Various sources on Kazakh history demonstrate that a Kazakh culture was generated out of the predominantly pastoral experiences of its people. For centuries, Kazakh communities were engaged in a definite set of practices prescribed by pastoralism. Firmly incorporated into the all-Union structure of Soviet republics, Kazakhstan made an impressive transformation from a predominantly pastoral to an agroindustrial region with one of the most vibrant economies in Central Asia. Sovereignty in 1991 pushed the historic trajectory of the Kazakh nation further ahead, prompting its citizens to engage in self-reflection, and attuning their collective memories to a new set of social and political realities. It also brought the country closer to the city, as hundreds of thousands Kazakh villagers left their homes for urban areas following the downfall of the 'transitional' economy that ensued in the wake of the demise of socialism. This thesis presents an analysis of data that was collected during twelve months of ethnographic fieldwork carried out primarily in Almaty, the former capital of Kazakhstan, in 1999. A principal aim in this study is to unravel emerging subjectivities and congealed meanings that have developed within the context of Kazakh rural to urban migration, especially that which occurred after the breakdown of the Soviet Union. It centers on important themes relating to Kazakh historic ancestry and culture, the colonial encounter, the city and its populace, as well as the recently achieved national independence, as they have unfolded in the narratives of recent arrivals to the city. How have the discourses of ancestry and modernity, mediated by their experiences of migration and displacement, been implicated in migrants' understandings of themselves and their nation? Special attention in my discussion is paid to the issue of whether the recent encounter of rural and urban worlds fostered the contemplation of specific narratives of the Kazakh nation, as it emerges from Socialism.

Univ., Diss.--Köln, 1999.

No description available.

CHARLES UNIVERSITY IN PRAGUE Faculty of Science Department of Demography and Geodemography PhD study program Mrg. Saule Dyussupova IMPACT OF ETHNICITY ON RECENT FERTILITY CHANGE BY MARITAL STATUS IN KAZAKHSTAN PhD dissertation Tutor: Prof. RNDr. Jitka Rychtaříková, CSc. Prague - 2011 Dedicated to my parents - Khanshaym and Tuyakh I declare that this dissertation is my own work under the supervisor of Prof. RNDr. Jitka Rychtaříková CSc. Where other sources of information have been used, they have been acknowledged. I agree that if any results gained while working on this thesis will be used outside the Charles University in Prague, written permission of the University will be necessary. I agree to lend this thesis for study reasons and agree that the thesis will be added to the borrower's database. In Prague, 14.05.2011 Saule Dyussupova Acknowledgements I would like to open the first paper of my dissertation with the deepest expression of gratitude to all teachers for their time, patience, and hard work, to those who made my study at the Charles University in Prague successful, exciting and pleasant. It was an unforgettable experience. You were always there to help and share knowledge, skills and ideas with me. My special words of appreciation go to my dear tutor Prof. RNDr. Jitka Rychtaříková CSc, whose...

Inner-state conflicts arising from cultural, ethnic, linguistic and other differences started appearing after the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. Kazakhstan, being one of the main recipients of the Slavic diaspora in Soviet times encountered the problems of interethnic distrust and alienation after 1991. Despite the fact the Kazakhstani government had announced as its main priority the construction of a civic nation and of the feeling of belonging to one state, it strongly supported Kazakh self-consciousness, which led to several consequences, one of which was intensive emigration of the Slavic population. It has resulted in demographic, socio- economic and interethnic tensions. Despite the fact these were studied to some extent, no comprehensive approach has been taken to analyze these issues. Therefore, this research paper aims to answer the question of how the Kazakhstani nation- building policy influenced the relations between Kazakhs and Russians. Given that the instilling of the national idea can be achieved through many institutions this research focuses on the historical narratives in school and university textbooks; administrative regulations and legislative systems, and their implications for each ethnic group; plus their implementation in the symbolic realm of the cities, which...

abstract: This dissertation discusses children and childhood in Soviet Kazakhstan from 1928 to 1953. By exploring images of, and for, children, and by focusing on children’s fates during and after the famine of 1930-33, I argue that the regime’s success in making children socialist subjects and creating the new Soviet person was questionable throughout the 1930s. The reach of Soviet ideological and cultural policies was limited in a decade defined by all kinds of shortcomings in the periphery which was accompanied by massive violence and destruction. World War 2 mobilized Central Asians and integrated the masses into the Soviet social and political body. The war transformed state-society relations and the meaning of being Soviet fundamentally changed. In this way, larger segments of society embraced the framework for Soviet citizenship and Soviet patriotism largely thanks to the war experience. This approach invites us to reconsider the nature of Sovietization in Central Asia by questioning the central role of ideology and cultural revolution in the formation of Soviet identities. My dissertation brings together images of childhood, everyday experiences of children and memory of childhood. On the one hand, the focus on children provides me an opportunity to discuss Sovietization in Central Asia. On the other hand, this dissertation contributes to our understanding of Soviet childhood: it is the first comprehensive study of Soviet children in the periphery in English. It shows how images and discourses, which were produced in the Soviet center, were translated into the local context and emphasizes the multiplicity of children’s experiences across the Soviet Union. Local conditions defined the meaning of childhood in Kazakhstan as much as central visions. Studying children in a non-Russian republic allows me to discuss questions of ideology, cultural revolution and the nationalities question. A main goal of the dissertation is to shift the focus of Sovietization from the cultural and intellectual elite to ordinary people. Secondly, by studying the impact of the famine and the Great Patriotic War, I try to understand the dynamics of the Soviet regime and the changing conceptions of culture and identity in Soviet Kazakhstan. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation History 2020

This research is focused on understanding the ways in which the community orientation of the Kazak ethnic community in Istanbul, Turkey have contributed to their economic success which in turn encourages strong community, and the nature of their community-based support networks for providing material and cultural support. It examines the role of social capital and cohesion in maintaining the community with its positive implications for the continued building of wealth or sourcing of funding on a community level. The theoretical concepts relevant to this project are based on the ideas that the shared values of a community are a positive force that allow communities to achieve common goals and is particularly important in the context of an economy that favors cheap labor and a highly mobile workforce, both factors that negatively affect the asset building and place-based rootedness that communities require for their stability. Key community entrepreneurs and leaders were the main sources of information for this research. The findings of this thesis suggest that it is a combination of factors such as the failure of the community to maintain its stable economic position through unfortunate business practices and choices coupled with external market forces that slowed this community economic development and disabled its continued growth.

Dans la dernière décennie, est progressivement réapparue en Russie une représentation favorable du passé soviétique, dominée par les grandes réalisations de la période stalinienne et, en particulier, par la victoire sur le nazisme durant la ± Grande Guerre patriotique¿. Pourtant, à l'époque de la glasnost et de la perestroïka de Gorbatchev, les restrictions à la liberté de parole et de presse étant nouvellement levées, le processus de réintégration des pages les plus sombres du passé soviétique dans le récit historique national semblait irrépressible. En effet, la fin des années 1980, en URSS, se caractérise notamment par un déferlement de publications sur les répressions staliniennes et les camps du Goulag, dévoilant lè récit d'expériences individuelles où se reconnaissent des milliers d'autres personnes. Après un silence imposé par le régime soviétique pendant près de soixante-dix ans, plusieurs victimes des répressions décident de faire connaître leur histoire. Aujourd'hui, leur mémoire semble toutefois à nouveau menacée. Dans ce contexte, Larissa Kouderina multiplie les efforts pour faire connaître · l'histoire de ses parents: Djoumakhan Kouderin, un intellectuel kazakh victime des répressions pendant les années 1930, et Tatiana Nassonova, une institutrice d'origine russe qui a hérité de son mari le statut d'± ennemi du peuple¿. En 1994, Larissa publie les mémoires de sa mère et un essai, à ambition historique, sur l 'histoire de son père et de l'intelligentsia kazakhe dont il faisait partie, intelligentsia détruite par les purges staliniennes. Par le biais de ces publications, ainsi que par l'inauguration d'un petit musée, en 2001, elle tente de faire reconnaître l'histoire et les injustices subies par sa famille, son père et la génératiori de ce dernier. L'objectif principal poursuivi dans la présente thèse est de comprendre comm~nt un individu, vivant dans une société où il n'avait, jusqu'à tout récemment, aucune valorisation en dehors de la collectivité, tente de se réapproprier son passé et de redonner un sens à sa vie. L'analyse du projet commémoratif de Larissa Kouderina permet d'observer que celle-ci articule à la fois les discours mémoriel, historique et patrimonial, pour reconstruire l 'histoire de ses parents et pour tenter de réintégrer cette dernière à un récit historique plus vaste, en particulier à celui du Kazakhstan.

During the UN World Summit 2005 all Member States of the United Nations unanimously accepted the Responsibility to protect- principle (R2P- principle), that each member state shall protect its own population from ethnic cleansing, genocide, war crimes and crimes against humanity. During the set-up of the United Nations and the Security Council’s veto system in the San Francisco Conference 1945, the five permanent members of the Security Council promised that their right to veto would be used “sparingly” and in the “interest” of the world organization, to safeguard “the International peace and security”. Despite the united acceptance of the R2P- principle to avoid mass atrocities since 2005, China have been detaining up to one million Uyghur, including Kazakhs in detainment camps, in former East Turkestan since the beginning of 2018. Since the passage to invoke the R2P- principle is by the Security Council, the question arises if- the veto would serve as a deadlock on the R2P- principle if China could veto such decision. The purpose of the thesis have therefore been to analyze if the R2P- principle is inefficient against the Security Council’s veto system, by targeting China’s opportunity of vetoing the R2P- principle. The conclusion have been that the R2P- principle is inefficient against the Security Council’s veto system. This is because a permanent member can block the R2P- principle by either vetoing or double vetoing a draft resolution, which have been demonstrated by illustrating how China could veto the R2P- principle. Since the decisions of the Security Council cannot be appealed or dissent in terms of the veto card and UN Charter, it leaves the R2P- principle inefficient with a weak operational legitimacy against the Security Council’s powerful veto system, on the cost of human lives.