Thesis (M.A.)--University of California, Los Angeles, 1968. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 136-144).

Texte remanié de: Th. Ph. D.--Utrecht. / Bibliogr. p. [127]-129. Index.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-13T12:17:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Jose Furtado Final.pdf: 1047571 bytes, checksum: e5c64896abefc2016bd89cf8bee1cc13 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-02-13 / FAPEAM - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas / The largest forest covering of in the world, the Amazon, to carry on in reducing in alarming proportions. The rate of deforestation in Brazilian Amazon was of order of 11,968 km2/year in the period of 2007/2008, with 3.8% higher that previous period. Livestock farming made by medium and large producers is a major cause of deforestation of the Amazon due to the formation of pasture for cattle, approximately 40% of these pastures are in some stage of degradation, from factors such as low natural fertility of soil, forage germplasm use of inappropriate, inadequate management of pastures, pests and disease, culminating with weeds more adapted to ecological conditions in the region. Objecting to recoverer areas of pasture degraded, it was carried out an experiment in field with seven treatments: T1 witness (soil without fertilization), T2 Liming, (soil with application of lime); T3 N-P-K (soil with fertilization with N-P-K), T4 phosphate (soil with fertilization with single super phosphate), T5 Lime + NPK (soil with application of lime and fertilizer with NPK) T6 + phosphate Liming (soil with application of lime and fertilizer with simple super phosphate), T7 Liming + N-P-K + phosphate (soil with application of lime, and N-P-K fertilization with single super phosphate). For all the treatments were made fertilization treatments was done to correct the deficiency of micronutrients, except for treatment T1 witness. The design was experimental was occured by block with four replications. The characteristics of growth were: Height of grass, forage yield of the mass, leaf, stem, dry matter content of nutrients in dry ether extract protein and crude fiber gray. Means were compared by Tukey test at 5% probability. The results show that the application of limestone associated with the application of phosphate, nitrogen and potassium, resulting in decreased acidity and increased the availability of Ca, Mg, P and K; Increased availability of nutrients in the soil has higher absorption the Kikuyu and the Amazon has higher content of nutrients and the growth of kikuyu on the Amazon was influenced by the application of lime and fertilizers, the increased availability of nutrients in the soil caused the greatest absorption of nutrients by the plant and resulted in better gray levels, protein, ether extract and crude fiber, for recovery of degraded pastures with kikuyu the Amazon, it is recommended to correct the acidity together to fix the levels of P fertilization and planting. / A maior cobertura florestal do mundo, a Amazônica, continua reduzindo em proporções alarmantes. A taxa de desmatamento na Amazônia brasileira foi da ordem de 11.968 km2/ano no período de 2007/2008, sendo 3,8% mais alta que o período anterior. A pecuária feita pelos médios e grandes produtores é uma das principais causas do desmatamento da Amazônia em virtude da formação de pastagens para o gado, aproximadamente 40% dessas pastagens encontram-se em algum estágio de degradação, proveniente de fatores como a baixa fertilidade natural dos solos, utilização de germoplasma forrageiro inadequado, manejo deficiente das pastagens, pragas e doença, que culminam com plantas invasoras mais adaptadas às condições ecológicas na região. Objetivando recuperar áreas de pastagem degradada, foi realizado um experimento em campo com sete tratamentos: T1 Testemunha (solo sem adubação); T2 Calagem (solo com aplicação de calcário); T3 N-P-K (solo com adubação com N-P-K); T4 Fosfatagem (solo com adubação com super fosfato simples); T5 Calagem + N-P-K (solo com aplicação de calcário e adubação com N-P-K); T6 Calagem + fosfatagem (solo com aplicação de calcário e com adubação com super fosfato simples); T7 Calagem + N-P-K + Fosfatagem (solo com aplicação de calcário, adubação com N-P-K e com super fosfato simples). Para todos os tratamentos foi feito adubação para corrigir a deficiência de micronutrientes, exceto no tratamento T1 testemunha. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualisados, com quatro repetições. As características de crescimento avaliadas foram: Altura do pasto, rendimento da massa forrageira, folha, colmo, matéria seca conteúdo de nutrientes na matéria seca extrato etéreo cinza proteína e fibra bruta. As médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade. Os resultados permitem afirmar que, a aplicação do calcário associado a aplicação da fosfatagem, adubação nitrogenada e potássica, resultou na diminuição da acidez e aumentou a disponibilidade de Ca, Mg, P e K; O aumento da disponibilidade de nutrientes no solo possibilitou maiores absorções pelo quicuio da Amazônia e proporcionou maiores conteúdos de nutrientes; o crescimento relativo do quicuio da Amazônia foi influenciado pela aplicação da calagem e dos fertilizantes; a maior disponibilidade de nutrientes no solo ocasionou a maior absorção de nutrientes pela planta e resultou nos melhores teores cinza, proteína, extrato etéreo e fibra bruta; para recuperação de pastagens degradadas com o quicuio da Amazônia, recomendase a correção da acidez em conjunto a correção dos teores de P e as adubações de plantio.

A study was conducted during the period May to September, 1999 to determine the effect of phosphorus (P) supplementation to beef weaners grazing kikuyu (Pennisetum clandestinum) foggage during winter followed by hay towards the end of winter at Dundee in northern KwaZulu-Natal. Foggaging is defined as the practice of allowing herbage to accumulate on a pasture during the growing season (Gertenbach, 1998). This accumulated herbage is then utilized by grazing animals during the dormant season. A total of 200 crossbred beef weaners (average age six months and average weight 175 kg) was used in the trial. Animals were randomly allocated into five groups, each receiving a different supplemental treatment. The treatments were different levels of P supplementation, administered through free-choice P lick supplements, viz. at levels of 0 g P, 2 g P, 4 g P, 6 g P and 8 g P per animal per day. The experiment was divided into two phases. During the first phase (08-06-99 to 20-07-99) the weaners grazed kikuyu foggage and during the second phase (05-08-99 to 16-09-99) they received Smutsfinger(Digitaria eriantha) hay ad libitum. During phase 1 the average weight gain of the animals in Group 1 (receiving 8 g P/animal/day) was significant higher (6 kg/animal during trial) than that of the control group, which received 0 g P/day/animal. Phase 2 which represented a transition from winter to summer showed that Group 1 had an average weight loss of 0.88 kg/animal but the control group lost an average of 5.13 kg/animal. Throughout the trial blood was collected from five animals randomly selected from each group. Plasma inorganic P (Pi) concentrations remained between 1.94 and 2.58 mmol/L. The average trend during phase 1 was that the Pi concentrations increased, while during phase 2, Pi concentrations dropped more (P ¡Ü 0.5) in the animals of Group 1 (8 g P/animal/day) than in the control. This resulted that during the entire experimental period plasma Pi in Group 5 increased while that in Group 1 decreased. Before the animals entered a grazing strip, herbage samples were collected at 14 to 20 day intervals from the five strip grazed kikuyu camps. Samples were divided into leaves and stems which were analysed separately. Mean foggage calcium (Ca) and P concentrations ranged from 25.0 to 29.0 g/kg DM and 20.0 to 27.0 g/kg DM, respectively, while the Ca:P ratios ranged from 1.20:1 to 1.60:1. Calcium concentrations were significantly lower (P = 0.0026) in the stems than in the leaves of the kikuyu foggage, while P concentrations decreased significantly over time, resulting in extremely low foggage P concentrations towards the end of the grazing season. This decrease in P concentrations resulted in Ca:P ratios of above 1:1 instead of the reported ratios of below 1:1 in kikuyu herbage due to low herbage Ca concentrations. The Ca concentrations in the kikuyu in this study were in the same range as herbage concentrations reported in the literature, but P concentrations were much lower than the reported herbage P concentrations. As with the summer pastures we found that magnesium (Mg) concentrations (ranging from 2.1 to 2.6 g/kg DM) were adequate in terms of the requirements of most classes of ruminants. However, potassium (K) concentrations (ranging from 11.4 to 20.3 g/kg DM) were well in excess of animal requirements, and Mg absorption could be severely inhibited by the oversupply of K The sodium (Na) concentration in kikuyu foggage was, as with herbage, inadequate in terms of animal requirements. Zinc (Zn) and manganese (Mn) concentrations were well above animal requirements but below toxic levels. Copper (Cu) concentrations was above animal requirements during May (onset of the study) but decreased significantly to levels below minimum animal requirements. Selenium (Se) concentrations were found to be largely inadequate in terms of animal requirements. The neutral detergent fibre (NDF) levels in kikuyu foggage tended to increase with maturity while acid detergent fibre (ADF) levels did not vary significantly. Crude protein (CP) concentrations decreased as winter progressed to reach levels of < 60 g/kg DM in the dry foggage, indicating that supplementation of CP would be required by animals grazing the kikuyu foggage in mid-winter. It is concluded that if little or no gain is expected from weaners in winter, the Ca and P concentrations in the kikuyu foggage should be adequate. However, if even slight weight gains are required, supplementation of Ca and P would be necessary when the foggage is dry. The P and CP composition of pastures in general were closely correlated and had a seasonal pattern with maximum levels during summer and minimum levels during winter. We can therefore expect that pastures and kikuyu foggage low on protein will also have a P deficiency. In the dry winter we should therefore firstly supplement for protein and energy and then P. The supplementation of P during winter has not only been very positive (in other studies) with positive results on weight gain during the winter period but also during the months thereafter. It is concluded that beef weaners grazing kikuyu foggage in northern KwaZulu-Natal would require supplemental P to maintain their body weights during winter as well as beef weaners on Smutsfinger hay. The recommended level of P supplementation is 8 g P/animal/day. / Dissertation (MSc (Animal Science))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Animal and Wildlife Sciences / unrestricted

Ruminant feed supplements are price sensitive and are effected by the continuous fluctuation of other raw material feed prices. Therefore, improving the efficiency of production and reducing cost of supplement concentrates for dairy cows are becoming increasingly important both for the smallholder and commercial dairy farmer. This can be overcome by replacing expensive energy and protein feeds with cheaper by-products. During periods of high maize prices, replacing maize with lower cost high fibre by-products becomes an economically viable option. Palm kernel expeller (PKE) fits the profile of a low cost, high fibre by-product. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of different inclusion levels of PKE in dairy concentrates for Jersey cows on milk production, milk composition, body weight (BW) and body condition score (BCS) change, rumen parameters and in situ ruminal kikuyu/ryegrass pasture degradability of dry matter (DMd) and neutral detergent fibre (NDFd) as well as NDFd rate (NDF kd). The study was conducted at the Outeniqua Research Farm situated near George in the Western Cape and cows grazed high quality kikuyu/ryegrass pasture during spring. Forty eight multiparous high producing Jersey cows were blocked according to 4% fat corrected milk (FCM), days in milk (DIM) and lactation number and randomly allocated to three treatments (control, low PKE, and high PKE). The PKE inclusion level in the control, low PKE, and high PKE treatment concentrates was 0, 20, and 40%, respectively. The PKE replaced part of the maize and protein sources in the concentrate. Milk yield was recorded daily and milk composition was determined in two week intervals over a 60 d period, after a 21 d adaptation period. Additionally, eight lactating rumen-fistulated cows were randomly allocated to the control and high PKE treatment in a two period crossover design. Ruminal pH, volatile fatty acids (VFA’s), ruminal ammonia-nitrogen (NH3-N), and in situ ruminal kikuyu/ryegrass pasture DMd, NDFd and NDF kd were measured. Cows received 6 kg (as is) concentrate per day divided over two milking periods and strip grazed kikuyu/ryegrass pasture as one group. Milk yield and milk fat content did not differ (P > 0.05) between treatments and were 21.3, 21.3 and 20.7 kg/cow/d and 4.63, 4.65, and 4.66% for cows receiving the control, low PKE and high PKE treatments, respectively. Milk protein, milk urea nitrogen (MUN), BW and BCS did not differ (P > 0.05) between treatments. Total VFA’s, average ruminal pH, ruminal NH3-N, and in situ ruminal kikuyu/ryegrass pasture DMd and NDFd as well as NDF kd did not differ (P > 0.05) between treatments. The acetic to propionic acid ratio was, however, higher (P < 0.05) for cows supplemented with the high PKE treatment. It can be concluded that partial replacement of maize with 20 or 40% PKE in a lactating dairy cow concentrate did not affect milk yield, milk fat content, milk protein content, somatic cell count (SCC), BW, or BCS. Rumen fermentation was unaffected and a healthy rumen environment was sustained. The replacement of higher cost maize and soybean oilcake by a lower cost PKE decreased feed cost. It is however not recommended to include PKE at 40% in the concentrate due to the increased time spent by cows in the milking parlour and the low palatability of PKE, which could lead to the tendency of increased concentrate refusals. It can be extrapolated from the data obtained from this study that milk production will be sustained when PKE is fed to cows on pasture at 2.4 kg/cow/day. / Dissertation (MSc Agric)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / gm2014 / Animal and Wildlife Sciences / unrestricted

No description available.

No description available.

This study concerns the practices of woman/woman marriage among the Gikuyu of Kenya. Though widely practiced, such marriages have seldom been studied, and virtually not at all among the Gikuyu. Such practices had been only lightly, and inadequately, addressed over five decades ago by Leakey (1938/1977). This study, designed as preliminary fieldwork, explores Gikuyu woman/woman marriage practices to gain useful basic information to provide a point of entry for future research. In this study I address shortcomings of previous research on woman/woman marriages, such as the prevalent emphasis on reductionist explanations for their occurrences. On the basis of preliminary fieldwork among Gikuyu women engaged in these practices, and my experiences as a member of Gikuyu society, I assert that women have much greater latitude in choosing how and why they participate in woman/woman marriages than the literature suggests. Such marriages take diverse, and often complex forms that are not adequately addressed by single-explanation definitions or descriptions. Secondly, the study attempts to locate a space for these practices in the feminist and family studies literatures, while questioning the absence of woman/woman marriages from both arenas of discourse. I argue that the exclusion of woman/woman marriages from feminist discourse and the family studies literatures is not an accident, as both discourses have marginalized voices from so-called "third world" locations. / Master of Science

<p>Language and gender is one of the most intriguing and interesting areas in sociolinguistic study. It investigates how men and women (or boys and girls) use language differently in social contexts.</p><p>Extensive study and research has been carried out in this field, particularly in regard to the English language. Eminent linguists such as Ronald Wardhaugh, David Crystal, Ralph Fasold, and Deborah Tannen have studied varying male-female use of the English language. They have also attempted comparison with other languages and cultures. Wardhaugh, for instance, has studied male-female use of language in English, American-Indian languages (such as Gros Ventre), Asian and Oriental languages (Yukaghir, Japanese) among others, and his findings have become the subject of several of his published works.</p><p>In their investigations they have found that almost invariably, the way men use language shows them to be socially dominant over women. This persists even in such cases as in the Malagasy language spoken in Madagascar, where men display linguistic characteristics more popularly associated with women and vice versa (Wardhaugh).</p><p>This paper seeks to determine whether men use language to dominate women among the Kikuyu ethnic group of Kenya, East Africa, to which I belong. Areas such as terms used to refer to men and women, taboo language and language use in marital situations are examined, among others. I also attempt to find out what influence this has had on English spoken in Kenya.</p>

Kikuyu pasture (Pennisetum clandestinum) is potentially the most important source of roughage used to feed dairy heifers in summer in KwaZulu-Natal. It is commonly believed that on kikuyu pasture beef breed females grow at a faster rate than those from dairy breeds when no supplementation is given. Little conclusive evidence is, however, available to support this. Explanations as to why such differences may exist are also limited. Eight Hereford and eight Holstein heifers of similar age and maturity stage were used in a trial. The trial was run over a twenty week period. For the first ten weeks all the animals in the trial grazed ad libitum kikuyu pasture with no supplementation except for a mineral lick. Over this (grass only) period the two breed groups formed the two treatments. During the second ten week period of the trial all of the Holsteins and four of the Herefords were fed a restricted but equivalent amount (1 .7 kg) of a maize meal based concentrate. The use of a computerized, mobile feeding system allowed concentrate intake of individual animals to be measured. Animal height, weight and condition score readings were taken weekly over the grass only and the concentrate (final seven weeks) periods of the trial. Herbage intake and digestibility were estimated using n-alkanes as indigestible markers in two experiments conducted during the grass only and concentrate periods. The Herefords had a significantly higher ADG than the Holsteins (0.82 vs. 0.04 kg/day; P < 0.01) over the grass only period. During the concentrate period the rate of mass gain of the Holstein treatment did not differ significantly (P >0.05) from the Hereford treatment receiving concentrate. The Herefords receiving concentrate were also not significantly different (P > 0.05) in rate of mass gain from the Herefords not receiving concentrate. Rate of height gain was not significantly different (P> 0.05) between treatments over either the concentrate or the grass only periods. During the grass only period the Holsteins lost condition (0.07 condition score units per week) whilst the Herefords gained condition at an equivalent rate. The voluntary intake of concentrates was not significantly different (P > 0.05) between the Herefords and Holsteins (19.19 vs. 16.40 g/kg/L.W(liveweight) (0.75)). Regression coefficients relating level of concentrate intake to rate of mass gain were also not significant (P > 0.05) for either of the treatments receiving concentrate. The use of n-alkanes as indigestible markers showed the intake of the Holstein treatment to have an intake 55% (P < 0.0 1) higher than the Herefords (185.4 vs. 120.5 g/kg L.W(0.75)) over the first experiment where both treatments were grazing ad lib. kikuyu alone (grass only period). During the concentrate period intake of the Herefords receiving concentrate exceeded that of the Holsteins (P < 0.01) by 23% (139.1 vs. 113.1 g/kg L.W(0.75)). Review of the literature, suggests that the double alkanes technique greatly over-estimated intake. Errors in herbage sampling (accentuated by pasture rotation in the first experiment), a low daily dose of the synthetic alkane (C(32)) and incorrect estimation of the C(32) content in the daily doses are identified as possible causes of the over-estimation of intake. Faecal recoveries of the herbage n-alkanes were demonstrated to increase with increasing chain length and hence C(35) was proposed as the most reliable herbage alkane for dry matter digestibility determination. Digestibility differences between treatments estimated using the C(35) alkane were not significantly different (P > 0.05) in either the first or second experiments. The mean digestibility estimates (using the C(35) alkane) for the first and second experiments were 64.9 and 56.61 %, respectively. In conclusion, higher growth rates of Herefords on kikuyu pasture would seem to be primarily due to differences in the dry matter intake of the grazed herbage. Further work using other breeds of dairy and beef animals is required. The underlying cause of differences in dry matter intake between breeds also requires investigation. / Thesis (M.Sc.Agric.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 1995.