O presente trabalho busca estabelecer diálogos entre os discursos produzidos pela FRELIMO, durante o processo de independência e os primeiros anos de governo, e duas obras literárias, nomeadamente O regresso do morto (1989), de Suleiman Cassamo e Orgia do Loucos (1990), de Ungulani Ba Ka Khosa. Ao longo de sua constituição enquanto movimento de resistência ao colonialismo e, após a independência, como partido político, a FRELIMO estabeleceu diversas diretrizes de governo visando a construção de uma nação moçambicana que repudiasse os mecanismos de exploração colonial e promovesse a igualdade e o respeito entre todas as populações moçambicanas, possibilitando assim melhorias na qualidade de vida dessas populações. As duas obras estudadas, no entanto, pertencem ao movimento literário promovido pela publicação da revista Charrua, que procurava promover reflexões sobre a situação de Moçambique após quase uma década de independência, permitindo a observação de problemáticas e contradições relacionadas à realidade social do país, refletindo sobre o quanto essa realidade se aproxima ou se distancia dos objetivos propostos pelo partido. Para observar estas contradições, foram utilizados ao longo da pesquisa alguns discursos proferidos por Samora Machel, tais como A libertação da mulher é uma necessidade da revolução, garantia de sua continuidade, condição de seu triunfo, de 1973, e Educar o homem para vencer a guerra, criar uma sociedade nova e desenvolver a pátria, também de 1973, além de diversas pesquisas de historiadores, cientistas políticos e antropólogos. Em O regresso do morto podemos observar uma certa anuência aos discursos frelimistas no que tange a um ideal de nação proposto durante o processo de independência e ao longo dos primeiros anos de governo. Por meio de narrativas que transmitem a esperança do surgimento de um país livre e independente, forjado por meio dos esforços individuais de cada moçambicano, Cassamo reafirma possibilidades de convivências harmoniosas entre as populações e a superação de obstáculos advindos do duro processo colonial, de acordo com preceitos já estabelecidos nos discursos frelimistas. Por outro lado, Khosa opta por construir, em suas narrativas, tramas que apontam para a insuficiência desses discursos na nova sociedade moçambicana, destacando as fragmentações impostas pelos anos de colonialismo, a burocratização do estado, bem como o distanciamento do governo moçambicano da realidade social do país, dificultando o acesso das populações moçambicanas à serviços básicos e a uma vivência plena de suas culturas e diferenças. / The present study aims to establish a dialogue between the discourses produced by FRELIMO during the process of independence in their first years of government and two literary works: O regresso do morto (1989), by Suleiman Cassamo and Orgia dos loucos (1990) bt Ungulani Ba Ka Khosa. Throughout its constitution as a colonialism resistance movement and after independence, as a political party, FRELIMO established several guidelines for government in order to build a mozambican nation that repudiated the mechanisms of colonial exploitation, promoting equality and respect between all mozambican populations, thus enabling improvements in the quality of life of these populations. The two works here studied, however, belong to the literary movement called Charrua, which sought to promote reflections on the situation in Mozambique after nearly a decade of independence, allowing the observation of problems and contradictions related to the social reality of the country, reflecting on how this reality approaches or moves away of the objectives proposed by FRELIMO. In order to observe these contradictions, during the research were used some speeches by Samora Machel, such as A libertação da mulher é uma necessidade da revolução, garantia de sua continuidade, condição de seu triunfo, 1973, and Educar o homem para vencer a guerra, criar uma sociedade nova e desenvolver a pátria, also from 1973, in addicion to several researches by historians, political scientists and anthopologists. In O regresso do morto we can observe a certain acquiescence to FRELIMO speeches regarding their proposition of an ideal of nation during the process of independence and along the first years of government. Through narratives that convey the hope of a free and independent nation, achieved through each individual mozambican efforts, Cassamo reaffirms possibilities of harmonious cohabitation between the mozambican populations and the overcoming of obstacles due to the hard colonial process, according to the principles already established by FRELIMO speeches. Khosa, however, chooses to build in his narratives, plots that point to the failure of these discourses in the new mozambican society, highlighting the fragmentation imposed by years of colonialism as well as the distance of the mozambican government of the countrys social reality, hindering the access to the mozambican populations to basic services and a full experience of their cultures and differences.

O presente trabalho busca estabelecer diálogos entre os discursos produzidos pela FRELIMO, durante o processo de independência e os primeiros anos de governo, e duas obras literárias, nomeadamente O regresso do morto (1989), de Suleiman Cassamo e Orgia do Loucos (1990), de Ungulani Ba Ka Khosa. Ao longo de sua constituição enquanto movimento de resistência ao colonialismo e, após a independência, como partido político, a FRELIMO estabeleceu diversas diretrizes de governo visando a construção de uma nação moçambicana que repudiasse os mecanismos de exploração colonial e promovesse a igualdade e o respeito entre todas as populações moçambicanas, possibilitando assim melhorias na qualidade de vida dessas populações. As duas obras estudadas, no entanto, pertencem ao movimento literário promovido pela publicação da revista Charrua, que procurava promover reflexões sobre a situação de Moçambique após quase uma década de independência, permitindo a observação de problemáticas e contradições relacionadas à realidade social do país, refletindo sobre o quanto essa realidade se aproxima ou se distancia dos objetivos propostos pelo partido. Para observar estas contradições, foram utilizados ao longo da pesquisa alguns discursos proferidos por Samora Machel, tais como A libertação da mulher é uma necessidade da revolução, garantia de sua continuidade, condição de seu triunfo, de 1973, e Educar o homem para vencer a guerra, criar uma sociedade nova e desenvolver a pátria, também de 1973, além de diversas pesquisas de historiadores, cientistas políticos e antropólogos. Em O regresso do morto podemos observar uma certa anuência aos discursos frelimistas no que tange a um ideal de nação proposto durante o processo de independência e ao longo dos primeiros anos de governo. Por meio de narrativas que transmitem a esperança do surgimento de um país livre e independente, forjado por meio dos esforços individuais de cada moçambicano, Cassamo reafirma possibilidades de convivências harmoniosas entre as populações e a superação de obstáculos advindos do duro processo colonial, de acordo com preceitos já estabelecidos nos discursos frelimistas. Por outro lado, Khosa opta por construir, em suas narrativas, tramas que apontam para a insuficiência desses discursos na nova sociedade moçambicana, destacando as fragmentações impostas pelos anos de colonialismo, a burocratização do estado, bem como o distanciamento do governo moçambicano da realidade social do país, dificultando o acesso das populações moçambicanas à serviços básicos e a uma vivência plena de suas culturas e diferenças. / The present study aims to establish a dialogue between the discourses produced by FRELIMO during the process of independence in their first years of government and two literary works: O regresso do morto (1989), by Suleiman Cassamo and Orgia dos loucos (1990) bt Ungulani Ba Ka Khosa. Throughout its constitution as a colonialism resistance movement and after independence, as a political party, FRELIMO established several guidelines for government in order to build a mozambican nation that repudiated the mechanisms of colonial exploitation, promoting equality and respect between all mozambican populations, thus enabling improvements in the quality of life of these populations. The two works here studied, however, belong to the literary movement called Charrua, which sought to promote reflections on the situation in Mozambique after nearly a decade of independence, allowing the observation of problems and contradictions related to the social reality of the country, reflecting on how this reality approaches or moves away of the objectives proposed by FRELIMO. In order to observe these contradictions, during the research were used some speeches by Samora Machel, such as A libertação da mulher é uma necessidade da revolução, garantia de sua continuidade, condição de seu triunfo, 1973, and Educar o homem para vencer a guerra, criar uma sociedade nova e desenvolver a pátria, also from 1973, in addicion to several researches by historians, political scientists and anthopologists. In O regresso do morto we can observe a certain acquiescence to FRELIMO speeches regarding their proposition of an ideal of nation during the process of independence and along the first years of government. Through narratives that convey the hope of a free and independent nation, achieved through each individual mozambican efforts, Cassamo reaffirms possibilities of harmonious cohabitation between the mozambican populations and the overcoming of obstacles due to the hard colonial process, according to the principles already established by FRELIMO speeches. Khosa, however, chooses to build in his narratives, plots that point to the failure of these discourses in the new mozambican society, highlighting the fragmentation imposed by years of colonialism as well as the distance of the mozambican government of the countrys social reality, hindering the access to the mozambican populations to basic services and a full experience of their cultures and differences.

Dans les systèmes de communication et de détection sans fil, l'antenne est un élément indispensable pour transformer l'énergie électrique en ondes électromagnétiques rayonnée dans l'espace, et vice versa. Les antennes sont utilisées dans de nombreux dispositifs militaires et civils, tels que les radars (SAR, secteur automobile, détection de débris, etc.), les instruments biomédicaux, les systèmes de télécommunication (téléphones mobiles, stations de base) pour les communications point à multi-point ou point à point par exemple. Les antennes jouent aussi un rôle essentiel pour le développement de futurs réseaux connectés reliant plusieurs appareils à des utilisateurs en temps réel, par exemple pour l'Internet des objets (IoT). Les réseaux transmetteurs sont une solution attrayante pour de nombreuses applications telles que les communications par satellite (Satcom) ou les futurs réseaux 5G. L'architecture des antennes à réseau transmetteur les rend extrêmement compétitifs comparés aux réseaux phasés par exemple grâce à leur alimentation par onde d’espace et car ils ne souffrent pas du blocage induit par la source primaire, comme c’est le cas pour les réseaux réflecteurs ou les antennes à réflecteur. Grâce à leur fonctionnement en mode transmission, les réseaux transmetteurs peuvent être également facilement montés sur des plates-formes mobiles.Les applications Satcom en bande Ka constituent le secteur applicatif majeur de cette thèse. Cette bande fournit un débit de données élevé à la fois pour les liaisons descendantes et les liaisons montantes, en remplacement des systèmes actuels en bande Ku. Dans ce contexte, il convient aussi de prêter une attention particulière aux communications avec des plates-formes mobiles, par exemple les trains à grande vitesse, les avions, etc., ce qui nécessite de mettre au point des antennes à balayage de faisceau. De nombreuses propriétés avancées sont exploitées depuis ces dernières années pour accroître les débits et la flexibilité des systèmes de communication sans fil, par exemple la polarisation circulaire, la double polarisation, le fonctionnement multi-fréquence ou large bande, le dépointage électronique de faisceau. Pour réduire les coûts, des preuves de concept de réseaux transmetteurs non diélectriques sont également proposées. Cette thèse s’est déroulée dans le cadre du projet ANR TRANSMIL (Reconfigurable TRANSmitarrays for beam steering and beam forming at MILlimetre wave). Les objectifs de cette thèse sont de proposer de nouvelles architectures de réseaux transmetteurs fonctionnant en bande Ka en liaison descendante (de 17,7 GHz à 21,2 GHz) et en liaison montante (de 27,5 GHz à 31 GHz). Différents prototypes ont été conçus et fabriqués afin de valider les concepts proposés en bande X et en bande Ka. Un bon accord entre les résultats numériques et mesurés a été obtenu systématiquement. En particulier, les réseaux transmetteurs à double polarisation que nous avons conçus en bande X présentent un gain de 25 dBi et une bande passante à 3 dB de 20% à 10 GHz. Ces propriétés sont indépendantes de la polarisation du champ rayonné, ce qui signifie que des faisceaux de polarisation linéaire orthogonale peuvent être rayonnés indépendamment dans des directions différentes. Un réseau transmetteur bi-bande fonctionnant en bande Ka a également été mis au point. Sa bande passante à 3 dB est de 10% autour des fréquences centrales (19,5 GHz et 29 GHz) et son efficacité de rayonnement atteint 60%. D’autres concepts ont également été étudiés (réseaux transmetteurs sans diélectrique, réseau transmetteur reconfigurable). / Transmitarray is an attractive solution for front-end devices in the next generation of communications (5G). The spatial-fed architecture of transmitarray antennas can compete with phase-arrays due to the absence of feeding network and with reflectarrays since they do not suffer from feed blockage. Thanks to their operation in transmission mode, transmitarrays can be easily mounted on platforms for outdoor environment applications. With mature printed-circuit board technology, there are unstoppable experiments in various frequency bands from cm-wave to mm-wave and up to terahertz in upcoming years for potential applications. Many advanced properties are exploited in transmitarrays in recent years to meet high demands of communications facilities, for example, circular-polarization, dual-/multi-polarization or frequencies through many techniques. Some experiments are consid-ered to validate eligibility of this antenna type in commercial services or military missions, namely electronically steering beam, broad bandwidth, etc. In terms of cost reduction and rigidity, non-dielectric prototypes are also proposed. The Ka-band Satcom applications are the main objective of this thesis through trans-mitarray solution. This band provides high data rate for both down-link and up-link in replacement of the current Ku-band systems with miniaturized module in next dec-ades. Hence, it is worth to pay attention to communications for moving platforms, for example, high-speed trains, planes, etc.

L'essor des communications par satellites et des nouvelles technologies de l'information et de la communication conduisent à une demande croissante de la part des utilisateurs. Ainsi, afin de répondre à ces nouveaux besoins, des services proposant de la connectivité en vol pour les passagers des compagnies aériennes voient le jour. Les travaux présentés dans ce mémoire portent sur la réalisation de modèles numériques rigoureux de grands réseaux d'antennes destinés à couvrir ce champ applicatif. Après une mise en contexte et un rappel des contraintes liées aux réseaux d'antennes, des véhicules de test numériques et expérimentaux, permettant de valider les méthodologies de modélisation, sont réalisés. La modélisation d'un grand panneau rayonnant à bipolarisation circulaire et acceptant d'importants angles de dépointage est enfin abordée. Cette étude permet alors de statuer sur les performances du panneau, en fonction des consignes de pointage et des dispersions éventuelles des chaînes actives. / The rapid expansion of satellite communications and information and communications technology led to an increasing demand from end-users. Hence, services offering In-Flight Connectivity for airlines passengers are emerging. This work is focused on the implementation of accurate numerical models of large antenna arrays meant for this scope. After having put things into context and recalled issues linked to antenna arrays, numerical and experimental test vehicles are made, allowing to validate the modelling methodologies. Finally, the modelling of a large, dual circular polarization and wide-angle scanning radiating panel is addressed. This study then allows to estimate the performance of the panel function of steering requirements and possible dispersions from the active channels.

This master thesis deals with a study of directional antennas, followed by their design and optimalization of horn antenna based on SIW for Ka band (26,5- 40 GHz). The first part of the thesis contains the theoretical analysis of the different types of directional antennas, also the SIW technology is described here. It also describes the 3D printing technology by means of which the final antenna should be made. The next part of this work is about design of horn antenna based on SIW. Simulation and optimization of the antenna will be done using the CST Microwave Studio. The final part of the thesis deals with evaluation of achieved results.

This master thesis deals with a study of directional antennas, followed by their design and optimization of horn antenna based on SIW for Ka band (26,5- 40 GHz). The first part of the thesis contains the theoretical analysis of the different types of directional antennas, also the SIW technology is described here. It also describes the 3D printing technology by means of which the final antenna should be made. The next part of this work is about design of horn antenna based on SIW. Simulation and optimization of the antenna will be done using the CST Microwave Studio. The horn antenna was modeled with three different dielectric loads. The horn antenna with an experimental triangular dielectric load was chosen for fabrication. The fabricated antenna has reached almost the whole bandwidth to cover Ka. The antenna gain was 9,38 dBi for 33 GHz frequency.

Introduction and objectives In Vietnam, the forest resources have been declining and degrading severely in recent years. The degradation has decreased the natural forest area, changed the forest structure seriously and reduced timber volume and biodiversity. From 1999 to 2005, the rich forest area has decreased 10.2%, whereas the poor secondary forest has increased dramatically by 20.7%. Forest structure plays an important role in forestry research. Understanding forest structure will unlock an understanding of the history, function and future of a forest ecosystem (Spies, 1998). The forest structure is an excellent basis for restoration measures. Therefore, this research is necessary to contribute to improving forest area and quality, reducing difficulties in forest management. The study also enhances the grasp of forest structure, structure changes after harvesting and fills serious gaps in knowledge. In addition, the research results will contribute to improving and rescuing the poor secondary forest and restoring it, approaching the old-growth forest in Vietnam. Material and methods The study was conducted in Kon Ka Kinh national park. The park is located in the Northeastern region of Gia Lai province, 50 km from Pleiku city center to the Northeast. The park is distributed over seven different communes in three districts: K’Bang, Mang Yang and Đăk Đoa. Data were collected from 10 plots of secondary forests (Type IIb) and 10 plots of primeval forests (Type IV). Stratified random sampling was applied to select plot locations. 1 ha plots were used to investigate gaps. 2000 m2 plots were used to measure overstorey trees such as diameter at breast height, total height, crown width and species names. 500 m2 subplots were used to record tree positions. For regeneration, 25 systematic 4 m2 subplots were established inside 1 ha plots. After data were collected in the field, data analyses were conducted by using R and Excel. Firstly, some stand information, such as density, volume and so on, was calculated, and then descriptive statistics were computed for diameter and height variables. Linear mixed effect models were applied to analyze the difference of diameter and height and to check the effect of random factor between the two forest types. Diameter and height frequency distributions were also generated and compared by using permutational analysis of variance (PERMANOVA). Non-linear regression models were analyzed for diameter and height variables. Similar analyses were implemented for gaps. Regarding spatial point patterns of overstorey trees, replicated point pattern analysis techniques were applied in this research. For biodiversity, some calculations were run such as richness and biodiversity indices, comparison of biodiversity indices by using linear mixed models and biodiversity differences between two forest types tested again by permutational analysis of variance. In terms of regeneration, some analyses were implemented such as: height frequency distribution generation, frequency difference testing, biodiversity indices for the regeneration and spatial distribution checking by using a nonrandomness index. Results and discussion After analyzing the data, some essential findings were obtained as follows: Hypothesis H1 “The overstorey structure of secondary forests is more homogeneous and uniform than old-growth forests” is accepted. In other words, the secondary forest density is about 1.8 times higher than the jungle. However, the volume is only 0.56 times as large. The average diameter and height of the secondary forest is smaller by 5.71 cm and 3.73 m than the old-growth forest, respectively. Linear mixed effect model results indicate that this difference is statistically different and the effect of the random factor (Section) is not important. Type IIb has many small trees and the diameter frequency distribution is quite homogeneous. The old-growth forest has more big trees. For both forest stages, the height frequency distribution is positively skewed. PERMANOVA results illustrate that the frequency distribution is statistically different between the two forest types. Regression functions are also more variant and diverse in the old-growth forest, because all standard deviations of the parameters are greater there. Gap analysis results indicate that the number of gaps in the young forest is slightly higher, while the average gap size is much smaller. The gap frequency distribution is statistically different between the two types. In terms of the spatial point pattern of overlayer trees, the G-test and the pair correlation function results show that trees distribute randomly in the secondary forest. In contrast, the spatial point patterns of trees are more regular and diverse in the old-growth forest. The spatial point pattern difference is not significant, and this is proved by a permutational t-test for pair correlation function (pcf). Envelope function results indicate that the variation of pcf in young forests is much lower than in the primary forests. Hypothesis H2 “The overstorey species biodiversity of the secondary forest is less than in the old-growth forest” is rejected. Results show that the number of species of the secondary forest is much greater than in the old-growth forest, especially richness. The richness of the secondary forest is 1.16 times higher. The Simpson and Shannon indices are slightly smaller in the secondary forest. The average Simpson index for both forest stages is 0.898 and 0.920, respectively. However, the difference is not significant. Species accumulation curves become relatively flatter on the right, meaning a reasonable number of plots have been observed. Estimated number of species from accumulation curves in two forest types are 105 and 95/ha. PERMANOVA results show that number of species and proportion of individuals in each species are significantly different between forest types. Hypothesis H3 “The number regenerating species of the secondary forest is less and they distribute more regularly, compared to the old-growth forest” is rejected. There are both similarities and differences between the two types. The regeneration density of the stage IIb is 22,930 seedlings/ha, greater than the old forest by 9,030 seedlings. The height frequency distribution shows a decreasing trend. Similar to overstorey, the richness of the secondary forest is 141 species, higher than the old-growth forest by 9 species. Biodiversity indices are not statistically different between two types. PERMANOVA results indicate that the number of species and the proportion of individuals for each species are also not significantly different from observed forest types. Nonrandomness index results show that the regeneration distributes regularly. Up to 95% of the plots reflect this distribution trend. Hypothesis H4 “Restoration measures (with and without human intervention) could be implemented in the regenerating forest” is accepted. The investigated results show that the secondary forest still has mother trees, and it has enough seedlings to restore. Therefore, restoration solutions with and without human intervention can be implemented. Firstly, forest protection should be applied. This measure is relevant to national park regulations in Vietnam. Rangers and other related organizations will be responsible for carrying out protection activities. These activities will protect forest resources from illegal logging, grazing and tourist activities. Environmental education and awareness-raising activities for indigenous people is also important. Another measure is additional and enrichment planting. It should focus on exclusive species of the overstorey in Type IIb or exclusive species of the primary forest. Selection of these species will lead to species biodiversity increase in the future. This also meets the purpose of the maximum biodiversity solution. Conclusion Forest resources play a very important role in human life as well as maintaining the sustainability of ecosystems. However, at present, they are under serious threat, particularly in Vietnam. Central Highland, Vietnam, where forest resources are still relatively good, is also threatened by illegal logging, lack of knowledge of people and so on. Therefore, it needs the hands of the people, especially foresters and researchers. Through research, scientists can provide the knowledge and understanding of the forest, including the structure and forest restoration. This study has obtained important findings. The secondary forest is more homogeneous and uniform, while the old-growth forest is very diverse. Biodiversity of the overstorey in the secondary forest is more than the primary. The number of regenerating species in the secondary forest is higher, but other indices are not statistically different between two types. The regeneration distribute regularly on the ground. The secondary forest still has mother trees and sufficient regeneration, so some restoration measures can be applied here. Findings of the study contribute to improve people’s understanding of the structure and the structural changes after harvesting in Kon Ka Kinh national park, Gia Lai. That is a key to have better understandings of the history and values of the forests. These findings and the proposed restoration measures address rescuing degraded forests in Central Highland in particular and Vietnam in general. And further, this is a promising basis for the management and sustainable use of forest resources in the future.:TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I TABLE OF CONTENTS III LIST OF FIGURES VIII LIST OF TABLES XI LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS XII SUMMARY XIII CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION 1 1.1. The decline of natural forest resources, orientation of difficulty and development in Vietnam 1 1.1.1. Decline of forest resources 1 1.1.2. Difficulties in forestry management 1 1.1.3. Management strategies 2 1.2. Forest structure role 3 1.3. Forest restoration in Vietnam 4 1.4. Importance of old-growth and secondary forests 4 1.5. Aims, scope and hypotheses 6 1.5.1. Aims 6 1.5.1.1. General objective 6 1.5.1.2. Specific objective 6 1.5.2. Scope 6 1.5.3. Hypotheses 6 CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW 8 2.1. Tropical forest structure analysis 8 2.1.1. History 8 2.1.1.1. Overstorey 8 2.1.1.2. Regeneration 12 2.1.2. Structural attributes of tropical forests 13 2.1.2.1. Overstorey 14 a. Analyzed attributes 14 b. Relevant attributes to this study 15 2.1.2.2. Regeneration 21 2.2. Secondary tropical forest restoration 22 2.2.1. Strategies for secondary forest restoration 23 2.2.1.1. Protection and natural recovery 24 2.2.1.2. Natural regeneration management 24 a. Growing conditions and yield of desirable regeneration improvement 24 b. Desirable regeneration assistance 25 2.2.1.3. Accelerated Natural Regeneration (ANR) 25 2.2.1.4. Enrichment planting 25 2.2.1.5. The framework species method 26 2.2.1.6. Maximum diversity planting method 26 CHAPTER III: MATERIAL 27 3.1. Natural conditions of the study area 27 3.1.1 Geographic location, boundaries and area of Kon Ka Kinh national park 27 3.1.2. Topography, geology and soil 28 3.1.2.1. Topography 28 3.1.2.2. Geology and soil 29 3.1.3. Climate and hydrology 30 3.1.3.1. Climate 30 3.1.3.2. Hydrology 31 3.2. Vegetation in Kon Ka Kinh national park 31 3.2.1. The area of land use types 31 3.2.2. Plant biodiversity 33 3.2.3. The flora and forest vegetation 33 3.2.3.1. Flora 33 3.2.3.2. Forest vegetation 34 3.2.3.3. History of forest exploitation in the park 35 3.3. Assessing the natural conditions and vegetation of the park 37 3.4. Population, ethnicity and labor 38 3.4.1. Population 38 3.4.2. Labor and ethnicity 39 3.4.3. Poverty status 40 3.5. Forest resources classification 40 3.5.1. The Loeschau’s classification system 40 3.5.2. The relationship between forest types with development phases 42 CHAPTER IV: METHODOLOGY 45 4.1. Plot establishment method 45 4.2. Data collection method 47 4.2.1. Data collection for overstorey stem maps 47 4.2.1.1. Tree data collection 47 4.2.1.2. Tree positions 50 4.2.1.3. Gap inventory 51 4.2.2. Data collection for regeneration 52 4.3. Data analysis method 55 4.3.1. Applied methods for the upper layer 55 4.3.1.1. Stand information 55 a. Calculation for each tree 55 b. Calculation for a stand 55 4.3.1.2. Descriptive statistics for height and diameter variables 56 a. Central tendency 56 b. Dispersion and variability 56 c. Measures of distribution shape 57 4.3.1.3. Linear mixed-effects analysis 59 a. Applications with this study and data arrangement 60 b. Homoscedasticity checking 61 c. Checking autocorrelation 63 d. Checking normal distribution of the residuals 66 e. Model selection and information summary 67 4.3.1.4. Frequency distribution 68 a. Generating frequency distributions 68 b. Frequency distribution difference testing 69 4.3.1.5. Diameter-height regression analysis 70 a. Used function forms 70 b. Theoretical calculations 71 c. Model selection 73 4.3.1.6. Gap analysis 74 a. Descriptive statistics for gaps 74 b. Calculating the gap area proportion for each forest type 74 c. Gap size frequency distribution 74 d. Gap size frequency distribution difference testing 75 4.3.1.7. Spatial point patterns of tree species 75 a. Applications 76 b. Tree density analysis 77 c. Testing for randomness 78 d. Comparing point pattern variation 83 e. Testing the difference between forest types 84 4.3.1.8. Overstorey tree species diversity analysis 85 a. Richness and species importance value index (SIVI) 85 b. Species diversity index 86 c. Species accumulation curve 88 d. Biodiversity index comparison 88 e. Tree species diversity comparison 89 4.3.2. Regenerating tree storey structure analysis 90 4.3.2.1. Frequency distribution of regeneration 90 4.3.2.2. Height frequency distribution difference testing 91 4.3.2.3. Biodiversity indices for regeneration 91 4.3.2.4. Biodiversity index comparison by using LMM 91 4.3.2.5. Regeneration species diversity comparison 91 4.3.2.6. Regeneration spatial distribution checking 91 a. Nonrandomness index 91 b. Nonrandomness index value comparison 92 CHAPTER V: RESULTS 93 5.1. Overstorey structure analysis results 93 5.1.1. Stand information 93 5.1.2. Descriptive statistics results 95 5.1.3. Linear mixed effect model results 97 5.1.3.1. Box plots for the diameter and height variables 97 5.1.3.2. Model analysis and adaptation 97 5.1.3.3. Model parameter estimation 100 5.1.4. Frequency distributions 101 5.1.4.1. Frequency distribution results for both types 101 5.1.4.2. Frequency distribution difference 107 5.1.5. Diameter-height regression results 107 5.1.5.1. Estimated parameters 107 5.1.5.2. Model selection 110 5.1.5.3. Regression charts 110 5.1.6. Gap analysis 116 5.1.6.1. Gap descriptive information 116 5.1.6.2. Gap area ratio 117 5.1.6.3. Gap size frequency distribution 117 5.1.6.4. Gap size frequency distribution difference testing results 120 5.1.7. Spatial distribution analysis 120 5.1.7.1. Density testing results 120 5.1.7.2. Randomness checking results 122 5.1.7.3. Variation difference between two types 123 5.1.7.4. Point pattern difference testing between two types 124 5.1.8. Overstorey species diversity analysis results 125 5.1.8.1. Richness, SIVI and biodiversity indices 125 5.1.8.2. Biodiversity index comparison by using LMM 127 5.1.8.3. Tree species diversity comparison 127 5.2. Regeneration storey structure analysis results 128 5.2.1. Height frequency distribution 128 5.2.2. Height frequency distribution difference testing 130 5.2.3. Biodiversity index for regeneration 131 5.2.4. Biodiversity index difference comparison 133 5.2.5. Regeneration species diversity comparison 133 5.2.6. Regeneration spatial distribution 134 5.2.6.1. Nonrandomness index results 134 5.2.6.2. Nonrandomness index value testing results 134 CHAPTER VI: DISCUSSION 135 6.1. Overstorey structure differentiation 135 6.1.1. Structure and spatial distribution difference 135 6.1.1.1. Stand information 135 6.1.1.2. Statistical descriptions for diameter and height 136 6.1.1.3. Diameter and height growth difference testing by linear mixed effect models 137 6.1.1.4. Frequency distribution dissimilarity 138 6.1.1.5. Diameter-height regression 139 6.1.1.6. Canopy gaps 140 6.1.1.7. Spatial distribution patterns 141 6.1.2. Biodiversity distinction of overstorey trees 143 6.2. Regeneration dissimilarity 145 6.2.1. Density and frequency distribution 145 6.2.2. Biodiversity indices 146 6.2.3. Spatial distribution of regeneration 147 6.3. Proposing restoration measures 147 6.4. Improved points in this research 150 CHAPTER VII: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 152 7.1. Conclusion 152 7.2. Suggestions for further research 154 REFERENCES 156 APPENDIX 180

Det är mycket dyrt att utveckla markinfrastruktur för att försörja hela jorden med internet. Detta ärspeciellt fallet i glesbebyggda områden då det finns lite ekonomisk vinning. Sverige som är ett stortoch glesbefolkat land har stora områden av denna typ. Samtidigt är Sverige ett högteknologiskt landdär en stor majoritet av befolkningen använder internet och mobiltelefoni dagligen. Det skapar ettdilemma som är mycket kostsamt att lösa med markbunden teknologi.Sveriges regering samarbetar med teleoperatörer. De köper licenser på auktion för att få användaradiospektrum inom Sverige vilket är en begränsad resurs. I utbyte måste de uppnå vissa täcknings-krav. Dessa teleoperatörer åläggs därmed att täcka Sveriges yt a med potentiell uppkoppling och mo-bilt internet och ingår i ett avtal med regeringen för att få verka.Det är däremot inte särskilt ekonomiskt att göra detta på landsbygden där det bor få människor ochnyttjande av individuella markstationer blir mycket låg. Detta leder då till att dessa master är mycketolönsamma och det är dessutom ett slöseri med resurse r såsom mark, område, natur, material ochpengar. Företag är därför beredda att spendera stora mängder pengar på att undvika att belastas medkrav från Sveriges regering för att utföra detta.Samtidigt är satellitinternet på frammarsch och fler och fler personer världen över införskaffar inter-net via satellit. Detta har blivit ett alternativ.Mycket trådlös teknologi använder specifika olika radiofrekvenser för att överföra information. Dennya typen av satellitinternet använder generellt radiofrekvenser i de så kallade Ku - och Ka-bandenvilka påverkas av vatten. Detta innebär till exempel att regn eller snö ger viss påverkan på kvalitén avden trådlösa förbindelsen.En fråga som bör utredas är hur satellitinternet jämför sig med existerande tekniker som 4G och 5G.På detta sätt kan man uppskatta deras användbarhet.Detta examensarbete fokuserar på att hjälpa till att samla in kunskap i den frågan. För att åstad-komma detta, har det utförts prestandamätningar på relevanta faktorer av en tjänst som tillhanda-håller satellitinternet. Starlink, som är den mest utvecklade s atellitinternettjänsten är föremål fördessa mätningar. Resultatet har blivit mätningar av Starlinks prestanda samt jämförelser mellan4G/5G och Starlink som förhoppningsvis kan belysa Starlinks användbarhet i Norden.Mätningarna indikerar att Starlink har god tillförlitlighet som är jämförbar med mobilnät men i Sve-rige har Starlink onödig fördröjning på cirka 20 millisekunder på grund av att markstationerna ärbelägna i Centraleuropa. / It is very expensive to develop ground-based infrastructure to supply the entire earth with internet.This is especially the case in loosely populated areas where the economic incentive is very low for acompany. Sweden which is a large country with a small population has many areas in this category.At the same time, Sweden is a technologically advanced nation where most people use the internetand mobile telephony daily.The Swedish government cooperates with teleoperators. These teleoperators buy licenses on auctionto be able to use radio spectrum within Sweden which is a limited resource. In exchange they need tofulfill certain quotas on reception and wireless service. The operators are in this way obligated by theSwedish government to supply the country with the potential for reception .However, this is not very economic in rural areas where few people live, and the usage of individualground stations is low. This leads to ground stations being very unprofitable and is also a waste ofresources such as land, materials and capital. Companies are willing to spend large sums of money toavoid obligation to do this.At the same time satellite internet is becoming increasingly sophisticated and more and more peopleworldwide are starting to adopt satellite internet.A lot of wireless technology uses specific different radio frequencies to transmit information. The newtype of satellite internet generally uses frequencies within the Ku - and Ka-bands which are both af-fected by water. This means that for example, rain or snow could affect the quality of the wirelessconnection.A question that should be discussed is how satellite internet compares to existing technologies like4G and 5G. If this is done, it will be easier for involved parties to estimate its usefulness.This bachelor’s thesis focuses on gathering information to help resolve the question of how usefulsatellite internet can be. To accomplish this, performance measurements have been performed on aservice that provides satellite internet. Starlink, which is the most deployed satellite internet service,has been the subject of these measurements. The result is measurements on the performance of Star-link and comparisons between 4G/5G and Starlinks that can hopefully help shed some light on Star-links usefulness in Scandinavia.The measurements indicate that Starlink delivers a reliable connection that can be compared to mo-bile service but that in Sweden there is an added delay of circa 20 milliseconds due to the groundstations being located in central Europe.

The percussion ensemble is still a relatively young ensemble, with the first works by Edgard Varèse and Amadeo Roldan composed in the first third of the 20th century. Because of this youth, it is important to examine significant works for the percussion ensemble which establish themselves as staples to the repertoire. Christopher Rouse, a Pulitzer-Prize winning composer has written three such works, Ogoun Badagris (1976), Ku-Ka-Ilimoku (1978), and Bonham (1989). This study will closely examine each of these works, providing background, detailed analysis, and performance practice for each of these works.

Ka is a one movement composition for chamber orchestra consisting of three sections. The work's harmonic, melodic and rhythmic materials are derived from the Chinese I Ching ("Book of Changes"). The middle section was composed with the aid of a computer program written by the composer. The program generated the interval sequence arrays forming the harmonic basis for the piece. Ka is scored for flute, oboe, B𝄬 clarinet, bassoon, French Horn, trumpet, trombone, three percussionists, violin, viola, cello and double bass. The score is 62 pages with a 39 page analysis preceding the score. Ka has a duration of approximately 10 minutes with no pauses between sections.