As técnicas JIT, desenvolvidas na Toyota a partir da década de 40, apresentam hoje significativo nível de aplicação, sendo que importantes resultados têm sido atingidos com o seu uso, embora o processo de implementação possa apresentar uma série de problemas. Nesta pesquisa, uma revisão de literatura descreveu o conceito de JIT, resultados obtidos com sua implementação e principais problemas enfrentados. Os Fatores Críticos para a Implementação (FCI) foram definidos como fatores cuja consideração e tratamento são importantes para que a implementação tenha maior probabilidade de atingir os resultados dela esperados. Na revisão de literatura foi possível destacar FCI relacionados principalmente a aspectos ligados ao Apoio da Alta Administração, Educação e Treinamento, Produção, Organizacionais/Estruturais e Fornecedores. Teve-se como objetivo desta pesquisa identificar a forma de tratamento dos FCI das técnicas JIT em um conjunto de empresas industriais de Sorocaba, o que poderia contribuir com o melhor entendimento do processo de implementação. Como metodologia, optou-se pela proposta de Eisenhardt para a construção de teorias a partir de estudos de caso, que permite um maior aprofundamento na questão de pesquisa. A seleção das cinco empresas estudadas foi realizada por amostragem teórica e não estatística, e contou, como apoio, com uma pesquisa quantitativa sobre o uso de técnicas JIT tendo como universo as empresas industriais de Sorocaba. A coleta de dados no estudo de casos, predominantemente de cunho qualitativo, foi efetuada por uma equipe de pesquisa, abrangendo entrevistas pessoais aliadas à observação direta das instalações produtivas. O processo de análise incluiu a comparação entre os casos, a partir de uma perspectiva cronológica e segmentada por FCI, levando à formulação de hipóteses relacionadas à forma de tratamento destes FCI. Finalmente, compararam-se as constatações da pesquisa de campo com a literatura, propondo-se também implicações para a prática e sugestões para estudos posteriores. / Developed at Toyota since the 40’s, JIT techniques are nowadays intensively spread over the world, leading the organizations that applied them to obtain relevant results. On the other hand, its implementation may present a number of problems. In this research, a literature review described the JIT concept, results obtained by its use and major problems faced. Implementation Critical Factors (ICF) for JIT Techniques were defined as factors whose consideration and treatment are relevant to allow the implementation process to occur with greater probability of achieving the expected results. Five groups of ICF were identified in the literature review: Top Management Support; Education and Training; Manufacturing; Organizational/Structural and Suppliers. This work’s objective was to identify the way in which the ICF for JIT techniques were treated by a group of industrial enterprises in Sorocaba-SP. Such a study may contribute to a better understanding of the implementation process. Eisenhardt’s proposal for theory building from case study research was applied in the methodological field, allowing a deeper analysis of the research question. Five organizations were elected for the case studies, based on theoretical, not random, sampling. A survey among industrial enterprises of Sorocaba over the use of JIT techniques acted as a support to this choice. The data collection process in the case studies, focused mainly on qualitative information, was carried out by a research team, including personal interviews as well as direct observation of production facilities. This analysis enfolded a comparison between the implementation processes, from a chronological perspective and a cross sectional view, based on the groups of ICF, leading to the design of hypothesis. At last, the field research findings were compared to the existing literature and suggestions for further studies as well as for enterprises undertaking the JIT implementation were proposed.

Dans cette thèse, nous présentons nos contributions à APOLLO : un compilateur de parallélisation automatique qui combine l'optimisation polyédrique et la parallélisation spéculative, afin d'optimiser des programmes dynamiques à la volée. Grâce à une phase de profilage en ligne et un modèle spéculatif du comportement mémoire du programme cible, Apollo est capable de sélectionner une optimisation et de générer le code résultant. Pendant l'exécution du programme optimisé, Apollo vérifie constamment la validité du modèle spéculatif. La contribution principale de cette thèse est un mécanisme de génération de code qui permet d'instancier toute transformation polyédrique, au cours de l'exécution du programme cible, sans engendrer de surcoût temporel majeur. Ce procédé est désormais utilisé dans Apollo. Nous l'appelons Code-Bones. Il procure des gains de performance significatifs par comparaison aux autres approches. / In this thesis, we present our contributions to APOLLO: an automatic parallelization compiler that combines polyhedral optimization with Thread-Level-Speculation, to optimize dynamic codes on-the-fly. Thanks to an online profiling phase and a speculation model about the target's code behavior, Apollo is able to select an optimization and to generate code based on it. During optimized code execution, Apollo constantly verifies the validity of the speculation model. The main contribution of this thesis is a code generation mechanism that is able to instantiate any polyhedral transformation, at runtime, without incurring a major time-overhead. This mechanism is currently in use inside Apollo. We called it Code-Bones. It provides significant performance benefits when compared to other approaches.

In general, industries, mainly the big or medium ones, had already come across situations typically a result from being an overly productive company, meaning that they produce more than clients can absorb or in a rhythm above the required. They also are exposed to related situations such as deviation or distortion of production information, disorder of the factory floor and several other day-by-day problems. Such problems cause losses to the company, as they do not add value, because they do not really transform raw materials, thus modifying the form or the quality of the product. This study presents the benefits of employing the Lean Manufacturing concepts for the implementation of a new productive division, acting in corrective and preventive ways, thus contributing to waste reduction, with as reference the Toyota Production System, allied to the studied companys own lean system. Practical methods for the elimination of waste potentials found in productive environments are also demonstrated through the results achieved, as well as the difference between the conventional manufacturing system which still is used by several companies, compared to those companies which adopted Lean Manufacturing as a working standard. This study focalizes the steps used for the implementation and the benefits achieved by the application of the principles of this philosophy. / De uma maneira geral, as indústrias, principalmente as de grande e médio porte, já depararam com situações típicas advindas de uma empresa que tem superprodução, ou seja, produzem mais do que o requerido pela demanda dos clientes ou em um ritmo acima do necessário. Estão sujeitas também a situações complementares, como o desvio ou a distorção de informações na produção, a desorganização no chão de fábrica, entre outros inúmeros problemas do dia-a-dia. Tais problemas acarretam perda para a empresa, uma vez que essas operações não agregam valor, pois não estão realmente transformando a matéria-prima, modificando a forma ou a qualidade do produto. Este trabalho apresenta os benefícios provenientes da utilização dos conceitos de Manufatura Enxuta na implementação de uma nova divisão produtiva, que atua de forma corretiva e preventiva, de forma a contribuir para a redução de desperdício, tendo como referência o Sistema Toyota de Produção, aliado ao próprio sistema enxuto da empresa estudada. Demonstram-se, ainda, métodos práticos para a eliminação de potenciais desperdícios encontrados em meios produtivos, por meio dos resultados alcançados, e a diferença entre o sistema de manufatura convencional, o qual ainda é utilizado por diversas empresas, e o sistema daquelas empresas que adotaram a Manufatura Enxuta como padrão de trabalho. Este trabalho focaliza os passos utilizados para a implementação e os benefícios alcançados com a utilização dos princípios dessa filosofia.

This paper reports a study of the behavioral changes perceived by managerial and non-managerial personnel in a firm transforming from traditional manufacturing methods to the procedures of Just-In-Time manufacturing (JIT).

The thesis is focused on the implementation of kanban system in the company Daikin Device Czech Republic s.r.o. The theoretical part describes the principles of logistics, lean production and inventory management, including their basic tools and methods. In the practical part of the thesis, Daikin Device Czech Republic Ltd. is introduced, where the analysis of the current state of supply logistics in the production hall is performed. Based on the analysis is designed kanban system including the way of its implementation. Furthermore, the risks of kanban system implementation are analyzed. Finally, the economic and uneconomic benefits of the kanban system for the company are evaluated.

The subject of the submitted thesis is analysis of the present state of forwarding in a manufacturing-oriented firm and a concept of reduction in logistics costs by implementation of system just-in time or outsourcing.

The just-in-time purchasing literature resoundingly endorses long-term, cooperative buyer-supplier relationships. Significant anecdotal and descriptive evidence indicates that such relationships are rare in practice, raising questions as to the performance consequences of this gulf between theory and practice. Using an accepted theoretical model of the buyer-supplier relationship, transaction cost economics, this study examined the purchasing performance implications of the nature of the buyer-supplier relationship under just-in-time exchange. The focal purpose of the study was to examine the performance consequences of crafting long-term, cooperative relationships. The research design employed was a cross-sectional field study, involving a static-group comparison, implemented through the use of a mail survey. A dual-stage cluster sample of eight hundred purchasing managers and professionals employed in the two digit Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) Code 36, Electronic and Other Electrical Equipment and Components, was provided by the National Association of Purchasing Management (NAPM). The questionnaire was pretested and the substantive validity of the measurement scales assessed. Scales were purified via correlational and reliability analyses. Criterion-related and construct validity were established via correlational, exploratory factor, and confirmatory factor analyses. The three hypotheses of the study, involving extant tests of the association between the nature of the buyer-supplier relationship and purchasing performance (i.e., as reflected by transaction costs), were tested via analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) models. All three hypotheses were supported by the data to varying degrees. The confirmation of the theoretical model of the study provides empirical evidence to researchers and practitioners as to the superiority, in exchange efficiency terms, of cooperative relationships under conditions of just-in-time exchange. It may not be presumed, however, that cooperative exchange will enhance efficiency in all exchange environments.

No description available.

Ingeniera Civil Industrial / El objetivo general de este trabajo de memoria es diseñar mejoras en el ciclo productivo de la planta de una empresa de arriendo de Moldajes, con el fin de facilitar el desarrollo eficiente de las operaciones, utilizando la metodología JIT que pretende hacer producir a la planta lo que se necesita, sólo cuando se necesite y sólo cuánto se necesite. Esta empresa ofrece soluciones de arriendo y venta de equipo de Moldajes en tres líneas de negocio: encofrados, soportes y andamios, a las compañías constructoras. La empresa ha sido impactada por el crecimiento del mercado de la construcción y en los últimos años ha cursado una expansión de su negocio debido al alto requerimiento de sus servicios. Sin embargo utilizando el modelo de funcionamiento actual la compañía no es capaz de responder a un aumento de la demanda, pues se encuentran operando a máxima capacidad. Para diagramar el ciclo productivo de la panta se realizaron: levantamientos de procesos, estudios de tiempo con carta de balance y muestreo del trabajo, observándose así la gran variabilidad en el flujo diario de toneladas de los procesos de Despacho y Retorno, debido principalmente a las condiciones de capacidad de los camiones de los clientes y la programación fallida en los compromisos adquiridos por las constructoras. Dentro de las ventajas que proporciona el estudio del ciclo productivo a través de la metodología JIT, se encuentra la identificación de la mejoras clave, que en esta empresa corresponde a fidelizar a los clientes incentivándolos a cumplir con los volúmenes de carga del camión, la estructuración de la carga de retorno, y el compromiso de fechas de despacho y retorno adquiridas. Otra ventaja importante diseñada a través del estudio de layout es la reubicación de las piezas de mayor utilización, para que disminuyan los tiempos de seteo en la preparación de las cargas del material y disminuyan los tiempos en el proceso de disipación de material recibido por los clientes de la empresa de arriendo de Moldajes. El modelo JIT permite también hace inferencia a las oportunidades de mejora que pueden ser implementadas en corto y largo plazo. En el corto plazo, las mejoras propuestas aumentan la carga promedio para el despacho y el retorno a 98,6 y 87 toneladas diarias respectivamente, superando la meta de las 80 Ton diarias requeridas por la empresa, aumentando los ingresos en 2,5 MMCLP diarios. En el largo plazo las oportunidades de mejora tienen el enfoque hacia la mejora continua, a través de los indicadores de procesos, lo cuales permiten ver el estado en que se encuentra el funcionamiento del ciclo productivo de la planta.

Denna studie behandlar logistik och materialhantering med fokus på just-in-time-leveranser (JIT). Via intervjuer har data samlats in för att besvara forskningsfrågan; hur arbetar OF med JIT idag och finns det möjligheter till förbättring? Idag använder de inte JIT i någon större utsträckning, men ser en potential i metoden. Det framkom flera eventuella hinder för en renodlad implementering av JIT, främst relaterade till resurser och planering. Resultatet av studien blev att det finns möjligheter att utveckla arbetet med JIT, utan att en renodlad strategi för JIT införs. Det finns alternativ där material levereras i så nära anslutning det går, utan att de nödvändigtvis behöver monteras direkt. Detta innebär lagerbildning under kortare perioder på upplag för separata material som bör vara markerade. Att mellanlagra materialet är en väl fungerande metod som fyller syftet för JIT-leveranser, men tar inte vara på dess fulla potential. Kostnaden är fortfarande densamma i försörjningskedjan, samtidigt som kedjan inte förkortas. Om en JIT-implementering är önskvärd bör denna strategi fortgå medan relationer med leverantörer bildas, avtal sluts och utbildning av berörd personal sker.