Inbreeding involves the mating of closely related individuals at a higher frequency than at random; this can decrease the average fitness of populations and individuals by reducing the presence of heterozygotes and augmenting the expression of deleterious genes. Since marine invertebrates exhibit widespread dispersal, their potential for inbreeding is often disregarded. The adult sessile state of barnacles creates the potential for inbreeding as a result of necessary copulation between neighboring individuals. Depending on the degree of mixing that occurs during dispersal, closely related individuals or siblings may settle in close proximity, generating the possibility of kin aggregation and consequent inbreeding. Despite the high probability of closely related or sibling barnacles to settle contiguously, their genetic relatedness and potential for inbreeding remain relatively understudied. We examined genetic relatedness between individuals of Tetraclita rubescens at Monterey and Bodega Bay to elucidate the potential for nonrandom dispersal and subsequent inbreeding. Genetic relatedness was assessed through microsatellite analysis, and correlated with geographic distance, and size. There was a significant association between geographic distance and genetic relatedness at Bodega Bay, which may be attributed to lower densities of individuals, frequency of settlement events and oceanographic conditions. The results of this study demonstrate high genetic relatedness at small spatial scales, bolstering the potential for nonrandom dispersal and subsequent inbreeding of T. rubescens.

Inbreeding involves the mating of closely related individuals at a higher frequency than at random; this can decrease the average fitness of populations and individuals by reducing the presence of heterozygotes and augmenting the expression of deleterious genes. Since marine invertebrates exhibit widespread dispersal, their potential for inbreeding is often disregarded. The adult sessile state of barnacles creates the potential for inbreeding as a result of necessary copulation between neighboring individuals. Depending on the degree of mixing that occurs during dispersal, closely related individuals or siblings may settle in close proximity, generating the possibility of kin aggregation and consequent inbreeding. Despite the high probability of closely related or sibling barnacles to settle contiguously, their genetic relatedness and potential for inbreeding remain relatively understudied. We examined genetic relatedness between individuals of Tetraclita rubescens at Monterey and Bodega Bay to elucidate the potential for nonrandom dispersal and subsequent inbreeding. Genetic relatedness was assessed through microsatellite analysis, and correlated with geographic distance, and size. There was a significant association between geographic distance and genetic relatedness at Bodega Bay, which may be attributed to lower densities of individuals, frequency of settlement events and oceanographic conditions. The results of this study demonstrate high genetic relatedness at small spatial scales, bolstering the potential for nonrandom dispersal and subsequent inbreeding of T. rubescens.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego and University of California, Irvine, 2006. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 285-297).

Orientador: Ronaldo Aloise Pilli / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T11:54:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Drekener_RobertaLopes_D.pdf: 4694535 bytes, checksum: 998a5a4160bc1a4929a466c8dcfe2462 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Neste trabalho descrevemos os avanços sintéticos para obtenção das Criptomoscatonas D1 (41) e D2 (42), isoladas da Cryptocarya mandioccana, para as quais não se encontram sínteses descritas na literatura e suas estruturas tridimensionais ainda não foram elucidadas. As estratégias de síntese propostas para os isômeros 41 e 42 foram baseadas em utilizar como etapa chave a reação aldólica com indução remota 1,5-anti. A primeira proposta envolveu a síntese da metil cetona (R)-153 em 8 etapas e baixo rendimento global (4,2%). Uma nova proposta sintética foi formulada e resultou na síntese da metil cetona (+/-)-157 em 3 etapas e 54% de rendimento. Esta abordagem possibilitou a construção do esqueleto carbônico de 41 e 42, de maneira diastereosseletiva. A etapa aldol utilizando a metil cetona (+/-)-157 foi realizada com sucesso, levando a formação de um aduto diastereoisomérico preferencial (+/-)-162. Já o centro estereogênico em C2' foi formado via redução 1,3-sin empregando-se metodologia de Narasaka para a obtenção de (+/-)-165a e 1,3-anti com a utilização da metodologia de Evans para obtenção de (+/-)-165b. Após manipulações de grupos protetores e de grupos funcionais, os ésteres a,b-insaturados (+/-)-169a e b foram obtidos com a ligação dupla com geometria Z através de metodologia de Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons, com modificação de Still-Gennari. A etapa de remoção do grupo acetonídeo levando aos ésteres a,b-insaturados (+/-)-170a e b foi realizada em meio ácido brando, sendo a ciclização do anel lactônico destes produtos realizada na presença de óxido de dibutilestanho, com excelentes rendimentos em ambas as etapas. Esta abordagem permitiu a formação do composto (+/-)-171a em 6,7% de rendimento e do composto (+/-)-171b em 7,6% de rendimento, a partir do trans-cinamaldeído. A etapa de remoção do grupo protetor p-metoxibenzila, não foi alcançada utilizando-se DDQ ou ZrCl4. Desta forma, embora as sínteses dos compostos 41 e 42 não tenham sido finalizadas e, portanto, a estereoquímica dos produtos naturais da família das Criptomoscatonas D não tenha sido esclarecida, este trabalho permitiu mapear a síntese racêmica destes dois compostos de uma maneira eficiente, contribuindo para que estudos futuros possam definir as estruturas desses produtos naturais / Abstract: Natural compounds of the 5,6-dihydropyranone family, isolated from the genus Cryptocarya (Laureacae), have attracted scientific interest due to their biological activities. Among these compounds, we highlight Cryptomoscatone D1 (41) and D2 (42), isolated from C. mandiocanna, for which a definitive proof of structure is still lacking. In this work, we describe our synthetic efforts toward these compounds. The synthetic strategies proposed for the syntheses of isomers 41 and 42 were based on a key aldol reaction with 1,5-anti remote induction. The first approach involved the synthesis of methyl ketone (R)-153 in 8 steps, however in low overall yield (4.2%). The second synthetic approach led to the synthesis of methyl ketone (+/-)-157, in three steps and 54% overall yield. The aldol step involving methyl ketone (+/-)-157 successfully led to the formation of the diastereoisomer (+/-)-162. The stereogenic center at C2'in (+/-)-165a was established via Narasaka's 1,3-syn reduction while Evans 1,3-anti reduction afforded (+/-)-165b. After manipulation of the protecting and functional groups, a,b-unsaturated esters (+/-)-169a and b were obtained with the desired Z double bond via the Still-Gennari modification of the Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons olefination reaction. Cleavage of the acetonide leading to the a, b-unsaturated d-hydroxyesters (+/-)-170a and b was achieved under mild acidic conditions, and cyclization was performed in the presence of dibutyltin oxide, in excellent yields for both steps. This approach allowed the formation of compound (+/-)-171a in 6.7% yield and compound (+/-)-171b in 7.6% yield, from trans-cinnamaldehyde. Removal of p-methoxybenzyl ether failed using DDQ or ZrCl4 methodologies. Although our studies did not elucidate the structures of Cryptomoscatone D1 (41) and D2 (42), they are a valuable contribution for future efforts aimed to unambiguously establish the structure of these natural products / Doutorado / Quimica Organica / Doutor em Ciências

On March 2015 an L'-band vortex coronagraph based on an Annular Groove Phase Mask made up of a diamond sub-wavelength grating was installed on NIRC2 as a demonstration project. This vortex coronagraph operates in the L' band not only in order to take advantage from the favorable star/planet contrast ratio when observing beyond the K band, but also to exploit the fact that the Keck II Adaptive Optics (AO) system delivers nearly extreme adaptive optics image quality (Strehl ratios values near 90%) at 3.7 mu m. We describe the hardware installation of the vortex phase mask during a routine NIRC2 service mission. The success of the project depends on extensive software development which has allowed the achievement of exquisite real-time pointing control as well as further contrast improvements by using speckle nulling to mitigate the effect of static speckles. First light of the new coronagraphic mode was on June 2015 with already very good initial results. Subsequent commissioning nights were interlaced with science nights by members of the VORTEX team with their respective scientific programs. The new capability and excellent results so far have motivated the VORTEX team and the Keck Science Steering Committee (KSSC) to offer the new mode in shared risk mode for 2016B.

The author in its Dissertation thesis deals with the concept of worker under the free movement rights in EU law. Following the introduction, the thesis itself focuses on the positive and negative delimitation of the concept. One of the core chapters of the "positive part" tries to find an answer on the research question whether any "Keck-like" principle exists as a criterion for defining obstacles to the free movement of workers. The aim of the chapter is to find an answer what shall be subsumed under the obstacles to free movement of workers and what are Member States left with to regulate freely on their territories. In regard with the negative delimitation of the concept, the author deals with the diversion between workers and non-economically active citizens of the EU. The core chapter deals with the growing tendency of Union citizens to move to the host Member States to study while retaining the status of a worker.

Darbas skirtas EB teisės nuostatų, įtvirtinančių laisvo prekių judėjimo ir paslaugų teikimo laisvės veikimo sąlygas, bei Europos Teisingumo Teismo jurisprudencijos ir EB teisės doktrinos, padedančios atskleisti minėtų laisvių teisinio turinio panašumus ir skirtumus, lyginamajai analizei. Pirmame darbo skyriuje aprašomi laisvo prekių judėjimo ir paslaugų teikimo laisvės prigimtis, tikslas ir turinys, išskiriami pagrindiniai prekės ir paslaugos požymiai, pateikiama Teisingumo Teismo praktikos, iliustruojančios nagrinėjamų laisvių atskyrimo problematiką, pavyzdžiai. Antrame skyriuje analizuojami pagrindiniai Sutarties nuostatų, susijusių su laisvu prekių judėjimu (28 straipsnis) ir paslaugų teikimo laisve (49 straipsnis), taikymo asmenų ir erdvės atžvilgiu principai ir sąlygos. Trečiame darbo skyriuje atskleidžiama minėtų laisvių ribojimo problematika, ES valstybių narių sukurtų kliūčių pobūdis ir apimtis bei su tuo susijusi Teismo jurisprudencijos apžvalga, išskiriant nagrinėjamoms laisvėms bendrus požymius. Ketvirtame skyriuje aptariami EB Sutartyje įtvirtinti bei Teisingumo Teismo suformuluoti ribojimus pateisinantys pagrindai, proporcingumo principas ir jų taikymo mechanizmas. Penktame skyriuje trumpai apibūdinamos vidaus rinkos harmonizavimo priemonės tiek, kiek jos susijusios prekių ir paslaugų judėjimo laisvių įgyvendinimu, konkrečiai Techninių standartų ir reglamentų direktyva (1998 m.) ir Paslaugų direktyva (2006 m.). Šiuo darbu patvirtinama, kad laisvas prekių... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / This text provides comparative analysis of the EC provisions, establishing the terms of the free movement of goods and freedom to provide services, as well as of jurisprudence of the European Court of Justice and doctrine of EC law, revealing the differences and similarities of the legal content of the relevant freedoms. The first chapter of the text describes the nature, aim and legal content of the free movement of goods and freedom to provide services followed by the examples from the case-law, which illustrate the distinction of the freedoms considered. The second chapter introduces the comparative analysis concerning the conditions of the territorial scope of the EC Treaty provisions on the free movement of goods (Article 28) and freedom to provide services (Article 49) as well as persons bound by the latter rules. The third chapter deals with the topical issues in respect of the restrictions of the relevant freedoms, in particular the nature and scope of the barriers, adopted by the Member States. The fourth chapter of the text focuses on the justification of the freedoms, in particular on the EC Treaty exceptions, judicially created exceptions as well as the principle of proportionality and the application mechanism of the latter in the comparative manner of the freedoms. Finally, the fifth chapter provides the brief introduction of the harmonisation measures as much as they concern with the implementation of the relevant freedoms, particularly Directive on technical... [to full text]