Archaeological evidence has become an important part of the argument for the Indigenous peoples of several countries in legal proceedings concerning their rights. This thesis aims to explore how archaeologists and archaeological research are affected by acting as expert witnesses or being used as evidence in these proceedings. Another aim is to explore the differences and similarities between Sweden and Canada in these matters. The main material consists of interviews with seven archaeologists, four Swedish and three Canadian, whose research in various ways have been involved in legal proceedings concerning the rights of Indigenous peoples: The Sámi in Sweden and the Indigenous peoples of Canada. The analysis of the interviews is based on seven themes: awareness, impact, responsibility, experience, objectivity, archaeology and law and consequences. The result shows several things. It shows that the issue of archaeology in legal proceedings is a sensitive matter, and that the archaeologists have somewhat ambivalent feelings about it. It also shows that the involvement of archaeologists and archaeological evidence in these legal proceedings raises discussions about ethics, objectivity, and reputation. One conclusion to be drawn is that there is need for more open discussion and education on the subject.

Framing Climate Policies: Discourse Analysis of Carbon Pricing Debates in Canada and Australia Abstract The aim of this paper is to analyze and compare the discourses of Stephen Harper and Tony Abbot during federal election campaigns where climate policies played an unusually important role (2008 in Canada and 2013 in Australia). The study builds on a hypothesis, that according to the post-materialist theory and the Environmental Kuznets Curve, such economically advanced, democratic countries as Canada and Australia should be at the vanguard of climate action. However, in reality they are some of the worst performers when it comes to tackling carbon emissions. Both Harper and Abbott publicly promised to put in serious efforts to tackle climate change. However, when the question of setting a national price on carbon came up for discussion during the above-mentioned election campaigns, they both not only opposed it, but even tried to discredit it by framing the whole debate in overwhelmingly negative terms. In order to uncover what kind of frames and other discursive strategies the two politicians used to shape the debate, critical discourse analysis was applied to their public statements on the policy of carbon tax. Results of this analysis show that they used all of the frames that are typically associated...

The subject of this thesis is the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), signed between the United States of America, Canada and Mexico and its impact on the automotive industry in North America between the years 1994, when NAFTA came into force, and 2009, when two major American car manufacturers, General Motors and Chrysler, went bankrupt during the global-scale recession and the industry changed significantly. The thesis is based on the theory of comparative advantages, as it was described by a British economist David Ricardo in the 19th century. It subscribes to the general principle that a free trade is beneficial to all engaged parties, because it enables more effective allocation of resources and provides for more specialization of production. The thesis argues NAFTA was a complex and ambitious international trade deal that had profound impact on the evolution of this branch of industry in the United States, Canada and Mexico, however its impact on the economy as a whole was limited and many of the changes, attributed to NAFTA, would likely have happened even without its passage due to the natural process of evolution of the industry and modernization. The creation of a continent-wide zone of free trade enabled local and foreign car makers to establish international supply chains that...

Background: While recreational cannabis use is common, medical cannabis programs have proliferated across North America, including a federal program in Canada. Few comparisons of medical and recreational cannabis users (RCUs) exist; this study compared these groups on key characteristics. Methods: Data came from a community-recruited sample of formally approved medical cannabis users (MCUs; n = 53), and a sub-sample of recreational cannabis users (RCUs; n = 169) from a representative adult survey in Ontario (Canada). Samples were telephone-surveyed on identical measures, including select socio-demographic, substance and medication use, and health and disability measures. Based on initial bivariate comparisons, multivariate logistical regression with a progressive adjustment approach was performed to assess independent predictors of group status. Results: In bivariate analyses, older age, lower household income, lower alcohol use, higher cocaine, prescription opioid, depression and anxiety medication use, and lower health and disability status were significantly associated with medical cannabis use. In the multivariate analysis, final model, household income, alcohol use, and disability levels were associated with medical cannabis use. Conclusions/Scientific Significance: Compared to RCUs, medical users appear to be mainly characterized by factors negatively influencing their overall health status. Future studies should investigate the actual impact and net benefits of medical cannabis use on these health problems.

In recent years several factors changed the importance of the Arctic in international relations. Firstly, the rapid melting of Arctic ice cover opened potential access to vast natural resources within the Arctic Ocean seabed. It is estimated that the Arctic may contain one quarter of world's undiscovered reserves of oil and gas. Secondly, the water ways along the Russian and Canadian northern coasts became ice-free, although so far just for few days every year. Should the Arctic Ocean continue to melt, then in several decades the Northern Sea Route and the Northwest Passage could become navigable for greater part of the year. This would shorten the journey distance from Europe to Asia by as much as forty percent, thereby cutting travel times and shipping costs. Finally, as the Arctic does not belong to any single country, there has been an increasing interest among the Arctic rim states, which have been working on delineating their maritime boundaries in order to ensure their territorial claims. This process has proceeded in accordance with the international legal framework as established by the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). Coastal states are entitled to a 200-nautical mile exclusive economic zone (EEZ) around their coastline. However, should they be able to prove...

In current era of globalization when cultural diplomacy became one of the inherent tools of "soft power" of a foreign policy, it is relevant to research on the place of cultural diplomacy in foreign policy portfolio of nation-states. The focus of this thesis is to evaluate the attitudes of the Canadian government towards cultural diplomacy from 1990s until today. In 1995, Canadian values and culture became one of the three pillars of Canadian foreign policy. The author therefore attempted to map whether cultural diplomacy became a coherent and strategic tool of the Canadian foreign policy during this era. By analyzing the tools of the Canadian cultural diplomacy of the Liberal governments of Jean Chretien, Paul Martin and the present Conservative government of Stephen Harper, the author seeks to answer whether we are witnessing a gradual eclipse of cultural diplomacy as a means of soft power under the Harper administration. The research of government documents and cultural diplomacy programs along with the analysis of interviews with important government officials suggest that the cultural diplomacy was not practiced as a strategic tool in foreign policy management until the third election term of Jean Chretien in the year of 2000. Since then we can track fulfilling the Third Pillar as an...

This work focuses on approach of security policy toward foreign missions and interventions. I focused on the application of the theory of comparative analysis in the social sciences . The aim of this work is to analyze the development of security policies in Canada and the Czech Republic in relation to the ISAF mission in Afghanistan. Across-case comparative research metho emphasising the contrast of context separated the timeline of my work into two period: 2001-2006 and 2006-2014 . This paper examines the official positions of the Government of Canada and the Czech Republic as different context's members within the North Atlantic Treaty Organization . The data I worked with using techniques text-by-text, completed by point-by-point scheme. The idea is to demonstrate motivation of the States before joining the ISAF mission (2001) and the current reflection of the so-called exit strategy - only the Canadian ISAF mission has been terminated.. The result of this work is to understand the formation of security policy in the country from the Old continent as a new member of the NATO and long-term Alliance's member with different geographical and political environment. Different internal political developments in both countries had an influence on the shift in the priorities of the foreign.security...

The present paper is a pre-study based on the observation that some Algonquian speaking peoples in New France of the 17th century have been generalized under the name „Algonquin“ instead of being named by their microgroup ethnonym (or exonym). The corpus consists of five volumes of Thwaites’ Jesuit Relations from 1632 to 1670 with an interval of around ten years each. The study is a contribution to the anthropological and historical discussion of ethnographic and / or ethnonymical change in New France. / Cette contribution est une étude préalable basée sur l’observation que quelques peuples parlant une langue de la famille linguistique algonquienne en Nouvelle France du 17esiècle ont été regroupé sous le nom « Algonquin » au lieu d’être appelés par ses ethnonymes (ou exonymes) de microgroupe. Le corpus se compose de cinq volumes des Relations des Jésuites de Thwaites de 1632 à 1670, chacun publié à environ dix ans d’intervalle. L’étude contribue à la discussion anthropologique et historique sur le changement ethnographique et/ou d’ethnonymes en Nouvelle France

Les questions identitaires sont depuis des années au cœur des débats et des réflexions chez les Germano-Canadiens; les évènements du XXe siècle les ont poussés à constamment (re)définir leur identité face à la majorité (anglo-)canadienne. C’est notamment par le biais de médias ethniques qu’ils ont été en mesure de réfléchir à ces questions, sujettes aux débats les plus houleux. Le Kanada Kurier, un hebdomadaire germanophone du Canada, publié à l’échelle nationale pendant plus de cent ans, leur permettait notamment de s’exprimer sur cette question. Le mémoire s’interroge sur le discours identitaire produit par ce groupe et vise à mieux le décrire. Par une analyse de contenu des lettres de lecteurs de 1981, nous mettons en lumière les thèmes qui animent la communauté. Le corpus permet d’abord de voir la place importante qu’occupe la politique allemande, de constater la présence d’un discours identitaire duel, puisant ses références dans les contextes tant allemand que canadien, renforcé par des idéologies (politiques) communes chez certains germanophones du Canada et d’Europe. L’utilisation du concept de transnationalisme permet de soulever la question de la Heimat, sujet devenu éminemment politique après 1945, et illustre la complexité de la notion de patrie dans le cas allemand, surtout face aux revendications des « revanchistes » qui souhaitaient récupérer les territoires annexés par la Pologne et l’URSS après 1945. Au cœur de la majorité des lettres, nous apercevons le rapport complexe qu’entretiennent les Germano-Canadiens avec la Deuxième Guerre mondiale, véritable lieu de mémoire de la communauté. Finalement, le corpus montre surtout un journal dont le rôle aura été multiple et qu’on peut en définitive qualifier de journal diasporique. / German-Canadians have reflected on questions of identity for a number of years. Some events occurring during the 20th century have indeed forced them to constantly (re)define their particular identity vis-à-vis the (English-speaking) majority in Canada. Ethnic newspapers have been central to the community’s reflection on a number of those identity issues, including some very heated debates. The Kanada Kurier, a weekly German publication distributed across Canada for about a century, had been a forum for German-Canadians trying to define and express themselves. This thesis will thus interrogate and describe German-Canadian identity discourse as it came to be embodied in the Kurier. The identity discourse and the issues the community was concerned with will be highlighted via an analysis of the comments from the newspaper’s readers’ section published in 1981. First, the body of letters illuminates that German politics were central to German-Canadians’ dual identity; this identity being forged by references to the Canadian as well as the German context and reinforced by politics shared by Germans in Canada and Europe. Using the concept of transnationalism, the thesis will interrogate the Heimat, a highly political topic after 1945, and illustrate the complexity of the fatherland/motherland motif in the German case, especially in the context of demands from the Revanchists for territories taken over by Poland and the USSR after 1945. Central to most of the letters analysed is the difficult relationship Germans-Canadians continued to have with the events of World War II, which serves as one of the community’s lieu de mémoire. Finally, a deep analysis of the Kanada Kurier reveals a medium that was exploited in multiple ways and a newspaper that has definite diasporic qualities. / Identitätsfragen stehen seit Jahren im Mittelpunkt der Debatten und Überlegungen der Deutsch-Kanadier, die durch die Geschehnisse des 20. Jahrhunderts ständig gezwungen wurden, ihre Identität der (anglo-)kanadischen Mehrheit gegenüber neu zu bedenken und zu definieren. Vor allem durch ethnische Medien waren sie in der Lage, über diese heikle Frage zu reflektieren. Der Kanada Kurier, eine seit mehr als hundert Jahren im gesamten Kanada veröffentlichte deutschsprachige Wochenzeitung, ermöglichte ihnen, sich über diese Fragen zu äußern. Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht den Identitätsdiskurs dieser Gemeinschaft. Anhand einer Inhaltsanalyse der Leserbriefe von 1981 soll dargestellt werden, was die Gruppe am meistens bewegt. Das Korpus zeigt erstens den wichtigen Platz auf, den die deutsche Politik einnimmt, zweitens beleuchtet er einen dualen Identitätsdiskurs, der sich teils auf den deutschen, teils auf den kanadischen Kontext bezieht, und der durch gemeinsame (politische) Ideologien bei den Deutschsprachigen in Kanada und in Europa verstärkt wurde. Das Konzept des Transnationalismus wirft die Heimatfrage auf, ein nach 1945 hoch diskutiertes politisches Thema, und veranschaulicht die komplexe Heimatvorstellung im Fall der Deutschsprachigen, besonders bezüglich der Forderung der „Revanchisten“, die die von Polen und der UdSSR annektierten Gebiete nach dem Kriegsende zurückerlangen wollten. Die Mehrheit der Leserbriefe verdeutlicht den komplexen Zusammenhang der Deutsch-Kanadier mit dem Ereignis des Zweiten Weltkrieges, der insofern als Erinnerungsort zu bezeichnen ist. Schließlich beleuchtet das Korpus die vielfältigen Rollen, welche die Wochenzeitung in der Gemeinschaft einnahm, und kann infolgedessen als eine Diasporazeitung bezeichnet werden.

Analysis of the impact of ageing on health care spending in selected countries of the Commonwealth Abstract This thesis examines and analyses development of population ageing in Australia, Canada and New Zealand and especially its impact on the spending in the sector of health care. It includes comparison of demographic trends and description of health care systems in selected countries. The analysis is then processed by an econometric model focused on the impact of population ageing on government spending and spending of the private sector on health care through life expectancy at birth, ratio of population aged 65 years and above and other indicators. The modelling is carried out using linear regression, vector autoregression and fixed effects model in panel data. The results show that population ageing indeed affects through different intensity both government and private sector spending on health care in Australia, Canada and New Zealand.