The aim of this study was to examine how Abbas Rezai, the first male victim of honor- related violence that received media attention in Sweden, was portrayed in swedish news journalism. The questions examined were: How was Abbas Rezai and the perpetrators portrayed in swedish news journalism and how did the portrayal of the characters change over time. We made a critical discourse analysis with Faircloughs model as a base. We examined fourteen articles from a morning paper and a tabloid, during a period of six years. The result showed that Abbas Rezai was portrayed as a honest, considerate and innocent victim, which makes him relatable to the western world. But regardless of the good portrayal noted, however, that he is all this despite the fact that he is an "Afghan asylum seeker". Which makes the news reporting ambiguous, and leaves Abbas Rezai on the borderline between “us” and “them”. When it comes to the perpetrators they are portrayed as heartless, brutal and uneducated. Which by the reporting manifests itself in their cultural and religious background. During the six-years-period that we studied, we noticed that the reporting of one of the perpetrators changed remarkably. He goes from a coldblooded murderer to a victim of his own culture. Which has its explanation in the constant flow of new information. The biggest difference we found between the morning paper and the tabloid was how they selected their sources. The morning paper focused on confirmed fact from the police and the court, meanwhile the tabloid more often choose unconfirmed sources. Our study overall shows that news reporting are producing and re-creating stereotypes and preconceptions.

Unmanned combat aircraft systems (UCAS) represent a certain type of modern technology the States use to counter the growing number of security threats coming from the various non-state actors. The thesis focuses on the most common use of UCAS in the fight against these threats, on the practice called targeted killing. The purpose of the thesis is to identify all conditions amongst the norms of international law pertaining to the use of force between States, international human rights law and international humanitarian law, which are relevant for the targeted killing through UCAS. Furthermore, the thesis seeks to set out the circumstances, under which this practice can satisfy the relevant conditions, and when, on the other hand, it is never lawful. The thesis is composed of four chapters. The First Chapter defines the key terms used in the thesis and clarifies the terminology relating to UCAS. It also offers a short overview of their technical specifications and capabilities and identifies the States, which own, develop and sell the technology. The following three chapters represent the analytical core of the thesis and set out the conditions for the use of UCAS found in three systems of international law. The Second Chapter examines the use of UCAS from the perspective of the prohibition on the...

Euthanasia represents one of the most controversial topics around the world. As I mentioned in the first chapter there is no worldwide consistency whether to accept the idea of legalization Active Voluntary Euthanasia ("AVE") or not. The goal of this diploma thesis is not to persuade anybody. In approximately 60 pages of the text I am providing readers with some essential information about euthanasia in the Czech Republic. I am also trying to compare the foreign legal regulation of euthanasia and assisted suicide but theoretical ideas as well. The first chapter is mainly trying to capture the reader's focus and setting the theme of my diploma thesis. The second chapter of my thesis is called ,,The Term Euthanasia". This chapter provides readers with several definitions of euthanasia and Physician Assisted Suicide ("PAS") as well as some historic data. The act of euthanasia has its origin in Greek. First word euthanasia is mentioned in old Greek literature. The term euthanasia is composed from two Greek words. Eu which means good or normal and Thanatos which means death. The word euthanasia can be literally translated as a "good death". It should be mentioned that during the centuries the meaning of euthanasia has changed. Today's understanding of euthanasia is ending ones life in order to relieve...

Euthanasia was and still is one of the most controversial topics. It is a complex problem that involves religious, moral, medical and legal aspects. My thesis is focused on euthanasia in relation to the law. The aim of the thesis is to analyse the issue of euthanasia from the perspective of legislation in the Czech Republic. The thesis consists of five chapters. The first chapter contains introduction to the topic of euthanasia. The second chapter is devoted to the definition of term euthanasia. Euthanasia is a word of Greek origin ("eu"- good and "thanatos"- death). Its meaning is good, beautiful or merciful death. Nowadays the term is used in the sense of intentionally termination of life on request to relieve pain and suffering. This chapter also includes the definition of forms of euthanasia. The third chapter is focused on euthanasia in the sense of killing on request. In this meaning, euthanasia has never been explicitly regulated in the Czech Republic. But it does not mean that the issue of legislation of euthanasia is not actual. This chapter is subdivided into the three parts. The first part is about history of legislation of euthanasia. The second part is concentrated on legal classification of euthanasia according to the Czech Penal Code. The last part contains the ideas de lege ferenda....

The aim of this Master's degree thesis is an overall assessment of the issue of euthanasia and a consideration of its possible legal regulation. In order to accomplish this aim it was necessary to carry out an analysis of foreign legislations of euthanasia. Furthermore, I have dealt in this thesis with the current status of euthanasia under the legal order of the Czech Republic with primary emphasis on criminal law. This thesis consists in total of four chapters. Chapter One deals with the most general matters of euthanasia, in particular with the matter of the term itself, usually determined forms and historical developments of attitudes towards euthanasia. Chapter Two compares foreign legislations of euthanasia and their impact on practice. Chapter Three clarifies the status of euthanasia in respect of the Czech legal order, in particular from the perspective of criminal law, in respect of recent legislative efforts for its legal regulation and considerations of possible future legal development. The last chapter deals with fundamental arguments of supporters and dissenters of euthanasia and provides its summarizing assessment. The conclusion, which I have reached while working on this thesis, is kind of a compromise. I suppose that legalization of euthanasia does not stand for a right direction,...

This paper will provide a far-ranging analysis of the relevant aspects of the filmmaking process as it pertains to the development and production of the thesis project, The Good Killing. This analysis will include both a detailed, biographic overview of the making of the film, as well as an in-depth critique of the creative decision-making and practical methodology that guided the production. In this regard, special attention will be first be given to how the project was initially conceived, and, broadly speaking, what was originally intended. Secondly, proceeding sections will examine key elements of the filmmaker’s technical planning, performance, and working philosophy, specifically citing directing style, cinematography, sound and editing. Through this evaluative process, the film will be judged from the standpoint of both concept and execution in order to determine overall success.

Nenhuma / O efeito bystander induzido por radiação ionizante designa uma série de respostas tais como: trocas entre cromátides irmãs, aberrações cromossômicas, apoptose, formação de micronúcleos, transformação, mutação e instabilidade gênica que ocorrem em células não irradiadas em consequência da exposição de outras células à radiação. O efeito bystander ocorre por meio de dois mecanismos distintos: gapjunctions ou junções gap e fatores sinalizadores secretados no meio de cultura pelas células irradiadas, e posteriormente, recolhidos pelas células não irradiadas. Conhece-se até o momento duas maneiras de se identificar o efeito bystander: através da transferência do meio de cultura de células irradiadas para células não irradiadas e utilizando um micro-feixe de partículas alfa, com o qual se tem absoluto controle em relação à célula ou à organela que recebeu a radiação. Neste trabalho os experimentos foram realizados através da troca do meio de cultura, utilizando-se a princípio quatro linhagens celulares: duas comerciais, a MDA-MB-231, de câncer de mama e a HEK-293 derivada de células de rim embrionário humano e duas estabelecidas por pesquisadores da UFMG, a MGSO-3 e a MACL-1, ambas de câncer de mama. No presente estudo demonstrou-se a ocorrência do efeito bystander através de análise de morte celular por apoptose nas quatro linhagens com variações de densidade. Optou-se por dar maior importância às novas linhagens estabelecidas, pelo fato delas não terem sido ainda investigadas em relação à ocorrência ou não de efeito bystander. Confirmou-se neste trabalho que para as novas linhagens, o efeito bystander varia em relação às doses de radiação, à densidade celular e o tempo em que células não irradiadas ficam em contato com o meio irrad / The bystander effect induced by ionizing radiation refers to a series of responses such as sister chromatid exchanges, chromosomal aberrations, apoptosis, micronuclei formation, transformation, mutation and genetic instability that occur in non-irradiated cells as a result of exposure from other cells to radiation. The bystander effect occurs through two distinct mechanisms: gap-junctions and signaling factors secreted into the culture medium from irradiated cells, and collected by non-irradiated cells. Nowadays two ways to identify the bystander effect are known: through medium transfer from irradiated cells to non-irradiated cells and using an alpha particle microbeam facility, which has total control over the cells or the organelles that receive radiation. In this study, experiments were performed by replacing the culture medium, using four cell lines: two commercial, MDA-MB-231, of breast cancer and HEK-293 derived from human embryonic kidney cells and two established by researchers from UFMG, the MACL-1 and MGSO-3, both from breast cancer. In the present study the occurrence of bystander effect was demonstrated by apoptotic cells analysis for all cell lines with density variations. We have chosen to give greater importance to the new cell lines established by the fact that they have not yet been investigated in relation to the occurrence or not of bystander effect. It was confirmed by this work that, for the new cell lines, the bystander effect varies in relation to the radiation doses, cell density and time in which non-irradiated cells are kept in contact with the irradiated medium.

Natural Killer (NK) cells are cytotoxic lymphocytes that can recognize and kill virally infected or tumour transformed cells by the secretion of cytolytic granules containing perforin. An individual NK cell can kill several target cells sequentially. Each target cell can trigger NK cell activation via different activating ligands and here we report that the order in which ligands are encountered affects the NK cell response. When NK cells are repeatedly activated via their Fc receptor CD16, with the therapeutic antibody rituximab, perforin secretion decreases with each stimulation. However, perforin secretion is restored to its initial level upon subsequent activation by MICA, which ligates NKG2D. Repeated stimulation of NK cells via MICA also decreases the degranulation capacity of NK cells but, strikingly, this effect cannot be rescued by a subsequent stimulation with rituximab. The strength of perforin secretion is also translated to killing of Daudi target cells, expressing different ligands. When Daudi, opsonised with rituximab is the first target NK cell encounters, the sequential killing of another opsonised rituximab or Daudi, expressing MICA will not be affected. But, when Daudi-MICA is met first, the consecutive killing of Daudi-MICA as well as Daudi-rituximab will be impaired. We found that the mechanism underlying these differential outcomes involves shedding of CD16, which occurs upon NK cell activation through both, CD16 and NKG2D. Shedding of CD16 renders the cells insensitive to further activation via that receptor but they remain competent for further activation through NKG2D. Interestingly, however, we also identified the beneficial role of CD16 shedding for NK cell serial killing. NK cells are more motile on rituximab-coated surfaces than on MICA-coated surfaces and their migration speed decreases upon inhibition of CD16 shedding. Moreover, the inhibition of CD16 shedding also prevents the NK cell detachment from rituximab opsonised Daudi cells. Thus, the shedding of the receptor can serve to augment NK cell motility to move between target cells. Efficient NK cell detachment also correlated with their increased survival. Finally, we report that CD16 is constitutively organised in small, dense nanoclusters and that the ligation with rituximab does not affect their spatial distribution. Despite the shedding of the receptor, leading to less protein molecules at the surface, the area of these clusters remains the same. Together these data suggest that CD16 shedding hinders NK cell cytotoxicity against opsonised targets, but promotes their movements between different targets. Thus, receptor shedding is important for efficient NK cell serial killing. Manipulation of CD16 shedding, perhaps by boosting its recovery, might therefore represent an important target for NK cell-based therapies including treatments with therapeutic antibodies.

African American men between the ages of 18-35 years are increasingly likely to die during arrests by police under the purview of procedural practices. Using procedural justice and critical race theory as the foundation, the purpose of this correlational study was to evaluate the statistical relationship between procedural justice, consent to police authority, and certain demographic characteristics including socioeconomic status and age in a large Metropolitan area in the southern United States. Survey data utilizing the Procedural Justice Inventory and Willingness to Submit to Police Authority Survey were collected from African American adult males (n = 69) and analyzed using least-squares regression. Regression analyses revealed a significant relationship between procedural justice and consent to police authority (p < .05). In addition, socioeconomic status and age did not affect the relationship between procedural justice and consent to police authority (p < .05). Implementation of recommendations for training may provide police practitioners with the basis to develop training programs to affect behavioral outcomes of police. Following these recommendations may change the systemic relationship between the community and police. The findings of this study may also serve African American males by allowing them to take an introspective look at how they may react in certain statutory situations and taking positive actions as opposed to being reactive; thereby, possibly mitigating deaths during police interaction. The implications for positive social change afford community practitioners an opportunity to develop community programs that support individuals and communities to change systemic practices that foster procedural injustice.

<p>&nbsp / </p> <p>&nbsp / </p> <p align="left">In my thesis entitled &lsquo / African Tradition and Modernity in Zakes Mda&rsquo / s <i><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">The Heart of Redness&rsquo / </font></font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">, I analyze the way Western modernity and African traditions interact in Mda&rsquo / s novel. I suggest that both modernity and tradition interact to produce a hybrid culture. This will become apparent in my analysis of the way Mda depicts the cattlekilling episode and the effects of Nongqawuse&rsquo / s prophecy, and also in the novel&rsquo / s contemporary characters. Mda shows the development of an African modernity through the semi-autobiographical figure of Camagu who is not slavishly indebted to Western ideas of progress, but is a hybrid of African values and a modern identity.</font></font></i></p> <p align="left">&nbsp / </p>