• Refine Query
  • Source
  • Publication year
  • to
  • Language
  • 4
  • 2
  • Tagged with
  • 6
  • 3
  • 3
  • 3
  • 3
  • 3
  • 3
  • 3
  • 3
  • 3
  • 3
  • 3
  • 3
  • 3
  • 3
  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Etude de la régulation de l’expression des ARN non-codants au cours de l’infection par des virus à ARN : Implications de la protéine KSRP dans la réplication du virus de l’Hépatite C et de la souche HCoV-229E des Coronavirus / Non-coding RNA regulation during infection by RNA viruses : Involvment of KSRP for the replication of the Hepatitis C virus and for the Coronoavirus HCoV-229E strain

Baudesson, Camille 15 February 2019 (has links)
Les virus à ARN sont à l’origine de nombreuses épidémies depuis ces dernières décennies. Malgré des avancées thérapeutiques majeures, une majorité d’infection est orpheline de traitement. Le développement d’antiviraux à spectre large est une alternative thérapeutique pour maximiser le nombre de virus ciblés, minimiser les coûts de production et améliorer la prise pour les patients. Afin de trouver de nouvelles cibles cellulaires, la compréhension des mécanismes moléculaires utilisés par les virus pour infecter l’hôte est essentielle.Les virus utilisent des facteurs cellulaires pour survivre et se propager. Parmi ceux-ci, on trouve les microARNs (miARNs) et les longs ARNs non-codants (lncARNs) qui peuvent participer à la réponse antivirale mais peuvent également être détournés par les virus pour favoriser l’infection. Ces d’ARN non-codants peuvent interagir avec des protéines cellulaires (« RNA-binding protein » (RBP)) telles que la protéine KSRP. Cette RBP est impliquée dans le contrôle de l’expression des ARNs en participant à l’épissage de certains pré-ARNm, à la dégradation des ARNs contenant des séquences riches en AU et à la maturation de certains miARNs. Ses fonctions et sa localisation sont dépendantes de la phosphorylation de certains résidus par les kinases cellulaires Akt, ATM et p38/MAPK.Le but de ma thèse a été d’étudier la modulation de l’expression de ces deux classes d’ARN non-codants au cours de l’infection par des virus à ARN tels que le virus de l’Hépatite C (VHC) et la souche HCoV-229E des Coronavirus. Plus particulièrement nous avons cherché à étudier l’implication de KSRP dans la régulation d’ARN non-codants essentiels pour ces infections.Mes recherches ont commencé par l’étude de la maturation du microARN-122 (miR-122), un facteur proviral de l’infection par le VHC. Nous avons montré que KSRP phosphorylée sur le résidu S193 par Akt interagissait avec le complexe nucléaire DROSHA/DGCR8 et ainsi était essentielle à la maturation du pri-miR-122 en miR-122 favorisant la réplication virale. Notre avons ensuite étudié le rôle des phosphorylations de KSRP par ATM et p38/MAPK sur la réplication et sur la maturation du miR-122. La phosphorylation par ATM ne semble pas jouer un rôle majeur sur ces deux paramètres. En revanche, la phosphorylation de KSRP sur le résidu T692 par la kinase p38/MAPK semble jouer un rôle positif sur la réplication VHC.Dans un second temps, par homologie avec les résultats obtenus dans le cas du VHC, nous avons étudié le rôle de KSRP lors de l’infection par la souche HCoV-229E des Coronavirus. En transfectant un siKSRP ou un plasmide exprimant la protéine KSRP, nous avons pu démontrer que KSRP était un facteur proviral pour la réplication virale.Afin d’identifier les ARN non-codants modulés au cours de l’infection HcoV-229E et dont l’expression pouvait être régulée par KSRP, nous avons effectué deux analyses de séquençage à haut débit (« NGS »). L’analyse réalisée sur des cellules infectées vs non-infectées nous a permis d’identifier l’ensemble des miARNs et lncARNs dérégulés par le virus. Nous avons croisé ces résultats avec un second « NGS » fait sur des cellules infectées, inhibées pour KSRP et nous avons trouvé que l’expression du LinC00473 était modulée dans les deux conditions expérimentales. En étudiant ce facteur cellulaire au cours de l’infection nous avons observé une forte induction KSRP-dépendante du LinC00473 à 24 h post-infection, puis une diminution à 48 h post-infection. L’inhibition de ce facteur entraîne une diminution de la réplication virale suggérant que le LinC00473 est un facteur proviral au début de l’infection.Nos résultats ont permis de montrer le rôle proviral de la protéine KSRP lors de deux infections virales (VHC et HCoV-229E des Coronavirus). Son implication dans la régulation de l’expression des ARNs fait de cette protéine un outil efficace pour découvrir de nouvelles cibles thérapeutiques ARN non-codants au cours d’autres infections virales. / Résumé en anglaisRNA viruses have been the cause of many epidemics in recent decades. Despite major therapeutic advances, a majority of infection is currently orphan for treatment. The development of new broad spectrum antivirals is a therapeutic alternative to maximize the number of targeted viruses, minimize production costs and improve access to population. In order to find new cellular targets for this type of therapeutic approach, understanding the molecular mechanisms used by RNA viruses to infect the host is essential.Viruses exploit cellular factors to survive and to disseminate. Among those factors, microRNA (miRNA) and long non-coding RNA (lnCRNA) can participate to cellular antiviral response but can also be hijacked by the virus to improve the infection. These two families of non-coding RNA could interact with cellular RNA-binding protein (RBP) such as KSRP. This ubiquitous protein is involved in RNA expression control via its participation to pre-mRNA splicing, decay of AU-rich element mRNA and maturation of microRNAs. The functions and localization of KSRP are dependent of post- modification by the cellular kinases Akt, ATM and p38/MAPK.The aim of my thesis was to study the modulation of the expression of these two classes of non-coding RNA during infection by RNA viruses such as the hepatitis C virus (HCV) and the HCoV-229E strain of the Coronaviruses. More specifically, we evaluated the involvement of KSRP in the regulation of non-coding RNAs essential for these infections.My research project began with the study of microRNA-122 (miR-122) the maturation. This miRNA is a proviral factor for HCV infection. We have shown that the Akt-dependent phosphorylation of S193-KSRP promoted the interaction of pri-miR-122 with the DROSHA / DGCR8 nuclear complex and thus was essential for the maturation of miR-122, finally promoting viral replication. We then investigated the role of KSRP phosphorylation by ATM and p38 / MAPK on viral replication and on miR-122 maturation. ATM phosphorylation does not seem to play a major role in these two parameters. In contrast, phosphorylation of KSRP on the T692 residue by p38 / MAPK kinase appears to play a positive role on viral replication.In a second step, by homology with the results obtained in the case of the HCV infection, we studied the role of KSRP during the infection with the HCoV-229E strain of Coronaviruses. After siKSRP transfection or exogenous expression of the KSRP protein, we were able to demonstrate that KSRP was a proviral cellular factor for HCoV-229E replication.In order to characterize the modulation of non-coding RNAs expression during HcoV-229E infection and to identify the non-coding RNAs whose expression could be regulated by KSRP, we performed two high-throughput sequencing ("NGS") assays. The analysis performed on infected and non-infected cells allowed us to identify all the miRNAs and lncRNAs whose expression was altered by the virus. We cross-examined these results with a second "NGS" performed on HCoV-229E infected cells inhibited for KSRP. We found that the expression of an InCARN (LinC00473) was modulated under both experimental conditions. We demonstrated a strong KSRP-dependent induction of LinC00473 expression at 24 h post-infection, then a decrease at 48 h post-infection. Inhibition of this factor results in decreased viral replication suggesting that LinC00473 is a proviral cell factor at the onset of infection.Our results have shown the proviral role of the KSRP protein during two viral infections (HCV and HCoV-229E of the coronaviruses). Its involvement in the regulation of RNA expression makes of KSRP an effective tool for discovering new non-coding RNA therapeutic targets for other viral infections
2

Identification of KSRP as a novel protein regulator of the interferon-inducible RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR) by quantitative mass spectrometry

Sänger, Sandra 16 November 2016 (has links)
Die RNA-abhängige Proteinkinase (PKR) ist eine Interferon-induzierte Proteinkinase mit einer zentralen Rolle in der antiviralen Immunantwort. Die Aktivierung von PKR wird durch Bindung viraler RNA oder spezifischer Protein-Regulatoren ausgelöst und resultiert in der Inhibierung der Translation und Induktion von Transkriptionsfaktoren für die Produktion proinflammatorischer Zytokine. Trotz intensiver Forschung ist es bisher nicht gelungen, das gesamte Spektrum von PKR-Regulatoren und Adaptorproteinen aufzudecken. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde mithilfe von quantitativer Massenspektrometrie eine systematische Analyse von PKR Bindungspartnern im Kontext einer Influenzavirusinfektion durchgeführt. Dabei wurden 47 Proteine identifiziert, die nach Infektion mit einem Influenza A Virus spezifisch an PKR gebunden waren. Die Interaktion von PKR und einem Teil der Proteine wurde validiert und es konnte gezeigt werden, dass einige der gefundenen Proteine die PKR-Phosphorylierung verstärkten. Hierbei wurde das KH-Typ Splicing regulatorische Protein (KSRP) als neuer Regulator von PKR identifiziert.Die Aktivierung von PKR durch KSRP wurde dabei durch direkte Interaktion der Proteine über die N-terminale Domäne von PKR vermittelt, war jedoch unabhängig von der RNA-Bindungsfunktion. Immunfluoreszenzversuche zeigten, dass die Infektion mit einer Virusmutante zur Umlagerung beider Proteine in Stress-Granula führte. Verringerte KSRP-Level beeinträchtigten die PKR-Aktivierung, was zu einer 10-fachen Verbesserung der Replikation von mutierten Influenzaviren in Zellen mit verringerter IFN-beta-Expression führte. In dieser Arbeit konnte zum ersten Mal gezeigt werden, dass KSRP die antivirale Abwehr durch direkte Bindung an PKR und die damit verbundene Steigerung der PKR-Aktivität unterstützt. Zusammenfassend unterstreichen die Ergebnisse das Vermögen quantitativer Massenspektrometrie antivirale Mechanismen systematisch aufzuklären, um potenzielle Ziele für antivirale Therapien zu finden. / The RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR) is an interferon induced protein kinase that plays a significant role in innate antiviral immunity. Activation of PKR can be triggered by binding of viral RNA or distinct protein regulators and results in inhibition of translation and the induction of transcription factors that lead to production of proinflammatory cytokines. Over the last decades, extensive research was conducted to identify the whole network of PKR regulators and adaptor proteins, but it is most likely that still some pieces are missing to complete our understanding of PKR functions. This thesis provides a systematic analysis of PKR binding partners in the context of influenza A virus infection by using quantitative mass spectrometry. In total, 47 proteins that bound specifically to PKR after influenza A virus infection were identified. The interaction between PKR and a subset of candidates was validated and it was shown that some of the identified proteins upon overexpression induced PKR phosphorylation. Hereby, the KH-type-splicing regulatory protein (KSRP) was identified as a novel protein regulator of PKR. Activation of PKR by KSRP was mediated by direct interaction of KSRP with the N-terminal domain of PKR, but was found to be independent from dsRNA binding. Immunofluorescence experiments showed that upon infection with an influenza A mutant virus, both proteins were redistributed to cytoplasmic stress granules. Knockdown of KSRP impaired PKR activation and consequently rescued viral replication of influenza A mutant viruses by one order of magnitude in cells with reduced IFN-beta levels. It was shown for the first time that KSRP is able to support antiviral signalling by enhancing PKR activation in a process that involves direct protein-protein-interaction. Taken together, this study demonstrates the aptitude of quantitative mass spectrometry for elucidation of cellular antiviral response pathways to reveal potential new targets for antiviral therapy.
3

Analyse structurale et fonctionnelle de la région des A-repeats de l'ARN Xist impliqué dans l'inactivation du chromosome X dans les mammifères femelles / Structural and functional analysis of the A region of the Xist RNA involved in the X-chromosome inactivation in mammals female cells

Savoye, Anne 14 December 2012 (has links)
L'inactivation du chromosome X correspond au silence transcriptionnel de l'un des deux chromosomes X dans les cellules des mammifères femelles. Il s'agit d'un mécanisme de compensation du dosage du chromosome X qui assure un taux d'expression des gènes liés aux chromosomes X équivalent entre organismes mâles (XY) et femelles (XX). Elle débute par une accumulation de l'ARN Xist (X inactive specific transcript) sur le chromosome X qui sera inactivé (Xi). Elle est suivie très rapidement par des modifications des histones qui assurent l'établissement, le maintien et la transmission de l'état transcriptionnel inactif de la chromatine. L'ARN Xist comprend plusieurs régions d'éléments répétés et notamment la région des A-repeats, essentielle pour la mise en place de l'inactivation. Mes recherches se sont portées sur l'étude de cette région singulière : sa structure et ses interactions protéiques. La technique de FRET (Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer) appliquée à l'ARN nous a permis de confirmer la structure de cette région parmi 3 modèles possibles. Elle se structure en deux tiges-boucles formée par l'appariement 2 à 2 de 4 répétitions successives. Dans une seconde partie, j'ai caractérisé l'interaction de cette région avec certains de ses partenaires protéiques in vitro. La région des A-repeats interagit notamment de manière directe avec les protéines PTB, KSRP et ASF/SF2. Les 2 premières protéines pourraient avoir un rôle dans la stabilité de l'ARN tandis qu'ASF/SF2 serait impliquée dans la maturation de l'ARN X / X-chromosome inactivation is the transcriptional silencing of one of the two X chromosomes in female mammal cells. This mechanism of dosage compensation ensures an equal level of the X-linked genes expression between males (XY) and females (XX). It initiates with the accumulation of the Xist RNA (X inactive specific transcript) on the futur inactive X chromosome (Xi). It is followed by the apposition of epigenetic marks such as histone modifications, that ensure establishment, maintenance and transmission of the inactive state of the chromatin. Xist RNA comprises a number of repeated regions and, in particular to its 5' end the A region, absolutely necessary for the establishment of the X-inactivation. My research was focused on the study of this singular region: its structure and its protein interactions. The FRET method (Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer) applied to RNA allowed us to ascertain that the RNA is structured in two long stem-loop structures each including four repeats. In a second part, I characterized the in vitro interaction of this region with some of its protein partners. The A region interacts directly with PTB, KSRP and ASF/SF2 proteins. The first two proteins may have a role in RNA stability whereas ASF/SF2 could be involved in the splicing process
4

Identification and Characterization of an Arginine-methylated Survival of Motor Neuron (SMN) Interactor in Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA)

Tadesse, Helina 19 December 2012 (has links)
Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) is a neuronal degenerative disease caused by the mutation or loss of the Survival Motor Neuron (SMN) gene. The cause for the specific motor neuron susceptibility in SMA has not been identified. The high axonal transport/localization demand on motor neurons may be one potentially disrupted function, more specific to these cells. We therefore used a large-scale immunoprecipitation (IP) experiment, to identify potential interactors of SMN involved in neuronal transport and localization of mRNA targets. We identified KH-type splicing regulatory protein (KSRP), a multifunctional RNA-binding protein that has been implicated in transcriptional regulation, neuro-specific alternative splicing, and mRNA decay. KSRP is closely related to chick zipcode-binding protein 2 and rat MARTA1, proteins involved in neuronal transport/localization of beta-actin and microtubule-associated protein 2 mRNAs, respectively. We demonstrated that KSRP is arginine methylated, a novel SMN interactor (specifically with the SMN Tudor domain; and not with SMA causing mutants). We also found this protein to be misregulated in the absence of SMN, resulting in increased mRNA stability of KSRP mRNA target, p21cip/waf1. A role for SMN as an axonal chaperone of methylated RBPs could thus be key in SMA pathophysiology.
5

Identification and Characterization of an Arginine-methylated Survival of Motor Neuron (SMN) Interactor in Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA)

Tadesse, Helina 19 December 2012 (has links)
Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) is a neuronal degenerative disease caused by the mutation or loss of the Survival Motor Neuron (SMN) gene. The cause for the specific motor neuron susceptibility in SMA has not been identified. The high axonal transport/localization demand on motor neurons may be one potentially disrupted function, more specific to these cells. We therefore used a large-scale immunoprecipitation (IP) experiment, to identify potential interactors of SMN involved in neuronal transport and localization of mRNA targets. We identified KH-type splicing regulatory protein (KSRP), a multifunctional RNA-binding protein that has been implicated in transcriptional regulation, neuro-specific alternative splicing, and mRNA decay. KSRP is closely related to chick zipcode-binding protein 2 and rat MARTA1, proteins involved in neuronal transport/localization of beta-actin and microtubule-associated protein 2 mRNAs, respectively. We demonstrated that KSRP is arginine methylated, a novel SMN interactor (specifically with the SMN Tudor domain; and not with SMA causing mutants). We also found this protein to be misregulated in the absence of SMN, resulting in increased mRNA stability of KSRP mRNA target, p21cip/waf1. A role for SMN as an axonal chaperone of methylated RBPs could thus be key in SMA pathophysiology.
6

Identification and Characterization of an Arginine-methylated Survival of Motor Neuron (SMN) Interactor in Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA)

Tadesse, Helina January 2012 (has links)
Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) is a neuronal degenerative disease caused by the mutation or loss of the Survival Motor Neuron (SMN) gene. The cause for the specific motor neuron susceptibility in SMA has not been identified. The high axonal transport/localization demand on motor neurons may be one potentially disrupted function, more specific to these cells. We therefore used a large-scale immunoprecipitation (IP) experiment, to identify potential interactors of SMN involved in neuronal transport and localization of mRNA targets. We identified KH-type splicing regulatory protein (KSRP), a multifunctional RNA-binding protein that has been implicated in transcriptional regulation, neuro-specific alternative splicing, and mRNA decay. KSRP is closely related to chick zipcode-binding protein 2 and rat MARTA1, proteins involved in neuronal transport/localization of beta-actin and microtubule-associated protein 2 mRNAs, respectively. We demonstrated that KSRP is arginine methylated, a novel SMN interactor (specifically with the SMN Tudor domain; and not with SMA causing mutants). We also found this protein to be misregulated in the absence of SMN, resulting in increased mRNA stability of KSRP mRNA target, p21cip/waf1. A role for SMN as an axonal chaperone of methylated RBPs could thus be key in SMA pathophysiology.

Page generated in 0.0112 seconds