The aim of this study is to illustrate and contribute to the knowledge and understanding of children’s perception of the vaporization of water. The purpose is also to distinguish the children’s use of important notions within the subject. The study is a descriptive case study and the data was collected through qualitative interviews. The respondents were a group of five-year-old children. The questions focused on the children’s descriptions of and discussions about the chemical process of water vaporizing. The interviews were recorded and transcribed. The material was then analyzed from a sociocultural perspective, in accordance with the method described by Säljö, R (2011). The results show that the children’s knowledge and understanding of the topic was based on their previous experiences. Furthermore, they used simplified expressions and only a few of the children applied the necessary chemical notions. / Målet med denna studie är att belysa och bidra med kunskap och förståelse kring barns meningsskapande om vattenånga och kondensering, också för att urskilja deras användande av betydande och grundläggande begrepp inom ämnet. Studien är en deskriptiv fallstudie och data samlades in genom kvalitativa intervjuer. Respondenterna var en grupp femåringar. Intervjufrågorna handlade om hur barnen beskriver den kemiska processen kring kokande vatten och hur diskussionen såg ut emellan barnen. Intervjuerna spelades in och transkriberades. Det insamlade materialet analyseras utifrån ett sociokulturellt perspektiv i enlighet med Säljö (2011) metod. Resultatet visade att barnens kunskap och förståelse kring mitt ämne skedde utifrån deras tidigare erfarenheter. Dessutom skedde deras förklaringar genom förenklade uttryck och få barn använde de begrepp som är behövliga i kemiska processer.

This project aims to evaluate the technical feasibility of an absorption process for carbon capture and storage (CCS). Currently, the CCS process commonly used in the industry is energy and cost-intensive, making its large-scale development a difficult task. The process under evaluation in this project is labeled as an intensified CCS process as it is more energy-efficient, theoretically, compared to the current standard process. The intensified process is based on absorption with aqueous K2CO3/KHCO3 followed by cristallization of KHCO3. The project aims to show the technical feasibility of two parts of the intensified process, the cooling crystallization in the reactor and the regeneration of carbon dioxide through calcination. The cooling crystallization was conducted at different cooling rates for two different solution compositions, while the calcination was conducted the same for all tests. Microscopic images were utilized to examine the relationship between cooling rates, solution composition, crystal size, and clustering. Thermogravimetric analysis was used to simulate the calcination and to analyze the crystals' decomposition and purity. The report concludes that none clustered selective crystallization of potassium bicarbonate and the total regeneration of carbon dioxide through calcination were achieved. A conclusive correlation between cooling rates and crystal yields could not be proven. And the relationship between crystal size and cooling rates substantially deviated from what was expected. Based on the results the intensified process is deemed technically feasible. / Syftet med detta projekt är att utvärdera den tekniska genomförbarheten av en “carbon capture and storage” (CCS) absorptionsprocess. CCS-processen som nuvarande förekommer i industrin är både energi- och kostnadskrävande, detta förhindrar möjligheten till vidare uppskalning. Processen som utvärderas i detta projekt kallas för en intensifierad CCS-process vilket innebär att den är teoretiskt mer energieffektiv jämfört med nuvarande standardprocess. Den intensifierade processen är baserad på absorption med en K2CO3/KHCO3 vattenlösning följt av en kristallisation av KHCO3. Projektet ämnar att visa den tekniska genomförbarheten av specifikt två delar av den intensifierade processen, kylningskristalliseringen i reaktorn samt regenereringen av koldioxid genom kalcinering. Kylningskristalliseringen genomfördes med olika kylningshastigheter för två olika lösningskompositioner medan kalcineringen utfördes likadant för samtliga tester. Mikroskopiska bilder nyttjades för att undersöka förhållandet mellan kylningshastigheten, lösningens sammansättning, kristallstorlek och kristallkluster. Termogravimetrisk analys användes för att efterlikna kalcineringen samt analysera kristallernas sönderdelning och renhet. Rapporten fastställer att selektiv kristallisering av kaliumbikarbonat uppnåddes utan signifikant kluster. En definitiv korrelation mellan kylningshastighet och kristallutbyte kunde ej påvisas. Förhållandet mellan kristallstorlek och kylningshastighet avvek betydande från vad som förväntades. Baserat på resultaten bedömdes den intensifierade processen vara tekniskt genomförbar.

The effects of global warming are well understood. In order to combat this, society must move towards net zero emissions of green house gases, where carbon dioxide (CO2) plays a key role. In several IPCC climate scenarios that meet the Paris agreement, negative emission technologies that effectively remove CO2 from the atmosphere are included. Of several different technologies, bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) is one of the most mature. This technology utilises an absorption-desorption process where CO2 is solved in liquid, producing a rich solvent, and later desorbed, resulting in pure CO2. There are, however, still challenges to implement this technology on a large scale, and one such issue is the monitoring of process streams to gain control over process conditions and system parameters.  In this project, the absorption solvent in BECCS processes were mimicked in order to determine if FTIR spectroscopy could be used to produce process parameters that are accurate, sensitive and robust. Accuracy and sensitivity are defined as the ability to correctly predict the presence and amount of species of interest in the absorption liquid. Robustness on the other hand is defined as the ability to produce precise measurements in the presence of pollutants. To evaluate how accurate and sensitive the measurements are, two different numerical models were developed and calibrated using prepared samples mimicking an absorption solvent. One model was solely based on the least square method, whereas the other was based on principal component analysis (PCA). These models were then tested on clean validation samples, as well as pilot plant samples from Stockholm Exergi, in a case study. An analysis of FTIR spectra from simulated absorption liquids showed that it could distinguish between the species of interest. Furthermore, the spectra showed that pollutants did not impact the readings in a major way. The results showed that both models produced accurate predictions of process parameters.

Sandvik Materials Technology tillverkar varje år cirka 230 000 ton stål varav en stor del är rostfritt stål. För att sänka kolhalten i stålet används en AOD-konverter där en kombination av syrgas och inertgas blåses in stålet för att avlägsna kol som kolmonoxid. Vissa duplexa rostfria stålsorter är trögfärskade vilket lätt leder till att konvertern blir flaskhalsen i stålverket. Syftet med arbetet är att undersöka och kartlägga parametrar som påverkar färskningstiden för trögfärskade duplexa stålsorter. Tiden i konvertern kan variera kraftigt mellan olika charger och det finns därför en ekonomisk drivkraft i att förkorta färskningstiden. Kolfärskningen i AOD-konvertern bygger på drivkraften hos kol att reagera med syre. Genom att använda blåssteg med ökande andel inertgas kan partialtrycket av CO-gas i stålet sänkas vilket gynnar oxidationen av kol. Vid färskning av rostfria stål som innehåller höga halter krom oxideras både kol och krom på grund av hög affinitet för syre. En liten slaggvolym kan anses som gynnsamt för färskningen då en mindre mängd kromspineller kan bindas till slaggen. Parametrarna har undersökts genom statistik från historiska charger samt genom ytterligare provtagningar under färskningsförloppet. De parametrar som undersökts är ståltemperatur, tid i överföringsskänk, mängd justeringar, antal dysor och gasflöde, operatör, stålsammansättning och slaggens inverkan. Det är ett stort antal parametrar som påverkar färskningen och det är svårt att avgöra vilken eller vilka som påverkar mest. Utifrån resultatet kan det ses att de undersökta parametrarna påverkar resultatet på olika sätt; en hög temperatur in i konvertern är gynnsam lika som en kort tid i överföringsskänken och en stålsammansättning nära riktvärdet. Många av parametrarna är dessutom beroende av varandra så som att stålsammansättningen påverkas av justeringarna och temperaturen påverkas av tiden i överföringsskänken. Slaggens inverkan på färskningen studerades utifrån typen och mängden slaggbildare. Resultaten visar att kromspineller bildas i slaggen oberoende av vilken slaggbildare som används. För chargen med slaggbildare 1 var det tydligt att det fanns fri kalciumoxid i slaggen vilket tyder på att slaggen är mättad på kalciumoxid. En mättad slagg kan leda till bildandet av en större mängd spineller vilket kan leda till en längre färskningstid. När slaggbildartillsatsen förändrades och tillsattes under steg 2 visar resultatet att 5/10 charger når en kolhalt under riktvärdet vid prov 54. Slutsatser som kan dras är att det är viktigt att fokusera på de parametrar som har en stor påverkan på färskningstiden men samtidigt är möjliga att påverka. Det kan vara att använda fler dysor och på så sätt öka gasflödet, minska slaggvolymen eller undvika att stålet förvaras långa tider i överföringsskänken.

Since their introduction by Sony in 1990, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have acquired a sizable market share. They have the best energy densities, a high open circuit voltage, a low self-discharge rate, no memory effect, and a slow loss of charge when not in use. These properties make them the most popular rechargeable batteries for portable gadgets, electric vehicles and aerospace applications.  They do, however, pose major safety issues since the electrolytes are made up of fluorinated salts dissolved in volatile organic solvents, the former being meta-stable at ambient temperature and the latter being flammable a with high vapour pressure. Thus, there is an urge to develop thermally and electrochemically stable non-fluorinated electrolytes to improve the safety and performance of batteries. Electrolytes based on ionic liquids (ILs) in general offer a range of suitable advantages including low volatility and high thermal and electrochemical stabilities,and can additionally be made fluorine-free. In general, their physicochemical properties are determined by the interactions between the cations and anions, which are controlled by the chemical functionalities present, with vast freedom in structural design to reduce these interactions and enhance also the ion mobilities.  In this study, favoring from of “structural design” three different families of fluorine-free ionic liquids-based electrolytes are designed and created. These families of ILs comprising n- tetrabutylphosphonium, imidazolium, pyridinium based cations and pyridine, pyrazine and ether functionalized salicylate-based anions. The structures and purity of these new ILs are characterized by using multinuclear NMR, FTIR and mass spectrometry. Several features and properties of the novel electrolytes are investigated; thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, ionic conductivity and electrochemical stability. These studies are further complemented by using PFG NMR diffusometry to understand the possible interaction mechanisms between the oppositely charged ions within the electrolytes, and especially, the influence of Li+ addition in the IL-based electrolytes.

Calcination is important for modern society as we know it since products from the reaction is used inseveral industries. Calcination is a chemical reaction where a solid particle, e.g., limestone, is exposedto high temperature which causes volatile impurities to be released from the particle.One of the main challenges with lime production is the mere scale of commercial production. Ensuringgood calcination and high-quality lime in laboratory scale is relatively easy, whereas commercial limekilns produce 100 – 800 tons lime each day, causing the conditions to be much more challenging. Theenvironment inside a lime kiln is extreme, with temperatures exceeding 1200°C, and a moving stonebed makes measurements difficult to perform. To obtain information about the calcination processand the extreme environment that arises in commercial lime kilns, companies and researchers havedeveloped simulation programmes to evaluate how changes in ambient condition affect the calcinationprocess.In this project, a shrinking core model has been used to simulate calcination of limestone with variedgeometry and size in different ambient condition. A transient model was used to simulate the heatingphases before and after the calcination phase. The results obtain from the simulation are compared tomeasured data obtain by others.There are many similarities between the measured data and the simulation, a reoccurringphenomenon is that the transit model, during the pre-heating, heats the limestone faster compared tothe measured data. However, in one case, the transient model is slower. A reason for this may be thatthe transient model does not account for morphological effects, as they are included in the heattransfer coefficient instead, such as the thermal conductivity coefficient and specific heat transfercoefficient. The post heating phase, after the reaction phase, required further work.The simulation with the Shrinking core model shows that a cylindrical geometry requires longercalcination duration, or a higher ambient temperature compared to a spherical geometry, even if bothgeometries have same material properties and radius. The factor with the most influence uponcalcination time is the ambient temperature in combination with reaction temperature. A highercarbon dioxide pressure, above atmospheric CO2 partial pressure, has relatively small effect comparedto a low ambient temperature, less than 1000°C.

In this master thesis work calcination parameters' impact on the resulting quicklimes slaking reactivity is investigated. This is done by calcination of three different sedimentary limestones in an N2 atmosphere according to a design of experiment matrix. The limestones are from Wolica Poland, Slite Sweden and Jutjärn Sweden. The temperatures and residence times are varied between 1000ºC, 1050ºC, and 1100ºC for 5 min, 27.5 min, and 60 min. There were seven experiments per limestone sample. The calcination experiments were conducted in an electrical muffle furnace.When the limestone samples were calcined, the resulting quicklimes slaking reactivity was tested according to standard SS-EN 459-2:2010 Building lime - Part 2: Test methods. Four different parameters were used to determine the slaking reactivity, these were the maximum temperature, how much the temperature increases under the initial 30 s, the time it takes for the temperature to reach 60ºC, and the time for the slaking to become 80% finished.From the slaking reactivity experiments, the calcination parameters to produce the most reactive quicklime for the limestone from Wolica and Jutjärn are 1000ºC for 60 min, and for the limestone from Slite 1100ºC for 5 min. For all three limestones the least reactive quicklime was received by calcining at 1100ºC for 60 min. The most and least reactive quicklimes were analyzed in SEM, where it could be seen that the least reactive quicklime samples were coarser compared to the most reactive samples. Depending on what slaking reactivity parameter is of interest, the calcination settings should be different and can be an indication for operation parameters for industrial kilns. The statistical analysis on the experimental model showed that the experiment had a poor statistical fit for most of the experiment. This could be due to that the model possibly was too simple to describe the calcination parameters complex impact on the slaking reactivity.

In recent years, medical treatments against respiratory tract infections (RTIs) based on trypsin from Atlantic cod targeting the surface proteins on viral particles have been approved. However, the stability and compatibility in the human body of human trypsin would be expected to be greater than that from cod. In this study, the process of producing human trypsin recombinantly in E. coli in a fed batch bioreactor was optimised using a Design of Experiment (DOE) method with four 2-level factors and two responses. The factors considered were temperature, carbon source, induction time point and feeding rate, and the two responses were yield and purity. The study was done in 8 consecutive runs in the bioreactor, with controlled changes made to the factors for each run. The responses were measured and analysed for significance and optimisation of factors. The optimal settings for the highest yield with a purity of at least 80% were found to be at 18 °C, glucose based feed at a restricting feed rate and induction at a low OD600. Only the induction time has a significant effect on purity, and no factor had a stand-alone significant effect on yield. These findings provide a baseline for further studies on purification and further production of trypsin recombinantly in E. coli at a larger industrial scale. The highest yield achieved was 7.9 g trypsin per litre media, almost 80 times higher than comparable methods using shake flasks. However, the sample with over 80% purity was 6.3 g trypsin per litre media.

In this report, modifications and experimental tests with an early stage test rig intended for producing a commercial solution to fractionating pyrolysis oil are described. The idea is to use centrifugal force to separate the formed aerosols from condensible gases with a lower volatility. A stacked disc centrifuge prototype built to work at high temperature was used. The experiment was done with a single component, 1-Methylnaphtalene (1-MN) to evaluate the functionality of the test rig. No separation was achieved, concluding that further work need to be done at different operating parameters with 1-Methylnaphtalene prior to including more components. The reason for the negative separation result is probably due to that the saturation ratio was to low resulting in that no aerosol was formed during the experiments. Further work includes improving the stability of the inlet stream to the centrifuge. Perform more experiments with other process parameters, recommendation is to decreasing the temperature at the inlet to the centrifuge to increase the saturation ratio. It is also suggested that an optical in situ measuring devise is added to the test rig to facilitate operation.

Volatile sulfur compounds are cause of concern because, when present in high concentrations, they constitute a danger for health because of their strong toxicity. Furthermore, for low concentrations, they are often a cause of complaint, because of their low odor threshold. In this context, the purpose of this Thesis is to evaluate a new technology for the abatement of sulfur-based malodorous compounds. The investigated technology consists in the use of ozone generating low-pressure UV mercury lamps, operating at room temperature. Hydrogen sulfide is often found in industrial processes, (e.g. WWTPs (Wastewater Treatment Plants), leather production, sewage treatment, garbage disposal, etc). Moreover, it presents both a very high toxicity a low odor threshold. Thus, due to its high representativeness of the case, hydrogen sulfide was chosen as reference compound for the purposes of this project. In order to evaluate a wide range of cases, several experiments using different residence times, humidity contents and inlet concentrations of the pollutant were conducted. The obtained results show that this technology generally presents discrete conversion efficiencies, although not suffcient to be used as freestanding process. For this reason, a pretreatment is revealed to be necessary. The best conversion efficiency was obtained for low flow rates and high moisture content. At the end of the project, as side-study, a possible pretreatment using an adsorbent bed constituted by granular ferric oxide was evaluated.