Abstract In the present study, the height of internal solitary wave is derived by combining the theoretical fluid flow field from perturbation method and MODIS images. The flow field is derived by assuming two-layer fluid system. Note that it is difficult to determine the interface depth from CTD measurement because sea water density changes continuously with depth. Moreover, changing the upper layer thickness will significantly affect the estimate of wave height. Thus, a proper method should be used so that the two-layer fluid system can represent the continuously stratified sea water. The resulting parameters for the two-layer system are the upper and lower layer thickness h1 and h2 and the corresponding densities £l1 and £l2 . Another important parameter dpp derived from MODIS images is the distance from dark-band to light-band. The dark-band and light-band are due to the interaction of surface and internal waves that changes roughness on the ocean surface. These processes are discussed in detail in this thesis. Finally, the parameters h1, h2, £l1, £l2 and dpp are combined to estimate internal solitary waves height in the deep ocean. According to the estimate for deep ocean with 3000m depth, the wave height is about 100m which is quite reasonable by comparing with in-situ observation.

Supondo que o núcleo possa ser tratado como um fluido perfeito, nós estudamos as condições para a formação de solitons de Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) na matéria nuclear. A existência de solitons de KdV depende da equação de estado nuclear que, por sua vez, depende da teoria microcóspica subjacente da interação núcleon-núcleon e das aproximações feitas durante os cálculos. No nosso trabalho, nós retomamos estudos sobre solitons no núcleo feitos no passado e substituímos a equação de estado usada anteriormente por outra mais moderna e mais realista, baseada no modelo de Walecka e suas variantes. Nossa análise mostra que solitons de KdV podem ser formados no interior do núcleo com largura em torno de um a dois fermis. / Assuming that the nucleus can be treated as a perfect fluid we study the conditions for the formation and propagation of Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) solitons in nuclear matter. The existence of these solitons depends on the nuclear equation of state, which, in its turn, depends on the underlying microscopic theory of the nucleon-nucleon interaction and also on the approximations used in the calculations. In this work we reexamine early works on nuclear solitons, replacing the old equations of state by others, more modern and more realistic, base on QHD and on its variants. Our analysis shows that KdV solitons may indeed be formed in the nucleus with a width around one and two fermis.

Assumindo que a matéria nuclear seja um fluido perfeito, estudamos a propagação de perturbações na densidade bariônica. A equação de estado é obtida através de um modelo relativístico em campo médio, o qual é uma variante do modelo não-linear de Walecka. A expansão das equações de Euler e da continuidade na hidrodinâmica relativística em torno das configurações de equilíbrio nos levam a equações diferenciais para a perturbação na densidade. Resolvemos tais equações numericamente para perturbações lineares e esféricas mediante pulsos iniciais. Para perturbações lineares econtramos soluções solitônicas de pulsos isolados e soluções com vários solitons seguidas de ``radiação\'\'. Dependendo da equação de estado um forte amortecimento pode ocorrer. Consideramos também a evolução de perturbações em um meio sem efeitos dissipativos. Nesse caso observamos a formação e quebra de ondas de choque. Depois estudamos todo o formalismo na matéria nuclear em temperatura finita. Nossos resultados podem ser relevantes para análise de dados do RHIC. Eles sugerem que ondas de choque formadas na fase de plasma de quarks e gluons podem sobreviver e se propagar na fase hadrônica. Também estudamos a equação de onda não-linear para perturbações na densidade bariônica e densidade de energia no plasma de quarks e gluons (QGP). Sob certas condições solitons podem existir no QGP. Finalmente discutimos métodos alternativos de soluções de equações di-ferenciais não-lineares. / Assuming that nuclear matter can be treated as a perfect fluid, we study the propagation of perturbations in the baryon density. The equation of state is derived from a relativistic mean field model, which is a variant of the non-linear Walecka model. The expansion of the Euler and continuity equations of relativistic hydrodynamics around equilibrium configurations leads to differential equations for the density perturbation. We solve them numerically for linear and spherical perturbations and follow the propagation of the initial pulses. For linear perturbations we find single soliton solutions and solutions with one or more solitons followed by ``radiation\'\'. Depending on the equation of state a strong damping may occur. We consider also the evolution of perturbations in a medium without dispersive effects. In this case we observe the formation and breaking of shock waves. We study all these equations also for matter at finite temperature. Our results may be relevant for the analysis of RHIC data. They suggest that the shock waves formed in the quark gluon plasma phase may survive and propagate in the hadronic phase. We also study the non-linear wave equation for pertubations in baryon density and energy density in quark-gluon-plasma (QGP). Under certains conditions solitons may exist in QGP. Finally we discuss alternatives methods for solving non-linear differential equations.

In this thesis, we investigate the integrability of a class of multicomponent super integrable Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) systems in (1 + 1) dimensions in the context of recursion operator formalism. Integrability conditions are obtained for the system with arbitrary number of components. In particular, from these conditions we construct two new subclasses of multicomponent super integrable KdV systems.

Supondo que o núcleo possa ser tratado como um fluido perfeito, nós estudamos as condições para a formação de solitons de Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) na matéria nuclear. A existência de solitons de KdV depende da equação de estado nuclear que, por sua vez, depende da teoria microcóspica subjacente da interação núcleon-núcleon e das aproximações feitas durante os cálculos. No nosso trabalho, nós retomamos estudos sobre solitons no núcleo feitos no passado e substituímos a equação de estado usada anteriormente por outra mais moderna e mais realista, baseada no modelo de Walecka e suas variantes. Nossa análise mostra que solitons de KdV podem ser formados no interior do núcleo com largura em torno de um a dois fermis. / Assuming that the nucleus can be treated as a perfect fluid we study the conditions for the formation and propagation of Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) solitons in nuclear matter. The existence of these solitons depends on the nuclear equation of state, which, in its turn, depends on the underlying microscopic theory of the nucleon-nucleon interaction and also on the approximations used in the calculations. In this work we reexamine early works on nuclear solitons, replacing the old equations of state by others, more modern and more realistic, base on QHD and on its variants. Our analysis shows that KdV solitons may indeed be formed in the nucleus with a width around one and two fermis.

Assumindo que a matéria nuclear seja um fluido perfeito, estudamos a propagação de perturbações na densidade bariônica. A equação de estado é obtida através de um modelo relativístico em campo médio, o qual é uma variante do modelo não-linear de Walecka. A expansão das equações de Euler e da continuidade na hidrodinâmica relativística em torno das configurações de equilíbrio nos levam a equações diferenciais para a perturbação na densidade. Resolvemos tais equações numericamente para perturbações lineares e esféricas mediante pulsos iniciais. Para perturbações lineares econtramos soluções solitônicas de pulsos isolados e soluções com vários solitons seguidas de ``radiação\'\'. Dependendo da equação de estado um forte amortecimento pode ocorrer. Consideramos também a evolução de perturbações em um meio sem efeitos dissipativos. Nesse caso observamos a formação e quebra de ondas de choque. Depois estudamos todo o formalismo na matéria nuclear em temperatura finita. Nossos resultados podem ser relevantes para análise de dados do RHIC. Eles sugerem que ondas de choque formadas na fase de plasma de quarks e gluons podem sobreviver e se propagar na fase hadrônica. Também estudamos a equação de onda não-linear para perturbações na densidade bariônica e densidade de energia no plasma de quarks e gluons (QGP). Sob certas condições solitons podem existir no QGP. Finalmente discutimos métodos alternativos de soluções de equações di-ferenciais não-lineares. / Assuming that nuclear matter can be treated as a perfect fluid, we study the propagation of perturbations in the baryon density. The equation of state is derived from a relativistic mean field model, which is a variant of the non-linear Walecka model. The expansion of the Euler and continuity equations of relativistic hydrodynamics around equilibrium configurations leads to differential equations for the density perturbation. We solve them numerically for linear and spherical perturbations and follow the propagation of the initial pulses. For linear perturbations we find single soliton solutions and solutions with one or more solitons followed by ``radiation\'\'. Depending on the equation of state a strong damping may occur. We consider also the evolution of perturbations in a medium without dispersive effects. In this case we observe the formation and breaking of shock waves. We study all these equations also for matter at finite temperature. Our results may be relevant for the analysis of RHIC data. They suggest that the shock waves formed in the quark gluon plasma phase may survive and propagate in the hadronic phase. We also study the non-linear wave equation for pertubations in baryon density and energy density in quark-gluon-plasma (QGP). Under certains conditions solitons may exist in QGP. Finally we discuss alternatives methods for solving non-linear differential equations.

No description available.

The KDV-process uses catalytic depolymerisation to convert biomass into diesel oil. The environmental performance of KDV-diesel in a proposed KDV-plant located in the County of Jämtland, Sweden, was assessed using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology. The functional unit of the study was one litre of KDV-diesel and the environmental impact categories that were considered were Global Warming Potential (GWP), Eutrophication Potential (EP) and Acidification Potential (AP). The acquisition of wood biomass significantly affected the life cycle performance of KDV-diesel production in all three impact categories. When benchmarked against conventional diesel oil, KDV-diesel contributed significantly less to GWP, since there are no fossil carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from the use phase, but it contributed more to EP and AP due to slightly higher emissions in the production phases. This conclusion holds true for five investigated electricity-supply scenarios for the production of KDV-diesel. Each scenario utilised a different source for electricity production: wind power; hydro power; nuclear power; coal power; and using part of the produced KDV-diesel for on-site electricity production. Another scenario analysis compared an alternative use of the wood biomass and assumed that the same amount of wood biomass was used to generate bio-electricity, instead of being converted into KDV-diesel. The scenario analysis indicated that whether wood biomass should be used for KDV-diesel production or for bio-electricity production depends on the type of electricity that is used throughout the life cycle of KDV-diesel. / KDV-processen använder katalytisk depolymerisering för att omvandla biomassa till dieselolja. Miljöprestanda för KDV-diesel från en föreslagen KDV-anläggning i Jämtland län, Sverige, har studerats med livscykelanalys (LCA) metodik. Studiens funktionella enhet var en liter av KDV-diesel och de studerade miljöpåverkanskategorierna var Klimatpåverkan (GWP), Övergödning (EP) och Försurning (AP). Skogsbruket påverkade signifikant livscykelprestanda för KDV-dieselproduktion från trädbiomassa i de tre studerade miljöpåverkanskategorierna. Kontrasterad mot konventionell dieselolja bidrog KDV-diesel betydligt mindre till GWP eftersom det inte finns några utsläpp av fossil koldioxid (CO2) under användningsfasen, men bidrog samtidigt mer till EP och AP på grund av något högre utsläpp i produktionsfasen. Denna slutsats gäller för fem olika elförsörjning scenarier för produktion av KDV-diesel som studerats. Varje scenario använde olika typ av elproduktion: vindkraft; vattenkraft; kärnkraft; kolkraft; samt att använda en del av den producerade KDV-diesel för egen elproduktion. En annan scenarioanalys studerade alternativ användning av trädbiomassan och antog att samma mängd träbiomassa användes för att generera bio-elektricitet istället för KDV-diesel. Scenarioanalysen visade att utfallet för ifall träbiomassan borde användas för produktion av KDV-diesel eller bio-electricitet beror på typen av elproduktion som används för KDV-diesels livscykel. / Η διαδικασία KDV χρησιμοποιεί καταλυτικό αποπολυμερισμό για τη μετατροπή βιομάζας σε καύσιμο ντίζελ. Οι περιβαλλοντικές επιδόσεις του KDV-ντίζελ σε μια προτεινόμενη μονάδα KDV που βρίσκεται στην περιφέρεια Γιέμτλαντ της Σουηδίας, αξιολογήθηκαν με τη μέθοδο Αξιολόγησης του Κύκλου Ζωής (LCA). Η λειτουργική μονάδα της μελέτης ήταν ένα λίτρο KDV-ντίζελ και οι κατηγορίες περιβαλλοντικών επιπτώσεων που εξετάστηκαν ήταν το Δυναμικό Θέρμανσης του Πλανήτη (GWP), το Δυναμικό Ευτροφισμού (EP) και το Δυναμικό Οξίνισης (AP). Η απόκτηση της βιομάζας ξύλου επηρέασε σημαντικά την απόδοση του κύκλου ζωής της παραγωγής KDV-ντίζελ και στις τρεις κατηγορίες περιβαλλοντικών επιπτώσεων. Σε σύγκριση με το συμβατικό πετρέλαιο ντίζελ, το KDV-ντίζελ συνέβαλε σημαντικά λιγότερο στο GWP, δεδομένου ότι δεν υπάρχουν εκπομπές διοξειδίου του άνθρακα (CO2) ορυκτής προέλευσης κατά τη φάση της χρήσης, αλλά συνέβαλε περισσότερο στο EP και στο AP λόγω ελαφρώς υψηλότερων εκπομπών στις φάσεις της παραγωγής. Το συμπέρασμα αυτό ισχύει για πέντε σενάρια παροχής ηλεκτρισμού για την παραγωγή του KDV-ντίζελ που μελετήθηκαν. Σε κάθε σενάριο χρησιμοποιήθηκε μια διαφορετική πηγή ενέργειας για την παραγωγή ηλεκτρισμού: αιολική ενέργεια, υδροηλεκτρική ενέργεια, πυρηνική ενέργεια, ηλεκτροπαραγωγή με καύση άνθρακα και χρήση μέρους του παραγόμενου KDV-ντίζελ για επιτόπια παραγωγή ηλεκτρισμού. Μια διαφορετική ανάλυση σεναρίου συνέκρινε μια εναλλακτική χρήση της βιομάζας ξύλου, υποθέτοντας ότι η ίδια ποσότητα βιομάζας ξύλου χρησιμοποιήθηκε για την παραγωγή βιο-ηλεκτρισμού, αντί να μετατραπεί σε KDV-ντίζελ. Η ανάλυση σεναρίου κατέδειξε ότι η χρήση της βιομάζας ξύλου για την παραγωγή KDV-ντίζελ ή για την παραγωγή βιο-ηλεκτρισμού εξαρτάται από την πηγή ενέργειας που χρησιμοποιείται για την παραγωγή ηλεκτρισμού καθ’όλη τη διάρκεια του κύκλου ζωής του KDV-ντίζελ.

No description available.

No description available.