No final da década de 1960 e início da seguinte, dentro do contexto que se convencionou chamar de cinema experimental ou de vanguarda norte-americano, um número sem precendetes de cineastas dedicou-se à elaboração de filmes-diário ou autobiografias filmadas. Esse movimento é acompanhado, no caso de alguns dos realizadores, por um interesse por outras formas (literárias ou pictóricas) de autorre- presentação e escrita de vida e por um esforço reflexivo sobre as possibilidades, usos e potências dessas formas no cinema. Partindo do entendimento que a autobiografia transforma-se em um campo de interesses para cineastas, críticos e público apenas a partir deste momento, esta tese pretende abordar como ela é formulada e inventada por cineastas como uma forma possível para o cinema. A partir da análise de textos e filmes de três cineastas centrais para essa elaboração, notadamente Stan Brakhage, Jonas Mekas e Hollis Frampton, demonstramos o papel do gênero na transformação de um panorama artístico e criativo. De um lado, como se verá, a autobiografia afirma-se e inventa-se como uma tentativa de dialogar e responder a uma história artística que incluí o próprio cineasta, de outro, ela propõe-se como um lugar de singularização e transformação dessa história. / On the threshold of the seventies, the autobiographical genre emerged as one of the main tendencies of the north-american avant-garde film. This event was followed by a growing interest in other forms of self representation and life narratives in painting and literature and by an intellectual effort to reflect on the uses, qualities, possibilities and predecessors of the new form in film. Understanding that autobiography becomes a field of interest for filmmakers, critics and public alike only at this moment in time, this dissertation intends to broach how autobiography is fashioned by filmmakers into a form viable for cinema. Relying on a vast documentation of writings by Jonas Mekas, Stan Brakhage and Hollis Frampton, three filmmakers whom we consider to be central to the understanding of the genre as such, and on close readings of their autobiographical films we demonstrate the role played by the genre in the transformation of a creative and artistic environment. As will be seen, the emergence of the genre responds to a historical and aesthetic transformation in experimental films and offers itself as a peronal narrative for this changing history.

No final da década de 1960 e início da seguinte, dentro do contexto que se convencionou chamar de cinema experimental ou de vanguarda norte-americano, um número sem precendetes de cineastas dedicou-se à elaboração de filmes-diário ou autobiografias filmadas. Esse movimento é acompanhado, no caso de alguns dos realizadores, por um interesse por outras formas (literárias ou pictóricas) de autorre- presentação e escrita de vida e por um esforço reflexivo sobre as possibilidades, usos e potências dessas formas no cinema. Partindo do entendimento que a autobiografia transforma-se em um campo de interesses para cineastas, críticos e público apenas a partir deste momento, esta tese pretende abordar como ela é formulada e inventada por cineastas como uma forma possível para o cinema. A partir da análise de textos e filmes de três cineastas centrais para essa elaboração, notadamente Stan Brakhage, Jonas Mekas e Hollis Frampton, demonstramos o papel do gênero na transformação de um panorama artístico e criativo. De um lado, como se verá, a autobiografia afirma-se e inventa-se como uma tentativa de dialogar e responder a uma história artística que incluí o próprio cineasta, de outro, ela propõe-se como um lugar de singularização e transformação dessa história. / On the threshold of the seventies, the autobiographical genre emerged as one of the main tendencies of the north-american avant-garde film. This event was followed by a growing interest in other forms of self representation and life narratives in painting and literature and by an intellectual effort to reflect on the uses, qualities, possibilities and predecessors of the new form in film. Understanding that autobiography becomes a field of interest for filmmakers, critics and public alike only at this moment in time, this dissertation intends to broach how autobiography is fashioned by filmmakers into a form viable for cinema. Relying on a vast documentation of writings by Jonas Mekas, Stan Brakhage and Hollis Frampton, three filmmakers whom we consider to be central to the understanding of the genre as such, and on close readings of their autobiographical films we demonstrate the role played by the genre in the transformation of a creative and artistic environment. As will be seen, the emergence of the genre responds to a historical and aesthetic transformation in experimental films and offers itself as a peronal narrative for this changing history.

Après avoir passé plus de 4 ans dans des camps de travail forcé, Jonas Mekas, lituanien, est déporté avec son frère par les Nations-Unies en 1949 aux États-Unis. Les deux rescapés de la seconde guerre mondiale dédient alors leur temps au cinéma. Dès leur arrivée, ils se procurent une caméra 16 mm bolex et se tournent vers le cinéma expérimental, grâce, entre autre, à une de ces cinéastes pionnières américaine Maya Deren. En marge de l'industrie cinématographique hollywoodienne, Jonas Mekas participe à l'édification de structures - coopératives, associations, magazines, journaux - afin de rendre accessible ce genre filmique, de lui obtenir une reconnaissance publique et de, ultimement, le préserver. En 1969, il réalise un film intitulé "Diaries, Notes and Sketches : Also Known as Walden". Mekas réalise ensuite des films qui réemploient des séquences qui se trouvent dans cette première ébauche filmique. Ce processus se retrace au sein de son « premier essai » numérique qu'il réalise à l'ère cybériste intitulé "The First Forty" (2006), composé de vidéos et de descriptions textuelles. Tout comme il l’avait fait avec Walden, Mekas présente explicitement celui-ci à un public, en l’occurrence son nouveau public d'internautes, qui en prend connaissance sur son site web officiel. La présentation numérique et la table des matières papier accompagnant "Diaries, Notes and Sketches : Also Known as Walden" rédigée par l'artiste en 1969 ont une fonction similaire au sens où, par elles, Jonas Mekas donne ces deux créations aux spectateurs. Nous avons choisi d'employer le terme de dispositif pour parler de ces « objets » qui font appel à diverses formes énonciatives afin de créer un effet spécifique chez le spectateur. En explorant la théorie sociologique moderne du don développée par Jacques T. Godbout, notre projet a été de relever « l'esprit de don » qui se retrace au sein de ces dispositifs. Cette étude nous permet de constater que les dispositifs audiovisuels / cinématographiques que développa Mekas sont des « objets » qui peuvent être reçus tel des dons suscitant le désir de donner chez les spectateurs. Ils sont le ciment symbolique personnel et collectif nécessaire à l’accomplissement du processus de « reconnaissance » qu’implique le don. / Having spent more than 4 years in camps of forced labor, Jonas Mekas, Lithuanian, is deported by the United-Nations in 1949 to the United States. With his brother, both survivors of the Second World War, they manage to acquire a bolex 16 mm camera. Outside the Hollywood cinematographic industry, Mekas participates to the institutionalization of the underground artistic community by creating cooperatives, associations and magazines. Mekas is devoting his time to make experimental film genre accessible and allows it to become publicly recognized for its artistic value, which would lead towards protecting and preserving it. In 1969, Mekas produced "Diaries, Notes and Sketches: Also Known has Walden" which condense 4 years of capturing everyday events, people, New York, nature. From his Walden, Mekas will reuse some sequences found in this first draft when comes the time to edit new films. In 2006, Mekas produces his “first digital essay” entitled "The First Forty" (2006). It consists in a presentation of his cinematic labor to a new public, his “new Internet Audience”, in which sequences of Walden appear. Accessible on his official website, this digital piece is composed by videos and their textual descriptions, reminding us of Diaries, Notes and Sketches: Also Known has Walden and its table of content drafted by the artist in 1969. These two apparatus have a similar function : by them, Jonas Mekas explicitly gives these two pieces to the spectators. By investigating the sociological “gift theory” developed by the Jacques T. Godbout, our project was to reveal how “the gift spirit" can be found within those two creations. This study allows us to believe that audiovisual/cinematographic apparatus created by Mekas are “objects” which can be received such as gifts leading to arrouse the spectator’s desire to give in his turn. In this way, they are personal and collective symbolic cement necessary for the fulfillment of the process of “recognition” which involves the gift spirit.

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Submitted by PPG Comunica??o Social (famecos-pg@pucrs.br) on 2018-04-24T10:42:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 RAFAEL_ROSINATO_VALLES_TES.pdf: 4997803 bytes, checksum: 305c1c0d476913fdfc9c6514f3196432 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Sheila Dias (sheila.dias@pucrs.br) on 2018-05-07T18:51:24Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 RAFAEL_ROSINATO_VALLES_TES.pdf: 4997803 bytes, checksum: 305c1c0d476913fdfc9c6514f3196432 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-07T19:29:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RAFAEL_ROSINATO_VALLES_TES.pdf: 4997803 bytes, checksum: 305c1c0d476913fdfc9c6514f3196432 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-19 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / This thesis carries out a study of the diary in the work of Jonas Mekas, throughout three formats: the written diary, the diary-film and the video diary. The aim is to analyze how Mekas?s work contributes to an understanding of the diary as a narrative form, and how the author constructs his process of self-representation by means of the diaries. This work seeks to establish a definition for the diary, by means of theoretical references related to the spheres of literature (Braud, 2006; Simonet-Tenant, 2004; Girard, 1986; Lejeune, 2015; Blanchot, 2005) and of audiovisual work (James, 2013; Renov, 1996). As object of study, we analyze the book I had nowhere to go (1991), the diary-films Lost Lost Lost (1976), Walden ? Diaries, Sketches & Notes (1969), Reminiscences of a Journey to Lithuania (1972), and video diaries from the 365 Day Project (2007). This thesis takes weavings (Daney, 2007; Benjamin, 1994) and rends (Daney, 2007; Didi-Huberman, 2014, 2015) as its methodology, grounding itself on the way in which Mekas elaborates his narrative choices and his historical condition. We conclude that Mekas?s work points to an understanding of the diary not solely as literary genre, but as a narrative that affirms itself in a plurality of forms, following the shifts done by the author in his relation to time, space, and the use of different technical devices. We also conclude that Mekas, in his diaries, builds an intrinsic relation between narrating the lived and living the narrated, which reveals how the diaries not only document a certain socio-historical context, but are also themselves part of that context and of the subjectivity built by their author. / Esta tese realiza um estudo sobre o di?rio, que aparece na obra do cineasta Jonas Mekas em tr?s formatos: o di?rio escrito, o filme-di?rio e o v?deo-di?rio. O objetivo ? analisar como essa obra contribui para um entendimento sobre o di?rio enquanto forma narrativa e como o autor constr?i o seu processo de autorrepresenta??o por meio dos di?rios. Este trabalho procura construir uma defini??o de di?rio, a partir de referenciais te?ricos relacionados ao ?mbito liter?rio (Braud, 2006; Simonet-Tenant, 2004; Girard, 1986; Lejeune, 2015; Blanchot, 2005) e audiovisual (James, 2013; Renov, 1996). Como objetos de estudo, s?o analisados o livro I had nowhere to go (1991), os filmes-di?rio Lost Lost Lost (1976), Walden ? Diaries, Sketches & Notes (1969), Reminisc?ncias de uma viagem para a Litu?nia (1972) e os v?deos-di?rio pertencentes a 365 Day Project (2007). Esta tese assume como metodologia os conceitos de teceduras (Daney, 2007; Benjamin, 1994) e rasgaduras (Daney, 2007; Didi-Huberman, 2014, 2015), a partir da forma como Mekas realiza as suas escolhas narrativas e apresenta a sua condi??o hist?rica. Este trabalho conclui que a obra em pauta aporta um entendimento sobre o di?rio n?o somente como um g?nero liter?rio, mas como uma narrativa que se afirma na sua pluralidade de formas, de acordo com os deslocamentos que o autor efetua na sua rela??o com o tempo, com o espa?o e com o uso de diferentes dispositivos t?cnicos. Tamb?m conclui que Mekas constr?i, nos seus di?rios, uma rela??o intr?nseca entre narrar o vivido e viver o narrado, o que revela como os registros documentam um determinado contexto s?cio-hist?rico e, ainda, como esses registros fazem parte do pr?prio contexto e da subjetividade constru?da pelo seu autor.