Female entrepreneurs establishing new firms in Jordan mostly do not have adequate internal resources to help support the successful emergence and growth of their enterprise. Agreement has emerged among scholars that network ties are an effective source or route through which entrepreneurs are able to reach and obtain the resources necessary to assist their firm through its various stages development. Understanding more about how Jordanian female entrepreneurs engage in networking in order to establish and grow their firms, might help inform policy intervention as well as inform theory by identifying the model of network development in a field where there is a lack of studies and literature that explores the networking behaviour of female entrepreneurs, particularly in Eastern societies. Thus, this research investigates the development of networks for resource acquisition by exploring the experiences of female entrepreneurs in 14 technology-based firms in Jordan. It explores the structural characteristics and the content of their networks and how they have developed over time to deliver advantage in resource acquisition during the venture formation and early development stages. Rich qualitative data were collected utilising a two-stage, in-depth interview approach. Evidence is presented as to how changes in aspects of network structure, including diversity, reachability, density, centrality and the presence of strong and weak ties, yield different types of resources available to the entrepreneurs. The network structure of female entrepreneurs at start-up was characterised by business ties established within male-dominated networks. There was evidence of these women building new strong ties and reaching out through a small number of indirect ties. Typically there was a high degree of interconnectedness between different parts of the women’s networks, which were characterised by their density. These structural characteristics of the network enabled these women to reach and obtain human capital, financial resources and achieve legitimacy. As the female entrepreneurs grew their businesses there were changes in the network structure as it became characterised by a higher level of diversity in terms of types of tie. The prominence of male-dominated network ties continued, but there was a growing presence of weak ties; a decline in the level of network density; and the appearance of centrality, where women started to act as a broker between two other actors in their networks. These changes saw the women benefitting mainly in building network ties, including gaining access to new contacts of different types. The research revealed that professional business ties and access through these ties play an important role in venture creation and growth. These business ties are used to act as the gateway to resources rather than the personal ties identified in previous research. Further, in support of network-based research suggesting that the entrepreneurs’ network ties and their structural characteristics change overtime as the resource needs change, this research provides empirical evidence of the changing content (resources) that these structural characteristics provide through the start-up and early development stages. Therefore, the findings of this exploratory research on female technology entrepreneurs in Jordan contribute to theory development at the intersection of work on network processes, network development and entrepreneurship in Middle Eastern societies. The findings also have a number of implications for policy and practice, which are considered in the conclusions to the thesis.

ix, 95 p. : ill., maps. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number. / This thesis examines an unstudied pair of eight-paneled Japanese rakuchurakugaizu screens donated by Dr. Robert H. Shiomi to the Jordan Schnitzer Museum of Art (JSMA). Rakuchu-rakugaizu (Scenes in and Out of the Capital) was a popular painting genre that developed over the late sixteenth to seventeenth centuries. In contrast to most accepted scholarly views of this genre, I believe the Shiomi screens are void of political intentions and function as souvenirs. Closely comparing the visual traits to other known examples and contemporary travel guides demonstrates the shift in focus to entertainment and famous sites in the capital available to Kyoto's citizens and visitors alike. Kyoto's history, the prevalence of travel that came with a reunified Japan during the Tokugawa hegemony, and the identification of activities, temples, and shrines within the screens solidifies this argument. This facilitates a nuanced understanding of this painting genre and demonstrates alternative approaches for its study. / Committee in Charge: Akiko Walley, Chair; Charles Lachman; Andrew Edmund Goble

This thesis draws on 34 months of participant observation in a working-class neighborhood of Amman, Jordan to ask whether and how gender, specifically femininity, can serve as a framework for ethical self-cultivation. It describes the relationships between morality, progress, and gender in contemporary Jordan, where progress is viewed as important and inevitable but also amoral, and morality is associated with the past, which is the opposite of progress. Women are uniquely affected by these oppositions because they are expected to both preserve the morality of the past and embody progress, defined as maximizing their own self-interest through consumption, education, employment, and participation in public life. In this confounding context, women must be deliberate about how they choose to define and inhabit proper femininity, and the work of defining and inhabiting demands creative and productive engagement on their part. They respond by participating in a bounded public that not everyone can enter, and by making and maintaining a distinct temporality inside their homes that is distinguished from the temporality of urban life outside the home. They observe and work on their bodies in a complex and highly elaborated way, differentiating intuitive knowledge (authentic) from social knowledge (instrumental) and biological (medicalized), and they approach friendship as an arena for establishing boundaries between oneself and others, and for dealing with the social ramifications of the individualized approach to self-cultivation that is available to them.

Le but de cette thèse est de définir un objet géométrique associé aux algèbres de Lie (2k+1)-graduées. Dans le cas d'une algèbre de Lie $\mathbb{Z}/2\mathbb{Z}$, l'objet géométrique associé est un espace symétrique G/H et l'objet infinitésimal associé est un système triple de Lie. Dans le cas où notre algèbre de Lie est 3-graduée, alors l'objet géométrique associé est une géométrie projective généralisée et l'objet infinitésimal correspondant est une paire de Jordan. Dans le cas général, nous appellerons cet objet géométrique une géométrie de drapeaux généralisée. La construction de cet objet est basée sur la notion de groupe projectif élémentaire et de complétion projective introduite par O. Loos et reprise par J.R. Faulkner. Ensuite, en utilisant la notion de filtration d'une algèbre de Lie, on arrive à réaliser la géométrie de drapeaux généralisée comme orbites sous le groupe projectif élémentaire de deux filtrations canoniques, associées à la graduation de l'algèbre de Lie. Dans le cas particulier de l'agèbre de Lie $\mathfrak{g}=End_R(V)$, des endomorphismes d'un module $V$ sur une algèbre associative $R$, alors la géométrie de drapeaux généralisée se réalise comme orbites de drapeaux de $V$; ce qui justifie le nom choisi de "géométrie de drapeaux généralisée". Enfin, dans un dernier temps, en utilisant un calcul différentiel généralisé, on peut construire sur la géométrie de drapeaux généralisée une structure de variété différentiable. / The goal of this thesis is to define a geometric objet associated to graded Lie algebras. In the case of a $\mathbb{Z}/2\mathbb{Z}$ graded Lie algebra, this object is a symmetric space G/H and the infinitesimal object associated is a Lie triple system. If the Lie algebra is 3-graded, the geometry is called a generalized projective geometry and the infinitesimal object is a Jordan pair. In the general case, the geometric object will be called a generalized flag geometry. Its contruction needs the notions of elementary projective group and projective completion, definied by O. Loos and used by J. R. Faulkner. Then, by the notion of filtrations of a Lie algebras, a realization of the generalized flag geometry of a graded Lie algebra can be done as orbits under the elementary projective group of two natural filtrations, associated to the graduation. In the example $\mathfrak{g}=End_R(V)$, consisting of the endomorphisms of a module $V$ on a assocative algebra $R$, then the generalized flag geometry is realized like orbits of flags of $V$; so, it justifies the chosen name: "generalized flag geometry". To finish, using a generalized differential calculus, we can construct on this generalized flag geometry a structure of smooth manifold

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The purpose of this thesis is to present a definition and some properties of a curved arc in a plane and to present a definition and some properties of the Jordan curve.

This thesis is a multi-disciplinary survey of the Central Jordan Valley during the Late Bronze Age (1500-1200 BC) illustrated with an abundant use of maps and tables. The purpose is to determine how the Jordan Valley functioned as an economic unit during the Late Bronze Age. This thesis surveys the geographical, historical and archaeological records related to the Jordan Valley during the Late Bronze Age. A chapter is devoted to each field, geography (physical and human), history (Egyptian and Hebrew Bible) and archaeology. The data from each discipline is used to individually answer two questions: 1) was the Jordan Valley a single geographic/economic unit in the Late Bronze Age? 2) to what extent was the Jordan Valley integrated/interacting with the east-west highlands and the larger region in the Late Bronze Age? The primary objectives are to 1) explore and model a historical geographic hermeneutic for understanding the human experience of the Ancient Near East; and 2) lay a foundation for understanding the role of the Jordan Valley in affecting the Biblical periods of the Israelite monarchy to the Roman period.The answers from each chapter are then synthesized into a single geographic historical archaeological picture of the Central Jordan Valley during the Late Bronze Age. The Central Jordan Valley was divided into two sections: a fertile, populated, well connected north-central section and an isolated, sparsely populated southern section with limited agricultural zones. Trade with and between the eastern and western highlands is well represented by artifactual parallels in and through the Jordan Valley, the north-central section on a regional and international scale and the southern section on a more local scale. The thesis concludes that there are more artifactual points of connection between the Jordan Valley and the eastern highlands than with the western highlands. An ‘early conquest’ model of the Hebrew Bible is plausible within the historical records of the Egyptian 18th and 19th Dynasties and the geographical and archaeological records of the Jordan Valley during the Late Bronze Age. / Biblical and Ancient Studies

Jordan is among the poorest countries in the world with respect to water resources. Water scarcity in Jordan is an alarming problem that can jeopardize the economy and the stability of the country. It is a multidimensional problem caused by many factors such as the fluctuation of annual precipitation rates, the rapid change in population caused by the refugee influx from neighbouring countries, and the economic situation of the country. The water scarcity problem is aggravated by limitations in water management. This research investigated the shortcomings of water management that contribute to water scarcity. It involves a literature review, a survey questionnaire and interviews. These methods aim to assess the current challenges that prompt water scarcity, understand the water management shortcomings and their causes, identify the existing government solutions for water scarcity, and propose a sustainable solution for this problem. The research finds that water management in Jordan has several shortcomings such as the lack of monitoring and controlling water resources and preventing illegal drilling, the incapability of the government to reduce the non-revenue water as a result of aged water network and water theft, and illegal practices of the agricultural and industrial sectors. This research proposed a solution that aim to mitigate water scarcity in Jordan by enhancing several management practices. Moreover, the proposed solution calls for efficient managerial practices to be adopted by decision makers and the public. I argue that the proposed solutions are sustainable and cheaper than the existing government solutions that rely on searching for new water resources rather than improving water management.

This study examines Jordan's development policy and analyzes the role of Jordan's external public borrowing in economic development during the period 1967-1983. Mainly, Jordan's rapidly increasing external indebtedness is related to its development strategy which is based on the concept of unbalanced growth . This strategy has emphasized' the concentration of development resources (including external loans) in certain areas (e . g . Amman and Zarka) and certain economic sectors (e.g. industry and service) which are assumed to be growth propelling. The agricultural sector has been seriously ignored in Jordan's development process. Jordan's growth has been quite impressive, but the problems of poverty and inequality have remained intact. On an ave rage, the real growth rate of t he GNP was 7 percent per year during the period of study. However, the Jordanian economy suffers not only from inequality i n income distribution but also in opportunity (i.e . lack of access to goods and services). In order to show the impact external borrowing has on Jordan's economic growth and on a set of macroeconomic variables , an econometric model based on the production function approach was developed and a set of regression equations was specified. The findings of the model and a series of regress ion analyses showed that external borrowing was negatively associated with GOP growth rate and domestic savings. Howe ver , it was positively associated with in vestment, imports and exports. The association with consumption was positive, but statistically insignificant. Overall, external debt retarded economic growth and didn't help to reduce Jordan 's deficits during the 1967-1983 period. Increasing debt deteriorate the balance thereby affecting the service obligations recently may of payments in the near future, level of Jordan's international reserves and possibly threatening its development process. Hence, it is argued that Jordan should adopt vital policy measures to curb its external debt burden.

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