresentando baixo grau de aproveitamento. O processamento mais comum, utilizado na maior parte das empresas, é o corte em chapas que posteriormente são lixadas, polidas e tingidas em diversas cores. Entre as empresas pesquisadas no presente estudo apenas uma já utiliza processos envolvendo novas tecnologias. Pode-se afirmar que a pesquisa e estudos que auxiliem em um melhor aproveitamento do material ágata possam representar novas oportunidades de produção de objetos e adornos pessoais (jóias) modificando um cenário onde o design inovador é pouco explorado e apresentado. A metodologia empregada para a realização deste estudo contemplou etapas de conhecimento da realidade dos locais de extração, beneficiamento e comercialização de ágata, avaliação dos processos, ensaio de usinagem convencional CNC, ensaios de usinagem não convencional por jato d’água CNC e desenvolvimento de produtos em formas complexas. Foram realizados vinte e quatro ensaios de usinagem, a análise posterior identifica larguras e espessuras ideais buscando a otimização da matéria-prima. Desta forma foi possível alcançar o objetivo principal nesta pesquisa de realizar o corte de ágata com utilização de tecnologia CNC em peças com formas complexas. / Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, has important regions of extraction and processing of agate. Salto Jacuí Mining District, in the central region of this State, is one of the largest and more importante agate’s mines region of Brazil and even of the World. In Soledade town, there are the most important gemstone processing and trade companies of this State. Despite the abundance of gem materials, most of the objects produced in the different companies are very similar and have in common that they seldom are manufactured using new technological processes. Agate is usually exported as raw material or as cut polished slabs which can be dyed in various colors. Among several companies studied in this research, only one uses industrial processes involving new technologies. So, scientifical studies to indicate a better use of agate produced in Rio Grande do Sul, can provide new opportunities for the production of objects and personal ornaments (jewelry), modifying the trade where innovative designs are little explored. The methodology used in this study had several steps: identification of the extraction, processing and trade places of agate; evaluation of the industrial benefit processes used in agate; testing of conventional CNC machining on agate slabs; and testing on agate slabs of non-conventional computer controled machining by water jet cutting (WJC), with development of complex forms agate products. Twenty-four machining tests were carried out, with further analysis identifying ideal widths and thicknesses to optimize the use of agate raw material. With these tests, it was possible to achieve the goal of this study, which is to cut agate using water jet technology, in order to produce agate objects with complex forms.

No estado do Rio Grande do Sul, estão localizadas importantes regiões de extração e processamento do material gemológico ágata. No Distrito Mineiro do Salto do Jacuí encontram-se as maiores jazidas de ágata do Brasil e do Mundo. No município de Soledade se concentram as principais empresas de beneficiamento e comércio de materiais gemológicos. Apesar da abundância de material, a maioria dos objetos produzidos apresenta baixo grau de inovação, os produtos oferecidos no mercado são muito semelhantes entre si e tem, em comum, a falta de diferencial e de utilização de processos que envolvam tecnologia. A ágata é geralmente exportada em estado bruto ou apresentando baixo grau de aproveitamento. O processamento mais comum, utilizado na maior parte das empresas, é o corte em chapas que posteriormente são lixadas, polidas e tingidas em diversas cores. Entre as empresas pesquisadas no presente estudo apenas uma já utiliza processos envolvendo novas tecnologias. Pode-se afirmar que a pesquisa e estudos que auxiliem em um melhor aproveitamento do material ágata possam representar novas oportunidades de produção de objetos e adornos pessoais (jóias) modificando um cenário onde o design inovador é pouco explorado e apresentado. A metodologia empregada para a realização deste estudo contemplou etapas de conhecimento da realidade dos locais de extração, beneficiamento e comercialização de ágata, avaliação dos processos, ensaio de usinagem convencional CNC, ensaios de usinagem não convencional por jato d’água CNC e desenvolvimento de produtos em formas complexas. Foram realizados vinte e quatro ensaios de usinagem, a análise posterior identifica larguras e espessuras ideais buscando a otimização da matéria-prima. Desta forma foi possível alcançar o objetivo principal nesta pesquisa de realizar o corte de ágata com utilização de tecnologia CNC em peças com formas complexas. / Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, has important regions of extraction and processing of agate. Salto Jacuí Mining District, in the central region of this State, is one of the largest and more importante agate’s mines region of Brazil and even of the World. In Soledade town, there are the most important gemstone processing and trade companies of this State. Despite the abundance of gem materials, most of the objects produced in the different companies are very similar and have in common that they seldom are manufactured using new technological processes. Agate is usually exported as raw material or as cut polished slabs which can be dyed in various colors. Among several companies studied in this research, only one uses industrial processes involving new technologies. So, scientifical studies to indicate a better use of agate produced in Rio Grande do Sul, can provide new opportunities for the production of objects and personal ornaments (jewelry), modifying the trade where innovative designs are little explored. The methodology used in this study had several steps: identification of the extraction, processing and trade places of agate; evaluation of the industrial benefit processes used in agate; testing of conventional CNC machining on agate slabs; and testing on agate slabs of non-conventional computer controled machining by water jet cutting (WJC), with development of complex forms agate products. Twenty-four machining tests were carried out, with further analysis identifying ideal widths and thicknesses to optimize the use of agate raw material. With these tests, it was possible to achieve the goal of this study, which is to cut agate using water jet technology, in order to produce agate objects with complex forms.

No estado do Rio Grande do Sul, estão localizadas importantes regiões de extração e processamento do material gemológico ágata. No Distrito Mineiro do Salto do Jacuí encontram-se as maiores jazidas de ágata do Brasil e do Mundo. No município de Soledade se concentram as principais empresas de beneficiamento e comércio de materiais gemológicos. Apesar da abundância de material, a maioria dos objetos produzidos apresenta baixo grau de inovação, os produtos oferecidos no mercado são muito semelhantes entre si e tem, em comum, a falta de diferencial e de utilização de processos que envolvam tecnologia. A ágata é geralmente exportada em estado bruto ou apresentando baixo grau de aproveitamento. O processamento mais comum, utilizado na maior parte das empresas, é o corte em chapas que posteriormente são lixadas, polidas e tingidas em diversas cores. Entre as empresas pesquisadas no presente estudo apenas uma já utiliza processos envolvendo novas tecnologias. Pode-se afirmar que a pesquisa e estudos que auxiliem em um melhor aproveitamento do material ágata possam representar novas oportunidades de produção de objetos e adornos pessoais (jóias) modificando um cenário onde o design inovador é pouco explorado e apresentado. A metodologia empregada para a realização deste estudo contemplou etapas de conhecimento da realidade dos locais de extração, beneficiamento e comercialização de ágata, avaliação dos processos, ensaio de usinagem convencional CNC, ensaios de usinagem não convencional por jato d’água CNC e desenvolvimento de produtos em formas complexas. Foram realizados vinte e quatro ensaios de usinagem, a análise posterior identifica larguras e espessuras ideais buscando a otimização da matéria-prima. Desta forma foi possível alcançar o objetivo principal nesta pesquisa de realizar o corte de ágata com utilização de tecnologia CNC em peças com formas complexas. / Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, has important regions of extraction and processing of agate. Salto Jacuí Mining District, in the central region of this State, is one of the largest and more importante agate’s mines region of Brazil and even of the World. In Soledade town, there are the most important gemstone processing and trade companies of this State. Despite the abundance of gem materials, most of the objects produced in the different companies are very similar and have in common that they seldom are manufactured using new technological processes. Agate is usually exported as raw material or as cut polished slabs which can be dyed in various colors. Among several companies studied in this research, only one uses industrial processes involving new technologies. So, scientifical studies to indicate a better use of agate produced in Rio Grande do Sul, can provide new opportunities for the production of objects and personal ornaments (jewelry), modifying the trade where innovative designs are little explored. The methodology used in this study had several steps: identification of the extraction, processing and trade places of agate; evaluation of the industrial benefit processes used in agate; testing of conventional CNC machining on agate slabs; and testing on agate slabs of non-conventional computer controled machining by water jet cutting (WJC), with development of complex forms agate products. Twenty-four machining tests were carried out, with further analysis identifying ideal widths and thicknesses to optimize the use of agate raw material. With these tests, it was possible to achieve the goal of this study, which is to cut agate using water jet technology, in order to produce agate objects with complex forms.

An experimental investigation has been undertaken to study the depth of cut in multipass abrasive waterjet (AWJ) cutting of an 87% alumina ceramic with controlled nozzle oscillation. The experimental data have been statistically analysed to study the trends of the depth of cut with respect to the process parameters. It has been found that multipass cutting with controlled nozzle oscillation can significantly increase the depth of cut. Within the same cutting time and using the same cutting parameters other than the jet traverse speed, it has been found that multipass cutting with nozzle oscillation can increase the depth of cut by an average of 74.6% as compared to single pass cutting without nozzle oscillation. Furthermore, a multipass cutting with higher nozzle traverse speeds can achieve a larger depth of cut than a single pass cutting at a low traverse speed within the same cutting time. A recommendation has been made for the selection of appropriate process parameters for multipass cutting with nozzle oscillation. In order to estimate the depth of cut on a mathematical basis, predictive models for the depth of cut in multipass cutting with and without nozzle oscillation have been developed using a dimensional analysis technique. The model development starts with the models for single pass cutting which are then extended to multipass cutting where considerations are given to the change of the actual standoff distance after each pass and the variation of kerf width. These predictive models has been numerically studied for their plausibility by assessing their predicted trends with respect to the various process variables, and verified qualitatively and quantitatively based on the experimental data. The model assessment reveals that the developed models correlate very well with the experimental results and can give adequate predictions of this cutting performance measure in process planning.

An experimental investigation has been undertaken to study the depth of cut in multipass abrasive waterjet (AWJ) cutting of an 87% alumina ceramic with controlled nozzle oscillation. The experimental data have been statistically analysed to study the trends of the depth of cut with respect to the process parameters. It has been found that multipass cutting with controlled nozzle oscillation can significantly increase the depth of cut. Within the same cutting time and using the same cutting parameters other than the jet traverse speed, it has been found that multipass cutting with nozzle oscillation can increase the depth of cut by an average of 74.6% as compared to single pass cutting without nozzle oscillation. Furthermore, a multipass cutting with higher nozzle traverse speeds can achieve a larger depth of cut than a single pass cutting at a low traverse speed within the same cutting time. A recommendation has been made for the selection of appropriate process parameters for multipass cutting with nozzle oscillation. In order to estimate the depth of cut on a mathematical basis, predictive models for the depth of cut in multipass cutting with and without nozzle oscillation have been developed using a dimensional analysis technique. The model development starts with the models for single pass cutting which are then extended to multipass cutting where considerations are given to the change of the actual standoff distance after each pass and the variation of kerf width. These predictive models has been numerically studied for their plausibility by assessing their predicted trends with respect to the various process variables, and verified qualitatively and quantitatively based on the experimental data. The model assessment reveals that the developed models correlate very well with the experimental results and can give adequate predictions of this cutting performance measure in process planning.

Analysis of the technological possibility ray methods of protoplasm, laser and water jet on the part of needs company Pars Nova a.s.. Propsal concrete of unconventional method. Process layout and exigencies of working designed method. Security and ecological diversification of designed method. Technical – economics evaluation contribution designed of unconventional technology.