The East African coastal basin of Tanzania, which is characterised by an extensional tectonic style, is located along the passive continental margin of the western Indian Ocean. The present study is concerned with the Mafia Island and the Mafia Channel which together form a subbasin within the north-south elongated coastal sedimentary basin of Tanzania. In the time interval from late Paleozoic to Recent, the passive margin of the region was subjected to a three-fold geological development, namely the Karoo rifting phase (1) which is characterised by extensional tectonics, the Gondwana break-up and opening of the Somali basin (2) which was contemporaneous with the movement of Madagascar off the east African coast in the Mesozoic, and the Cenozoic East African rift system (3). This structural framework made provision to the basin deposition history. The development started with the deposition of the continental, terrigenous, Karoo sequence in the Upper Permian to Lower Jurassic. The Karoo deposition was followed by a series of transgressions and regressions under full marine conditions which started in the Middle Jurassic and continued into the Tertiary. The deposits include marine marls, detrital limestones, fossiliferous shales and calcareous sandstones, reaching in places thicknesses of more than 4000 m of Mesozoic, and more than 6000 m of Cenozoic, sediments. Seismostratigraphic techniques applied in the Mafia Channel and Island identified five deposition sequences separated by regional unconformity surfaces i.e. sequence boundaries. Including the pre-Upper Cretaceous sequence they are; the Upper Cretaceous to Middle Eocene sequence (DS I), the Middle Eocene to Lower Miocene sequence (DS II), the Lower Miocene to Pliocene sequence (DS III), and the Pliocene to Recent sequence (DS IV). In the Mafia Channel up to 6000 m of sediments are present. Their ages range from Middle Eocene to Quaternary. The deposits start with marine shales which are overlain by carbonate rocks of Upper Eocene . These carbonates are in the present investigation regarded as the acoustic basement in the central and northern parts of the study area. On top of Upper Eocene carbonates, deltaic and shallow marine sediments are deposited. Southwards in the Channel, the sequences are located at shallower depths which makes it possible to trace also the Upper Cretaceous sequence with confidence. On the Mafia Island, the deposition on top of the Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) acoustic basement mainly includes deltaic sandstones, followed by intercalations of carbonate and argillaceous rocks. The structural framework reflects the different tectonic regimes which prevailed in the area. Above the acoustic basement structural elements of Mafia Channel and Island are interpreted as originating from the superimposition of the Cenozoic East African rifting event, and from the uplifts of the mainland coast and Mafia Island during Late Eocene time. As a result the central part collapsed and formed an asymmetric sag structure in the channel. These elements are seismically identified and subdivided as (from northwest to southeast), the Dar-es-Salaam Platform Offshore, the Central Mafia Channel and the Mafia Island Rise. These domains are separated by respective NE-SW major faults (MF1, MF2 and MF3) and can be demonstrated in the profiles which run in a NW-SE direction. With respect to petroleum potential, the Mafia Channel and Island indicate a considerable content. Three hydrocarbon plays are introduced, namely; 1) the Neocomian regressive sands of Songosongo play 2) the Upper Eocene limestone and 3) the Upper Oligocene turbidites.

The aim of this study was to determine the quality of slaughtered ostrich meat and to evaluate the ostrich slaughter process, to determine whether ostrich meat are contaminated by the in-house slaughtering practices and if prevalence of microorganisms increase with the succession of the slaughter process. Furthermore, the presence of specific foodborne pathogens and spoilage organisms was explored by means of molecular and conventional methods to determine whether ostrich meat is a source of these microorganisms. Data obtained from this study provides some baseline information that could be used in future studies on system contamination and the extent of downstream processing steps in the production of ostrich meat. Antimicrobial resistance has become a growing area of concern in both human and veterinary medicine, it is therefore necessary that another aim of this study was to determine the antibiotic resistant pattern of Staphylococcus aureus in ostrich meat in order to establish whether Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from ostrich meat samples show resistance to antibiotics

The aim of this study was to determine the quality of slaughtered ostrich meat and to evaluate the ostrich slaughter process, to determine whether ostrich meat are contaminated by the in-house slaughtering practices and if prevalence of microorganisms increase with the succession of the slaughter process. Furthermore, the presence of specific foodborne pathogens and spoilage organisms was explored by means of molecular and conventional methods to determine whether ostrich meat is a source of these microorganisms. Data obtained from this study provides some baseline information that could be used in future studies on system contamination and the extent of downstream processing steps in the production of ostrich meat. Antimicrobial resistance has become a growing area of concern in both human and veterinary medicine, it is therefore necessary that another aim of this study was to determine the antibiotic resistant pattern of Staphylococcus aureus in ostrich meat in order to establish whether Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from ostrich meat samples show resistance to antibiotics

M.Sc. / Please refer to full text to view abstract

Magister Scientiae - MSc / The aim of this study was to determine the quality of slaughtered ostrich meat and to evaluate the ostrich slaughter process, to determine whether ostrich meat are contaminated by the in-house slaughtering practices and if prevalence of microorganisms increase with the succession of the slaughter process. Furthermore, the presence of specific foodborne pathogens and spoilage organisms was explored by means of molecular and conventional methods to determine whether ostrich meat is a source of these microorganisms. Data obtained from this study provides some baseline information that could be used in future studies on system contamination and the extent of downstream processing steps in the production of ostrich meat. Antimicrobial resistance has become a growing area of concern in both human and veterinary medicine, it is therefore necessary that another aim of this study was to determine the antibiotic resistant pattern of Staphylococcus aureus in ostrich meat in order to establish whether Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from ostrich meat samples show resistance to antibiotics. / South Africa

One of the latest trends in the market for food products is the desire amongst consumers to know the origin of the products they purchase and to feel physically or emotionally connected to the farm and the producer. However, given the many efforts by producers and retailers to mislead consumers about the origin of products, for consumers to have faith in the origin of food products, they need to have some guarantee about the true origin of products. Thus, to be able to successfully guarantee the origin of food products, traceability systems need to be in place and they need to comply with the necessary legislation. This consumer need for origin-based food is now playing out in a variety of ways as food processors and retailers are labelling their products according to the origin of the product. Quite often, regional names are used for that identification. One iconic South African example of a product with regional identity is Karoo Lamb. In July this year producers from the Karoo region launched Karoo Lamb, a certification scheme, with a chain-wide traceability system in place to guarantee the Karoo origin of sheep meat in South African retail stores. The question, though, is whether all abattoirs and meat processors in South Africa are able to deliver origin-guaranteed products. The key factor here is the traceability system they have in place. The general objective of this study is therefore to assess current traceability systems in the sheep meat industry and to establish their ability to guarantee the origin of a carcass. This traceability system should be able to protect, manage and govern the food of origin attributes of a product in the sheep meat industry. The specific objectives of the study are: i) to create a high level process map to indicate the flow of Karoo Lamb products; ii) to share information by developing a detailed description of current and potential traceability systems in the Karoo Lamb supply chain; iii) to identify critical control points for maintaining product information and to test if these systems are in line with best practices; iv) to investigate the decision-making factors impacting on the implementation of a traceability system; and v) to develop recommendations for effectively implementing a traceability system that protects, manages and governs food of origin attributes. In response to these objectives, five hypotheses were developed and tested. The five hypotheses basically aimed to identify the tipping factor in the traceability implementation decision-making process. The population of South African sheep slaughtering abattoirs was used to draw a random sample of 55 abattoirs selected to participate in the research survey by means of interview administrated, structured questionnaires. The data was then processed and analysed to include a combination of quantitative and qualitative analysis. The results obtained by the research indicate that 92 % of the abattoirs in South Africa have proper traceability systems in place that enable them to market and deliver origin-guaranteed products. The 3 (8 %) abattoirs that do not have traceability systems are in the Northern Cape and Eastern Cape. This might become problematic, since sheep from these regions are often marketed as Karoo lamb. Without proper traceability systems, this credence attribute cannot be guaranteed. According to the hypothesis test, the fact that an abattoir delivers to a retailer is the single most significant factor, compared to the other factors tested, for abattoirs to implement a traceability system. Research showed that 95 % of retail delivering abattoirs have traceability systems in place, and the other 5 % of abattoirs are those situated in remote rural areas and their retail customers have little other choice than to buy from these abattoirs. However, the study identified poor knowledge on the costs and benefits of a traceability system as a potential drawback in doing a proper cost benefit analysis and therefore proper research on the economics of traceability systems was almost impossible. At the abattoir level, traceability systems are quite easily implemented because it is much easier to trace a single carcass in an abattoir than to trace different pieces of one carcass in the processing plant. Since this study did not include detail pertaining to the downstream tiers; meat processors, packers, wholesalers and retailers, it is not possible to conclude that the entire sheep supply chain can guarantee a product’s origin in the case of Karoo Lamb. The integrity of these role players will play a vital role in their ability to guarantee the origin of a sheep meat product especially when sheep carcasses are moved outside the Karoo boundaries for processing and packaging. It is therefore clear that the downstream tiers play a vital part in the South African sheep meat industry in terms of chain-wide traceability and transparency in order to guarantee the origin of a sheep meat product such as Karoo Lamb. Further research is therefore required to evaluate the other role players in the sheep meat industry for chain-wide traceabiltiy systems, in order to test the readiness of this chain and industry to guarantee the origin of a product like Karoo Lamb. / Dissertation (MSc(Agric))--University of Pretoria, 2013. / Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development / unrestricted

>Magister Scientiae - MSc / Globally climate variability and anthropogenic effects are causing more perennial rivers to become non-perennial rivers. Non-perennial rivers are distinguished by their isolated pools which serve as refugia for aquatic organisms, water birds, and riparian vegetation. The literature on non-perennial rivers demonstrates that pools are poorly understood in terms of their location, nature, and geomorphic persistence. Therefore, this study examines the relationships between the spatial distribution, morphology, and substrate characteristics of pools in reaches of the Prins and Touws rivers in the Klein Karoo. A greater understanding of pools will facilitate better management, monitoring, and restoration strategies for pool ecology since the geomorphology of pools provides a key part of the ecological template. Worldview-2 satellite imagery (2017) and orthorectified aerial photography (2014, 2013, and 1944) were used to assess the effects of major flooding events on pools over time. A DGPS (Differential Global Positioning System) was used to survey the pool widths, lengths, depths, and valley widths, cross-sections, and longitudinal profiles of the river. Sediment samples and Wolman pebble counts were used to assess the grain size and organic matter content of each pool in the study area. Detailed descriptions of the characteristics of each pool in terms of position in the channel, valley form, and obstruction presence and type were also assessed. Results indicate that most of the large pools occur at bedrock outcrops of the valley margins, and smaller pools are associated with Vachellia karroo debris bar features. Larger and highly persistent pools are associated with valley confinement and smaller less persistent, scour pools occur mid-channel where the valley expands. Analysis of the results shows that the valley width is the dominant control on these forced pools. The type of obstruction also plays a role in the formation of the pool as large woody debris results in smaller pools whereas, bedrock outcrops result in larger sized pools. A significant relationship was found between the grain size and organic matter content of pools. Aerial photography of the spatial distribution of the pools revealed that before a major flood, the pools were small and patchy, whereas afterward, they were larger and more elongated. It is suggested that at the bedrock outcrops, major scouring and eddy processes drive the formation of larger pools during large flood events, whereas pool dissection by sediment deposits prevails during intervening intermediate to low flow periods. The results are discussed in terms of the geomorphic controls (valley width, pool dimensions, morphology, substrate, and obstruction characteristics) on the formation and maintenance of pools in dryland settings. A conceptual model is proposed to explain the geomorphic changes of the pools in the four geomorphological zones of non-perennial rivers.

The income generated from Afrikaans films has fluctuated over the years. Currently this is still the case and the profits generated from Afrikaans films over the past seven years are cause for concern. The Afrikaans film industry is struggling to keep film attendees interested in their films. The need to better understand the Afrikaans film attendees‟ purchase behaviour has become more important than ever. By obtaining this information the producers, investors and marketers of Afrikaans films can produce and market Afrikaans films according to the market‟s needs and ultimately increase Afrikaans film theatre ticket sales. The primary goal of the study was to determine the ticket purchase behaviour of Afrikaans film theatre attendees to help the industry to increase ticket sales. To achieve this goal the following objectives were set: firstly, to do a literature overview on the Afrikaans film industry. Secondly, to conduct a literature analysis to identify possible aspects that can contribute to the ticket purchases of the performing arts (with the main focus on film theatre). Thirdly, to do a comparative analysis on the ticket purchase behaviour of film theatre attendees versus live theatre attendees. Fourthly, to analyse Afrikaans students and scholars‟ purchase behaviour of Afrikaans film theatre tickets. Lastly, to draw conclusions from the study and to make subsequent recommendations that aim to provide solutions for the Afrikaans film industry by increasing their film theatre ticket sales. Objectives 1 and 2 were achieved in the literature study (Chapter 2). Firstly the origin and evolution of the film industry was explained; and an overview of the history of the South African film industry was provided. Purchase behaviour was studied to understand the concept in general, as well as in the context of arts and cultural goods. Different purchase behaviour models were analysed and aspects contributing to the ticket purchases of arts / culture / film theatre / live theatre productions were identified and analysed. Objective 3 was achieved in Article 1 (Chapter 3). A comparative analysis was done on the ticket purchase behaviour of film theatre attendees versus live theatre attendees. An exploratory factor analysis was conducted on the 36 identified aspects that contribute to Afrikaans film theatre ticket purchases. The data for the article was collected in 2011 and 2013 at the Klein Karoo National Kunstefees (KKNK) with questionnaires. Attendees who viewed one or more Afrikaans films in the past year were requested to complete a questionnaire. This resulted in five factors labelled: Proudly Afrikaans, Production credentials, Quality facilities, Marketing and Leisure experience. The most important factor that influenced the film theatre attendees was identified as „Proudly Afrikaans’ and the second highest factor was „Leisure experience’. Confirmatory factor analyses were then performed on 20 identical and overlapping aspects identified from the film theatre ticket purchase data and live theatre ticket purchase data (secondary data from the study of Botha, 2011). The following factors were identified: Media/ Marketing, Quality facilities, Credentials and Lesure experience. To compare the contributing factors of Afrikaans film theatre ticket purchases to the contributing factors of Afrikaans live theatre ticket purchases, a t-test was performed. The t-test indicated that the film theatre attendees are more influenced by the factors Media, Quality facilities and Leisure experience; and the live theatre attendees on the other hand were more influenced by Credentials. Determining the key factors contributing to the ticket purchases of younger Afrikaans film theatre attendees was achieved in Article 2 (Objective 4). The objective was achieved by conducting a survey amongst Afrikaans-speaking students at the North-West University (Potchefstroom Campus); and Afrikaans-speaking scholars at an inter-school sports event hosted in the North West province. The questionnaire for students was dispersed at various on-campus classes attended by the students and the questionnaire for scholars was dispersed at an inter-school sports event for Afrikaans schools from various provinces. They were targeted at different sports fields where they were participating in various sports items. An exploratory factor analysis was conducted on the collected data to determine the factors contributing to the film theatre ticket purchases of this younger Afrikaans film theatre market. Five factors were identified. These factors were labelled: Quality film, Quality facilities, Proudly Afrikaans, Marketing and Production credentials. ANOVAs and t-tests were performed to explore possible difference between the mean values of the factors based on certain independent variables. Statistical significant differences were found: men and women are influenced to the same degree by all five of these factors; the five factors have a stronger influence the younger the attendees are. Respondents who prefer Afrikaans films above English films are more influenced by all five of these factors; and film attendees who view three or more films in one month are more influenced by the factors Quality facilities, Proudly Afrikaans and Production credentials. The younger Afrikaans film viewers‟ most popular medium for viewing films is television (DSTV / Box Office channels). The fifth objective was achieved by drawing conclusions from the study and making appropriate recommendations. The results of this study confirm that the study assisted in making a significant contribution to the producers and marketers of the Afrikaans film theatre industry. This research helps the industry to better understand their market based on its purchase behaviour. This research enables Afrikaans film producers and marketers to improve the effectiveness of their marketing campaigns amongst Afrikaans arts festival patrons and younger Afrikaans film theatre attendees. Ultimately, implementing the recommendations of this study will lead to the increase of Afrikaans film theatre ticket sales and help sustain this currently struggling Afrikaans film theatre industry. / MCom (Tourism Management), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

The income generated from Afrikaans films has fluctuated over the years. Currently this is still the case and the profits generated from Afrikaans films over the past seven years are cause for concern. The Afrikaans film industry is struggling to keep film attendees interested in their films. The need to better understand the Afrikaans film attendees‟ purchase behaviour has become more important than ever. By obtaining this information the producers, investors and marketers of Afrikaans films can produce and market Afrikaans films according to the market‟s needs and ultimately increase Afrikaans film theatre ticket sales. The primary goal of the study was to determine the ticket purchase behaviour of Afrikaans film theatre attendees to help the industry to increase ticket sales. To achieve this goal the following objectives were set: firstly, to do a literature overview on the Afrikaans film industry. Secondly, to conduct a literature analysis to identify possible aspects that can contribute to the ticket purchases of the performing arts (with the main focus on film theatre). Thirdly, to do a comparative analysis on the ticket purchase behaviour of film theatre attendees versus live theatre attendees. Fourthly, to analyse Afrikaans students and scholars‟ purchase behaviour of Afrikaans film theatre tickets. Lastly, to draw conclusions from the study and to make subsequent recommendations that aim to provide solutions for the Afrikaans film industry by increasing their film theatre ticket sales. Objectives 1 and 2 were achieved in the literature study (Chapter 2). Firstly the origin and evolution of the film industry was explained; and an overview of the history of the South African film industry was provided. Purchase behaviour was studied to understand the concept in general, as well as in the context of arts and cultural goods. Different purchase behaviour models were analysed and aspects contributing to the ticket purchases of arts / culture / film theatre / live theatre productions were identified and analysed. Objective 3 was achieved in Article 1 (Chapter 3). A comparative analysis was done on the ticket purchase behaviour of film theatre attendees versus live theatre attendees. An exploratory factor analysis was conducted on the 36 identified aspects that contribute to Afrikaans film theatre ticket purchases. The data for the article was collected in 2011 and 2013 at the Klein Karoo National Kunstefees (KKNK) with questionnaires. Attendees who viewed one or more Afrikaans films in the past year were requested to complete a questionnaire. This resulted in five factors labelled: Proudly Afrikaans, Production credentials, Quality facilities, Marketing and Leisure experience. The most important factor that influenced the film theatre attendees was identified as „Proudly Afrikaans’ and the second highest factor was „Leisure experience’. Confirmatory factor analyses were then performed on 20 identical and overlapping aspects identified from the film theatre ticket purchase data and live theatre ticket purchase data (secondary data from the study of Botha, 2011). The following factors were identified: Media/ Marketing, Quality facilities, Credentials and Lesure experience. To compare the contributing factors of Afrikaans film theatre ticket purchases to the contributing factors of Afrikaans live theatre ticket purchases, a t-test was performed. The t-test indicated that the film theatre attendees are more influenced by the factors Media, Quality facilities and Leisure experience; and the live theatre attendees on the other hand were more influenced by Credentials. Determining the key factors contributing to the ticket purchases of younger Afrikaans film theatre attendees was achieved in Article 2 (Objective 4). The objective was achieved by conducting a survey amongst Afrikaans-speaking students at the North-West University (Potchefstroom Campus); and Afrikaans-speaking scholars at an inter-school sports event hosted in the North West province. The questionnaire for students was dispersed at various on-campus classes attended by the students and the questionnaire for scholars was dispersed at an inter-school sports event for Afrikaans schools from various provinces. They were targeted at different sports fields where they were participating in various sports items. An exploratory factor analysis was conducted on the collected data to determine the factors contributing to the film theatre ticket purchases of this younger Afrikaans film theatre market. Five factors were identified. These factors were labelled: Quality film, Quality facilities, Proudly Afrikaans, Marketing and Production credentials. ANOVAs and t-tests were performed to explore possible difference between the mean values of the factors based on certain independent variables. Statistical significant differences were found: men and women are influenced to the same degree by all five of these factors; the five factors have a stronger influence the younger the attendees are. Respondents who prefer Afrikaans films above English films are more influenced by all five of these factors; and film attendees who view three or more films in one month are more influenced by the factors Quality facilities, Proudly Afrikaans and Production credentials. The younger Afrikaans film viewers‟ most popular medium for viewing films is television (DSTV / Box Office channels). The fifth objective was achieved by drawing conclusions from the study and making appropriate recommendations. The results of this study confirm that the study assisted in making a significant contribution to the producers and marketers of the Afrikaans film theatre industry. This research helps the industry to better understand their market based on its purchase behaviour. This research enables Afrikaans film producers and marketers to improve the effectiveness of their marketing campaigns amongst Afrikaans arts festival patrons and younger Afrikaans film theatre attendees. Ultimately, implementing the recommendations of this study will lead to the increase of Afrikaans film theatre ticket sales and help sustain this currently struggling Afrikaans film theatre industry. / MCom (Tourism Management), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Thesis (MScEng (Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009. / Although mass minimisation is an important application within structural optimisation, other applications include: (1) concept generation, (2) concept evaluation, (3) design for structural feasibility and (4) data matching. These applications, except data matching, are discussed and illustrated on a prototype design of the Karoo Array Telescope (KAT) antenna. The KAT passed through the design process and a full scale prototype was built, but was found to be too expensive. A detailed finite element model of the finalised design was considered as a test bed for reducing costs. Size-, shape- and topology optimisation are applied to three KAT components, while considering wind, temperature and gravity loads. Structural- and nonstructural constraints are introduced. Coupling of the structural optimisation code with an external analysis program to include non-structural responses and the parallelisation of the sensitivity calculations are presented. It is shown that if a finite element model is available, it is generally possible to apply structural optimisation to improve an existing design. A reduction of 2673 kg steel was accomplished for the existing KAT components. The total cost saving for the project will be significant, when considering that a large amount of antennas will be manufactured.