Thesis advisor: Junona Moroianu / Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are the most common sexually transmitted infection in the United States. High risk HPV types, including HPV 16, can cause cervical carcinomas upon infecting squamous basal epithelial cells. The HPV E2 protein is a multifunctional protein that regulates viral DNA replication and expression of a large number of cellular and viral genes, including the E6 and E7 viral oncogenes. Previous research in the Moroianu lab has identified a novel alpha-helical nuclear localization signal (NLS) in the C-terminal domain of HPV 16 E2 protein (75). Here, we focused on continuing the dissection of the HPV 16 E2 NLS and on identification of the nuclear import mechanism used by this protein. We identified several residues in the C-terminal domain of HPV 16 E2 (327KHK329) and within the NLS (K299, C300) that enhance the function of the NLS. Additionally, we determined that dimerization of the C-terminal domain plays an important role in the nuclear import of HPV 16 E2 as a mutation that disrupted it led to a significant decrease in the nuclear localization of the protein. We discovered that importin 11 karyopherin is a nuclear import receptor for HPV 16 E2. Our data suggest a nuclear import mechanism for HPV 16 E2 whereby UbcM2/UBE2E3 E2-type ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme acts as an adapter to bind HPV 16 E2 to importin 11 karyopherin for its nuclear import. This is a previously undescribed nuclear import mechanism which may have implications for the control of HPV 16 E2 functions. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2014. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Biology.

Php4 is a subunit of the CCAAT-binding protein complex that has a negative regulatory function during iron deprivation in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Under low iron conditions, Php4 fosters the repression of genes encoding iron using proteins. In contrast, under iron-replete conditions, Php4 is inactivated at both transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. Our group has already described that Php4 is a nucleo-cytoplasmic shuttling protein, which accumulates into the nucleus during iron deficiency. On the contrary, Php4 is exported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm in response to iron abundance. Php4 possesses a leucine-rich NES (93LLEQLEML100) that is necessary for its nuclear export by the exportin Crm1. Our current study aims at understanding the mechanism by which Php4 is imported in the nucleus during iron starvation. Through microscopic analyses using different mutant strains, we showed that the nuclear localization of Php4 is independent of the other subunits of the CCAAT-binding core complex namely Php2, Php3 and Php5. Deletion mapping analysis of Php4 identifies two putative nuclear localization sequences (NLSs) in Php4 (171KRIR174 and 234KSVKRVR240). Using chimeric proteins that consist of GFP fused to Php4, we engineered substitutions of the basic amino acid residues 171AAIA174 and 234ASVAAAA240 and analyzed the functionality of both NLSs. We observed that both monopartite NLSs play critical role for Php4 nuclear localization. We also observed that mutant strains of cut15+, imp1+ or sal3+ exhibited defects in nuclear targeting of Php4, revealing that nuclear accumulation of Php4 is dependent on two karyopherin α (Imp1 and Cut15) and one karyopherin β (Sal3) receptors. Consistently, the Php4-mediated repression activity is abolished in the absence of two functional NLSs. Moreover, loss of Imp1, Cut15 or Sal3 resulted in increased expression of isa1+, which is a target gene of Php4. Co-immunoprecipitation assay (Co-IP) reveals physical interaction of Php4 with Imp1, Cut15 and Sal3 in vitro. Collectively, our results demonstrate that Php4 has two distinct NLS regions responsible for its nuclear localization. Furthermore, karyopherin α and β receptors play a role in the nuclear import of Php4. Because Php4 is essential for growth under low iron conditions, the presence of two NLSs would ensure the protein to reach its nuclear destination when cells undergo a transition from iron-sufficient to iron-limiting conditions.

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No description available.

Chez les eucaryotes, les pores nucléaires (NPCs), ancrés dans l’enveloppe nucléaire (EN), régulent les échanges nucléocytoplasmiques. Ces complexes, très conservés, sont composés d’une trentaine de protéines appelées nucléoporines (Nups) présentes en multiples copies au sein de chaque NPC. Chez la levure S. cerevisiae, seules quatre Nups, dont la protéine Pom33, possèdent des domaines transmembranaires. Une étude réalisée en amont de ce projet a permis de caractériser Pom33 et de montrer que le mutant pom33∆ est viable et ne présente pas de défaut apparent de transport nucléocytoplasmique mais se caractérise par un défaut de distribution des NPCs. Pom33 joue également un rôle dans l’assemblage des pores nucléaires au sein de l’EN (biogenèse de novo des NPCs). POM33 appartient à une famille de gènes très conservés. Il possède un paralogue chez S. cerevisiae, PER33, qui code pour une protéine localisée majoritairement au réticulum endoplasmique et minoritairement aux NPCs et qui n’est pas impliquée dans la biogenèse des NPCs. Chez les mammifères, il n’existe qu’un homologue de Pom33/Per33, TMEM33. Dans le cadre de ce doctorat, nous nous sommes demandés quels étaient les déterminants contribuant à l’adressage spécifique de Pom33 au niveau des NPCs et à sa fonction dans la biogenèse de ces structures. La purification de Pom33-ProtA, suivie de spectrométrie de masse, nous a permis d’identifier un nouveau partenaire de Pom33, le facteur d’import Kap123. Des approches in vitro ont montré une interaction directe entre Kap123 et le domaine C-terminal (CTD) de Pom33, qui est perturbée en présence de RanGTP. Par ailleurs, des prédictions in silico ont révélé la présence dans ce domaine CTD de deux hélices amphipathiques, conservées chez l’humain. Des analyses par dichroïsme circulaire et flottaisons ont confirmé la capacité du CTD à s’organiser en hélice en présence de membranes lipidiques et à interagir préférentiellement avec les membranes très courbées. L’expression d’une version mutée de Pom33-CTD, incapable de se lier aux membranes et couplée à la GFP, a révélé la capacité de ce domaine à agir comme un NLS, importé spécifiquement dans le noyau par Kap123. Alors que la délétion du domaine CTD affecte l’adressage de Pom33 aux NPCs et provoque un défaut de distribution des NPCs, la mutation des résidus basiques impliqués dans l’interaction avec Kap123 ou des résidus permettant sa liaison aux membranes lipidiques ne récapitule pas ce phénotype. En revanche, la perte combinée de ces deux déterminants affecte l’adressage de Pom33 aux NPCs et provoque un défaut de distribution des NPCs ainsi qu'une interaction génétique avec le mutant nup133∆, impliqué dans la biogenèse de novo des NPCs. Les résultats obtenus lors de cette étude indiquent donc que l’adressage de Pom33 est un mécanisme actif et multifactoriel, qui met en jeu au moins deux déterminants dans son domaine CTD. Ces données indiquent également un rôle de ce domaine dans la biogenèse de novo des NPCs, qui pourrait néanmoins n’être qu’un effet indirect de son rôle dans l’adressage de Pom33 aux NPCs. Au cours de cette étude, nous avons également mis en évidence d’autres partenaires potentiels de Pom33, en particulier Myo2, une localisation de Pom33 au niveau du bourgeon lors de la division et une interaction génétique entre POM33 et KAP123. Ces observations préliminaires ouvrent de nouvelles pistes de réflexion quant au rôle de Pom33 lors de la division cellulaire. / In eukaryotic cells, nucleocytoplasmic exchanges take place through the nuclear pores complexes (NPCs). These conserved macromolecular assemblies are embedded in the nuclear envelope (NE) and composed of ~30 distinct proteins called nucleoporins (Nups), each presents in multiple copies. In the budding yeast Sacharomyces cerevisiae, there are only four transmembrane Nups, including Pom33. A previous study leds to the characterization of Pom33 and revealed that pom33∆ mutant cells, although viable and without apparent alteration in nucleocytoplasmic transport, display NPCs distribution defect. Pom33 also contributes to the biogenesis of NPCs into the intact NE (de novo biogenesis). Pom33 is highly conserved among species and has a paralogue in S. cerevisiae, Per33, which can associate with NPCs but is mainly localized at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and NE. Unlike Pom33, Per33 is not involved in NPCs distribution and biogenesis. In mammalian cells, there is a unique homologue of Pom33/Per33, named TMEM33. In the context of this thesis, we aimed to identify the determinants involved in the specific targeting of Pom33 to NPCs and in its function in pore biogenesis. To characterize these determinants, we first performed affinity-purification experiments followed by mass spectrometry analyses. This identified a novel Pom33 partner, the nuclear import factor Kap123. In vitro experiments revealed a direct interaction between Pom33 C-terminal domain (CTD) and Kap123 that involves positively-charged residues within Pom33-CTD and is altered in the presence of Ran-GTP. Moreover, in silico analyses predicted the presence of two evolutionarily-conserved amphipathic ~-helices within Pom33-CTD. Circular dichroism studies and liposome co-floatation assays confirmed that this CTD domain is able to fold into ~-helices in the presence of liposomes and revealed its preferential binding to highly curved lipid membranes. When expressed in yeast, under conditions abolishing Pom33-CTD membrane association, Pom33-CTD behaves as a Kap123-dependent nuclear localization domain. While deletion of Pom33 C-terminal domain (Pom33-∆CTD-GFP) impairs Pom33 NPC targeting and stability and leads to a NPC distribution phenotype, mutants affecting either Kap123 binding or the amphipathic properties of the ~-helices do not display any detectable defect. However, combined impairment of lipid and Kap123 binding affects Pom33 targeting to NPCs and leads to an altered NPC distribution and a genetic interaction with the deletion of NUP133, a gene coding for a nucleoporin involved in NPCs biogenesis. Together, these results indicate that Pom33 targeting to NPCs is an active and multifactorial process that requires at least two determinants within its CTD. They also suggest a role of Pom33-CTD in the de novo NPCs biogenesis process, which could however only be an indirect consequence of its requirement for Pom33 targeting to NPCs. Our mass spectrometry analysis also identified other partners of Pom33, in particular Myo2, a molecular motor required for the cell cycle-regulated transport of various organelles and proteins and for correct alignment of the spindle during mitosis. Our studies also revealed a specific localization of Pom33 at the bud tip during mitosis and a genetic interaction between POM33 and KAP123. Taken together, these preliminary observations open new perspectives regarding additional functions of Pom33 during cell division.

The nucleo-cytoplasmic compartmentalization enables eukaryotic cells to develop sophisticated post-transcriptional regulations of gene expression. However, managing the exchanges of macromolecules between the two compartments also represents a formidable challenge for the cells. Nucleo-cytoplasmic exchanges rely on specialized soluble carriers and take place at nuclear pore complexes that span the nuclear envelope. Active nucleo-cytoplasmic transport of proteins, in particular, is performed mainly by a family of carriers called karyopherins, which includes about twenty members in mammals. Some of them, called importins, recognize nuclear localization signals (NLSs) in their substrates and convey them into the nucleus. Others, called exportins, recognize nuclear export signals (NESs) in their substrates and bring them back to the cytoplasm. <p>Many RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) shuttle between the nucleus and the cytoplasm, where they can often fulfill different functions. RBPs also frequently localize into specialized microdomains that are not delimited by a membrane but in which specific factors are concentrated. Those include processing bodies and stress granules, which are cytoplasmic foci associated with mRNA decay, storage and translational repression. Post-transcriptional regulations mediated by RBPs can therefore be modulated rapidly and efficiently through changes in the localization of RBPs.<p>The first part of this work focuses on the subcellular localization and nucleo-cytoplasmic transport of the Drosophila RBP dTIS11. Like its mammalian and yeast homologues, dTIS11 binds AU-rich elements in the 3’UTR of its target mRNAs, and stimulates their rapid deadenylation and decay. Here, we have observed that although dTIS11 appears to be located mostly in the cytoplasm, it is constantly shuttling in and out of the nucleus. We show that the export of dTIS11 from the nucleus depends on the CRM1 exportin and is mediated by a hydrophobic NES that encompasses residues 101 to 113 in dTIS11 sequence. We also identify a cryptic Transportin-dependent PY nuclear localization signal (PY-NLS) in the tandem zinc finger region of dTIS11 and show that it is conserved across the TIS11 protein family. This PY-NLS partially overlaps the second zinc finger (ZnF2) of dTIS11. Importantly, mutations disrupting the capacity of the ZnF2 to coordinate a Zn2+ ion unmask dTIS11 and TTP PY-NLS and promote nuclear import. Taken together, our results indicate that the nuclear export of Drosophila and mammalian TIS11 proteins is mediated by CRM1 through diverging NESs, while their nuclear import mechanism might rely on a conserved PY-NLS whose activity is negatively regulated by ZnF2 folding.<p>In the second part, we present preliminary results which implicate the nucleo-cytoplasmic transport machinery in the assembly of stress granules (SGs) in mammalian cells. SGs contain silenced mRNPs which resemble stalled initiation complexes, and they form transiently in response to acute stress, concomitantly with a global arrest of translation. While their exact role remains undefined, it seems clear that SGs are able to exchange mRNPs with polysomes and with PBs, and that they are connected to post-transcriptional and translational regulations of gene expression during stress. Here, we show that inhibition of Transportin-1 expression or function does not affect the translational status of cells but impairs the assembly of stress granules. Finally, we show that Transportin-1 and -2B, but not -2A, localize into stress granules in response to several stresses. <p>In conclusion, we suggest two potential new roles for Transportins, in the nucleo-cytoplasmic traffic of TIS11 proteins on the one hand and in the assembly of stress granules on the other hand.<p>/<p>Le compartimentage nucléo-cytoplasmique permet aux cellules eucaryotes de réguler l’expression génétique par des mécanismes post-transcriptionnels élaborés. Les ARN messagers subissent plusieurs étapes de maturation dans le noyau avant d’être exportés vers le cytoplasme où ils sont traduits et dégradés. Ces processus sont effectués via des protéines de liaison à l’ARN, ou RBPs. Beaucoup de RBPs exercent des fonctions différentes dans le noyau et dans le cytoplasme, et leur activité peut dès lors être rapidement modulée par une modification de leur localisation.<p>Le transport nucléo-cytoplasmique actif des protéines s’effectue à travers les pores nucléaires et fait majoritairement appel à des transporteurs solubles de la famille des karyophérines. Ceux-ci reconnaissent au sein des protéines à transporter une séquence-passeport appelée NLS (nuclear localization signal) ou NES (nuclear export signal) selon la direction nécessitée. <p>Le présent travail comporte deux parties. La première porte sur la localisation subcellulaire et le transport nucléo-cytoplasmique des protéines de la famille TIS11, et plus particulièrement de dTIS11 qui est le seul représentant de cette famille chez la Drosophile. Comme ses homologues dans d’autres espèces, dTIS11 est une RBP qui favorise la déadénylation et la dégradation de ses ARN messagers cibles. Nos résultats démontrent que dTIS11 fait la navette entre le noyau et le cytoplasme. L’export de dTIS11 hors du noyau est réalisé par la karyophérine CRM1 et fait appel à un NES différent de celui présent chez les protéines TIS11 mammaliennes. Nous identifions également un NLS cryptique au sein du domaine à deux doigts de zinc avec lequel dTIS11 lie l’ARN. Ce NLS correspond partiellement au signal consensus reconnu par la Transportine. Il est démasqué par la mutation du second doigt de zinc ;dans ces conditions, il permet l’import de dTIS11 par la Transportine. Enfin, nous montrons qu’il est conservé dans d’autres protéines de la famille TIS11. <p>Dans la seconde partie, nous nous intéressons aux granules de stress, qui sont des microdomaines cytoplasmiques dans lesquels se concentrent des RBPs et des ARN messagers non traduits en réponse à un stress cellulaire. Nous montrons que les karyophérines appartenant à la sous-famille des Transportines sont présentes dans ces granules et que l’inhibition de l’expression ou de la fonction des Transportines réduit la formation de ces granules en réponse à divers stress cellulaires. Nous écartons la possibilité que ce résultat soit un effet indirect d’un ralentissement du métabolisme traductionnel. Nos résultats suggèrent donc une implication des Transportines dans la formation des granules de stress. <p> / Doctorat en Sciences / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished