Diss. Univ. Jena, 2007.

St. Gallen, Univ., Diss., 2004.

Thesis--Uppsala University. / Bibliography: p. 142-155.

The work focuses on the voting behavior of citizens Czech Canada. The work compares the different types of elections to identify factors that voting behavior of citizens the most affected.

Abstract Perceptions of Finland and Finns held by Canadian government decision-makers underscore the relations between the two countries. The individuals involved had definite views of what Finland and Finns were like and these images were at times openly expressed or inferred from the archived government departmental files. Using an analysis of images, the evolving bilateral relations between Canada and Finland from the recognition of Finnish independence in 1919 until the early Cold War in 1948 can be understood from the Canadian perspective. The images are analyzed on a scale in terms of their positive or negative connotations. Positive images regarded Finland as a friendly, Northern, country, a borderland, cultured, Western, modern, progressive, liberal, and democratic. When these images were applied to Finns they were seen as honest, hardworking, reliable and the payers of debts. On the opposite end of the spectrum, Finland was an enemy and a trade competitor. The Finnish people could also be seen with negative images as dangerous and radical. These images existed before the establishment of diplomatic relations and carried over to interactions involving immigration, the League of Nations, trade, and scientific exchanges. They are also evident in relations between the two countries during the Winter War, in the decision to declare war against Finland during the Continuation War, during the armistice period, the peace process, and the during the early Cold War when normalized relations were established. The findings suggest that relations between Canada and Finland were most often impacted by events in Europe. The images of Finland and Finns did not directly impact relations as such, since the policies and actions taken were based on what decision-makers considered realistic assessments of the situation, as well as Canada’s national interests and capabilities. However, the images appear frequently as a means to narrow the range of acceptable options, rationalizations for specific polices, and justification for particular actions. / Tiivistelmä Kanadan hallituksen päätöksentekijöiden näkemykset Suomesta ja suomalaisista korostavat maiden välisiä suhteita. Hallituksen arkistot paljastavat, että päättäjillä oli selvä näkökuva Suomesta ja suomalaisista, ja siihen viitattiin joko avoimesti tai peitetysti. Kanadan ja Suomen suhteet Suomen itsenäisyyden tunnustamisesta vuonna 1919 aina kylmän sodan alkuun saakka vuonna 1948 ovat ymmärrettävissä Kanadan näkökulmasta käyttämällä näkökuva-analyysia. Näkökuvat analysoidaan joko positiivisella tai negatiivisella asteikolla. Positiiviset näkökuvat Suomesta kuvaavat sitä ystävällisenä, pohjoisena rajamaana, joka oli sivistynyt, länsimainen, nykyaikainen, edistynyt, suvaitsevainen ja demokraattinen. Suomalaiset nähtiin rehellisinä, ahkerina, luotettavina ja velkansa maksajina. Asteikon toisessa päässä Suomi nähtiin vihollisena ja kauppakilpailijana. Suomalaiset voitiin myös nähdä negatiivisesti vaarallisina ja radikaaleina. Nämä näkökuvat olivat läsnä ennen maitten välisten diplomaattisuhteiden perustamista, ja jatkuivat vuorovaikutuksissa koskien siirtolaisuutta, Kansojen liittoa, kauppaa ja tieteellistä vaihtoa. Ne ovat myös nähtävissä suhteissa talvisodan aikana, päätöksessä julistaa sota Suomea vastaan jatkosodan aikana, aserauhan aikana, rauhanteon aikana sekä paluussa normaaleihin suhteisiin kylmän sodan alussa. Euroopan tapahtumilla näytti olevan myös suuri vaikutus Suomen ja Kanadan suhteisiin. Näkökuvat Suomesta ja suomalaisista eivät suoranaisesti vaikuttaneet maitten suhteisiin, koska käytännöt ja toiminnat perustuivat päättäjien mielestä realistiseen arvioon tilanteista sekä Kanadan kansallisista eduista ja kyvyistä. Tästä huolimatta näitä näkökuvia käytettiin usein rajoittamaan hyväksyttävien vaihtoehtojen valikoimaa, järkeistämään tiettyjä käytäntöjä sekä oikeuttamaan joitakin toimintoja.

The diploma thesis is dealing with the analysis of the use of social networks by two canadian political parties and their leaders during the Canadian federal election 2015. The thesis refers to the theory of political communication, election campaigns and political marketing as the theoretical basis. It approaches the concept of Web 2.0 and identifies two major social media functions in political communication, dissemination of information and engagement. Use of social media and the representation of the these features is further analyzed by quantitative content analysis on social networks Facebook, Twitter and Youtube. The thesis builds on the past and present social networking research and can serve as a basis for further research into the use of social networks in political communication.

Several scholars have highlighted that energy consumption in general and consumption of renewable energy in particular may be a potential driver of economic growth. In this paper we examine the relationship between renewable energy production and economic activity in Canada, between May 1966 to December 2015, and in the U.S., between January 1973 to December 2015. By applying quantile causality, we take a nonlinear approach considering all quantiles of the distribution, analysing monthly data containing renewable energy production and Industrial Production Index. We find evidence of a nonlinear relationship in both Canada and the U.S., indicating that widely used linear models fail to describe important aspects of the renewable energy-economic growth nexus. The main Canadian results imply a unidirectional relationship from Industrial Production Index to renewable production in most quantiles of the distribution which supports the Conservation hypothesis. However, we also find weak evidence of a bi-directional relationship, which supports the Feedback hypothesis, for the lower and higher quantiles. This may indicate the renewable energy drives economic growth for some market conditions in Canada. For the U.S. we find evidence of a weak and negative feedback relationship between renewable energy and industrial production, indicating an inefficient production of renewable energy which not is well integrated in the overall energy system. Based on theory concerning the potential benefits of renewable energy, the minor role of renewable energy production in Canada and the U.S. could be a result of institutional barriers and absence of supporting infrastructure. Both countries need policies directed to overcome these barriers in order to benefit from the potential of renewable energy. / Tidigare studier har indikerat att energi generellt främjar ekonomisk tillväxt, förnybar energi i synnerhet. I den här uppsatsen undersöker vi sambandet mellan förnybar energi och ekonomisk aktivitet mellan maj 1966 till december 2015 i Kanada, och mellan januari 1973 till december 2015 i USA. Vi använder oss av månadsdata för produktionen av förnybar energi och industriell produktion. Genom att tillämpa Granger kausalitet i kvantiler kunde vi identifiera ickelinjära samband och analysera sambanden över hela distributionen. Våra resultat indikerar att sambandet mellan förnybar energi och industriell produktion förändras vid olika marknadslägen i båda länderna. Detta innebär att de linjära modeller som normalt använts i liknande studier missar viktiga aspekter av dessa samband. Våra modeller för Kanada implicerar i huvudsak att förändringar i industriell produktion leder förändringar i produktionen av förnybar energi, men vi fann även att förändringar i produktionen av förnybar energi påverkar industriell produktion i vissa kvantiler. Våra modeller för USA visar på ett svagt och negativt samband mellan förnybar energi och industriell produktion vilket kan tyda på att produktionen av förnybar energi i USA är ineffektiv och dåligt integrerad i det övergripande energisystemet. Utifrån att produktionen av förnybar energi har många teoretiska fördelar skulle dess begränsade roll i Kanada och USA kunna bero på institutionella barriärer och avsaknad av välanpassad infrastruktur. Om förnybar energi ska bli en drivande faktor för ekonomisk tillväxt i de studerade länderna krävs därför policys som stödjer en sådan utveckling.

The Arctic region is rich in natural resources such as oil, gas, minerals and fish. Climate change causes the Arctic ice melt, making resource extraction possible as well as opening up new transport routes through the Northwest Passage and the Northeast Passage. This has led to competition and cross-border strife among the Arctic States. The two largest states in the Arctic are Russia and Canada, which are also members of the Arctic Council. Russia and Canada are at the moment involved in several disputes regarding the Arctic territory where the ownership of the North Pole is one example. This study aims to explain the Russian and Canadian actions in the Arctic in a geopolitical aspect and to what extent it is consistent with the objectives of the Arctic Council’s Kiruna Declaration. The presence of security aspects like economic, military and environmental security is examined through a text analysis where the Arctic policies and the National security policies are compared, where the results then are compared with the objectives in the Kiruna Declaration to find similarities and differences. The result shows that the economic security is the most important aspect for both Russia and Canada, while the environmental security is the most important in the Kiruna declaration of the Arctic council. The conclusion is that the significant economic and strategic potential of the Arctic guides Russia’s and Canada’s behaviour and that the financial benefits outweigh the environmental risks that are associated with the development of the area.

The aim of this thesis is to survey the current cooperation between the European Union and Canada and its future development and thus answer the question of whether the current situation with respect to the planned legislative and institutional steps presents a suitable framework for realisation of business activities in these economies. The thesis is focused on, from my point of view, crucial and most discussed issues of mutual cooperation in the field of business, commerce and investment. None the less important levels of collaboration, such as education, science and research, energy and cooperation in safety and peace matters cannot be neglected, either. These areas do not stand in the centre of the thesis, however, their inclusion completes the overall image of the complexity of bilateral relations between the European Union and Canada.

The thesis deals with the external economic relations between the European Union and Canada. The aim is to analyze the current state of their bilateral partnership - whether the current tools used by the partners nowadays fulfil their potential of 21st century. The thesis also analyzes the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) and its prospective impact on a character of the partnership between the EU and Canada as well its impact from a wider, global perspective.