Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-08-09T17:08:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 JOGLI GIDEL DA SILVA ARAÚJO - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGMAT 2014..pdf: 597763 bytes, checksum: 4efda81f9c43bb545607e3229077124a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T17:08:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JOGLI GIDEL DA SILVA ARAÚJO - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGMAT 2014..pdf: 597763 bytes, checksum: 4efda81f9c43bb545607e3229077124a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03 / Capes / Neste trabalho, estudamos a geometria de gráficos Killing conformes inteiros, isto é, gráficos construídos a partir do fluxo gerado por um campo de vetores V Killing conforme completo, os quais estão definidos sobre uma folha integral da folheação V⊥ ortogonal a V. Além disso, estudamos a restrição da norma do gradiente da função z a qual determina tal gráficoΣ(z), nesse sentido, apresentamos condições suficientes para assegurar que Σ(z) é uma hipersuperfície totalmente umbílica e, em particular, uma folha integral de V⊥. / We study the geometry of entire conformal Killing graphs, that is, graphs constructed through the flow generated by a complete conformal Killing vector field V and which are defined over an integral leaf of the foliation V⊥ orthogonal to V. In this setting, under a suitable restriction on the norm of the gradient of the function z which determines such a graphΣ(z), we establish sufficient conditions to ensure that Σ(z) is totally umbilical and, in particular, an integral leaf of V⊥.

Genes are able to replicate horizontally and vertically- a given gene may be more successful on horizontally mobile elements than others. This includes genes that exhibit a post-segregational killing (PSK) phenotype. PSK is generated by expression of a toxin and antitoxin from a mobile element, such that if a bacterium loses the element the toxin becomes active in the cell and the cell dies. All PSKs described to date involve a toxin and an antitoxin function, though within a given group of toxin and antitoxin gene pairs only some are likely to exhibit this phenotype. Here, I investigate what differentiates genes that induce PSK from biochemically similar genes that do not. One group of genes of which some are known to induce PSK is toxinantitoxin (TA) systems, composed of a stable toxin and an unstable antitoxin. I analyzed computational data on the distribution of type I TA systems (RNA antitoxin), which appear to be less mobile than type II TA systems (protein toxin). Data on validated TAs suggests a correlation between distribution, mobility and the PSK phenotype. Differences in phylogeny could be due to differences in tendency to exhibit PSK in different environments. This connection between distribution and PSK was explored by experimentally testing a computationally described operon, plasmid_Toxin-ptaRNA1, that exhibited structural and distributional similarities to a mobile type I TA system. Despite this, expression of the predicted toxin ORFs did not reduce growth (as measured by saturation density) in E. coli, and the operon did not induce PSK. The conditions of PSK were further tested with the toxin (barnase) and antitoxin (barstar), which are not known to have the phenotype. A number of heterologous expression systems were developed with these genes in E. coli to test their ability to exhibit PSK in a manner akin to both type II TA systems, with a cytoplasmic toxin, and bacteriocins,which have a secreted toxin. I used equations of logarithmic decay to model the necessary expression of the proteins in the cell and their rate of decay after plasmid loss to enable PSK. My results suggest there is likely to be an evolutionary trend toward TA systems with high expression levels of very unstable antitoxins. Secreted barnase was also tested experimentally for its ability to induce PSK similar to bacteriocins, which exhibit a PSK-like phenotype in monoculture by driving maintenance of the immunity encoding plasmid. Barnase did not induce PSK, possibly due to its inability to cause antibiosis in our test system. Structural similarities and biochemical similarities are not sufficient to determine whether a given system will act as a PSK because numerous contextual factors have an effect on whether the genes are addictive. A given set of genes may have the phenotype in one species but not another, under one set of environmental conditions but not another, or on one replicon but not another. This is consistent with the competition hypothesis, which states that genes will be selected for on mobile elements due to their ability to increase horizontal reproductive success, depending on the environmental conditions.

Accidentally killing or feeling responsible for another person’s death constitutes a traumatic event that is unique from any other traumatic stressor. Considering the frequency of incidents such as deaths resulting from road traffic accidents (RTAs), it is surprising that the academic literature regarding those who have accidentally killed is almost none existent. This study therefore aimed to gain an insight into the lived experiences of drivers who have caused an accidental death. Five participants were recruited through an on-line advertisement; all were drivers directly involved in a RTA that occurred suddenly, unexpectedly, without planning or intention and resulted in the death of a person. An interpretative phenomenological approach was used to analyse data collected through semistructured interviews. Three main themes emerged from the participants’ accounts: trying to make sense of a life changing moment; struggling to cope with the trauma of causing a death and a changed sense of self. These findings are discussed in relation to the relevant literature. Clinical implications, methodological limitations and directions for future research are presented. The study provides a valuable insight for any professional working with people who have caused, or feel responsible for, an accidental death. It is hoped that this study will be a catalyst for discussion and future research.

- Crime of murder and killing under Section 140, Section 141 of the Czech Criminal Code The target of my thesis is primarily a closer analysis of the legal characteristics of subject matters of crimes of murder and killing under § 140 and 141 of the Criminal Code, based on the grounds of the available literature and case law. The first chapter outlines the history and conception of intentional killing on the Czech territory, including their punishment, since the primitive culture society until the adoption of the Law no. 40/2009 Coll. (Criminal Code). The second chapter is devoted to a brief definition of a new system of the problematics of crimes against life and health in the new Criminal Code, including various forms of intentional killing, and is designed as a general introduction for further explanation. In the next chapter, we discuss human life as an object of crime, with a focus on clarifying the issue of its beginning and end, because it is necessary to define the period in which human life is protected by the criminal law. In order to make the text more synoptic, the main explanation for the offence of murder is divided into two chapters. The first one is there for introduction to the basics of the subject matters of this crime. In the sub-chapter devoted to the subjective aspect I...

This thesis called "Crime of murder under Section 140 of the Criminal Code, criminal-law and criminological aspects" focuses mainly on description of variety aspects connected with the above mentioned crime. It does not thus concentrate only on a legal standpoint. In the beginning, it contains history of legal regulation of the crime of murder, depiction of punishment for such crime in a "historical" area of the Czech Republic within past centuries, as well as development of principles governing the main criminal codes (or regulations) throughout history. Term and principle of protection of the human life is, as an integral part and key term of the thesis, mentioned therein including very precise and detailed definition of the commencement and termination of the human life such moment being very important for determination whether the murder may have been, in certain cases, committed or not. Actually, right to life is also one of essential notions used also in international-law treaties and declarations whose list is also contained in the thesis. As it follows from the title of the thesis, its core shall be (and, indeed, is) represented by the valid legal regulation of the crime of murder under Czech law. After decades of usage of socialist criminal code, Act No. 40/2009 Coll., Criminal Code, as amended,...

Resumé This thesis called "Crime of murder and killing under Section 140, 141 of the Criminal Code" focuses mainly on description these two crimes, basic problems with interpretation of vague legal concept and evaluating the benefits of the new legislation. Thesis deals with the issue in terms of criminal law, not the criminological point of view. In the beginning, it contains the history of legal regulation of intentional killings in our country, development the protection of human life and main principles governing penal codes in Czech history. Subsequently, the thesis applies one's mind to the status of human life in the present. The protection of human life occupies one of the leading places in the Charter of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms of Czech Republic and in a new Criminal Code effective from the year 2010. Right to life is also the subject of many international treaties or declarations, the most important of them are mentioned. One chapter is devoted to question of precise determination the moment of commencement and termination of human life, which is very important for answering the other question, whether the crime of murder or killing, have been committed or not. The core of the thesis is devoted to characterizing the main elements in murder and killing. New criminal code, Act No. 40/2009,...

In Greek and Latin historical narratives, Roman armies are repeatedly said to destroy enemy communities, both their physical urban spaces and inhabitant populations. Some ancient authors claim that this conduct was characteristic of the Roman way of war, particularly during the period of the Middle Republic. However, this seemingly prevalent feature of Roman warfare remains poorly understood. Ancient descriptions of urban destruction and mass killing are often vague or formulaic, and rarely indicate how or why this violence took place. Although a few modern studies have examined mass violence in antiquity, the destruction of communities is seldom treated as a distinct category of Roman military action, with its own methods and motives. Furthermore, there has been little effort to explore how ancient armies actually destroyed cities or peoples using pre-modern tools. To redress these gaps in the scholarship, this dissertation aims to demonstrate how and why Roman armies destroyed urban spaces and populations. The project first examines descriptions of urban destruction and mass killing in ancient texts, archaeological and art historical evidence of mass violence, and comparative evidence from other historical periods. The second half of the project investigates individual cases in which Roman commanders attacked and destroyed enemy cities or populations. Case studies allow in-depth examinations of individual events, making it possible to situate episodes of mass violence within a larger set of historical circumstances; this approach highlights the specific causal factors that encouraged Roman military leaders to target enemy communities. Using these methods, this dissertation argues that ancient armies employed demolition and mass arson to destroy urban spaces, and killed populations using cold-blooded mass executions or hot-blooded indiscriminate massacres. Although ancient military forces rarely, if ever, razed entire towns or exterminated whole peoples, even partial destruction required an expenditure of time, labor, and resources. Thus the destruction of communities was not the result of haphazard outburst or violent frenzy, but stemmed from the calculated decisions of military and political leaders. This study further argues that Roman commanders destroyed enemy communities instrumentally, to accomplish a range of goals and objectives. While many Roman commanders employed mass violence strategically, as a response to specific military problems, their political, economic, and personal goals could also motivate destruction and mass killing in war.

<p>These studies are based on the isolation of ë replication defective mutants that had acquired multiple point mutations within ë replication initiation genes O and P in a cryptic prophage (Hayes et al., 1998). Each mutant cell arose after shifting wild type cells with a cI[Ts] cryptic ë prophage deleted for int-kil, and from ren into E. coli, from 30oC to 42oC. Derepression of the trapped cryptic prophage kills the host cells (designated as RK+). Rare colony forming units survive and were designated as RK- mutants. This led to a hypothesis that ë replication-triggered cell stress provokes mutator activity, i.e., increases the frequency of replication errors within the simultaneously replicating chromosome of the host E. coli cells. We tested this hypothesis by asking three questions: (1) Do unselected, untargeted (with no link to ë fragment) auxotrophic mutations appear within the RK- mutant population selected from RK+ culture cells? (2) Is replication initiation from the cryptic ë fragment, or, alternatively, just expression of one or more ë genes required for the appearance of the unselected auxotrophic mutations? (3) Do E. coli functions participate in the appearance of unselected auxotrophic mutations within the RK- mutant population? Our results indicate that auxotrophic mutations unlinked to the ë fragment appeared at high frequency within RK- mutants. RK- auxotrophs arising on rich medium were identified by screening the survivor clones for growth on minimal medium. The appearance of RK- auxotrophic colonies at high frequency (>1 per 100 RK- mutants) leads us to conclude that auxotrophic mutations arise during the independent selection for RK- mutants. Conditions that inhibited ë fragment induction fully suppressed the mutator phenotype. Mutation of host dnaB such that the helicase does not support replication initiation from the induced ë fragment completely suppressed host cell killing, but not the appearance of auxotrophic mutations. We asked if E. coli error-prone polymerases IV and V, or gene functions regulated as part of the host SOS response contributed to the provoked mutator phenotype and observed no close correlation. We demonstrated that the RK+ starting cells did not have a distinct intrinsic mutator activity in several ways, including moving the cryptic ë fragment to different E. coli host cells, blocking ë fragment induction by the addition of a cI+ plasmid to eliminate ë gene expression at high temperatures, and independent assays for spontaneous rifampicin resistance. We found that the induced mutator phenotype associated with the appearance of untargeted auxotrophs was linked to the expression of lambda gene P, and did not require replication initiation from the cryptic ë prophage. We also found that the mutator phenotype of the induced cryptic ë fragment increased the frequency of rifampicin resistant colonies among the RK- mutant population. </p>

The method of separation of variables facilitates the integration of the Hamilton-Jacobi equation by reducing its solution to a series of quadratures in the separable coordinates. The case in which the metric tensor is diagonal in the separable coordinates, that is, orthogonal separability, is fundamental. Recent theory by Benenti has established a concise geometric (coordinate-independent) characterisation of orthogonal separability of the Hamilton-Jacobi equation on a pseudoRiemannian manifold. It generalises an approach initiated by Eisenhart and developed by Kalnins and Miller. Benenti has shown that the orthogonal separability of a system via a point transformation is equivalent to the existence of a Killing tensor with real simple eigen values and orthogonally integrable eigenvectors. Applying a moving frame formalism, we develop a method that produces the orthogonal separable coordinates for low dimensional Hamiltonian systems. The method is applied to a two dimensional Riemannian manifold of arbitrary curvature. As an illustration, we investigate Euclidean 2-space, and the two dimensional surfaces of constant curvature, recovering known results. Using our formalism, we also derive the known superseparable potentials for Euclidean 2-space. Some of the original results presented in this thesis were announced in [8, 9, 10].

The method of separation of variables facilitates the integration of the Hamilton-Jacobi equation by reducing its solution to a series of quadratures in the separable coordinates. The case in which the metric tensor is diagonal in the separable coordinates, that is, orthogonal separability, is fundamental. Recent theory by Benenti has established a concise geometric (coordinate-independent) characterisation of orthogonal separability of the Hamilton-Jacobi equation on a pseudoRiemannian manifold. It generalises an approach initiated by Eisenhart and developed by Kalnins and Miller. Benenti has shown that the orthogonal separability of a system via a point transformation is equivalent to the existence of a Killing tensor with real simple eigen values and orthogonally integrable eigenvectors. Applying a moving frame formalism, we develop a method that produces the orthogonal separable coordinates for low dimensional Hamiltonian systems. The method is applied to a two dimensional Riemannian manifold of arbitrary curvature. As an illustration, we investigate Euclidean 2-space, and the two dimensional surfaces of constant curvature, recovering known results. Using our formalism, we also derive the known superseparable potentials for Euclidean 2-space. Some of the original results presented in this thesis were announced in [8, 9, 10].