The United States has justified targeted operations against suspected terrorists as a legitimate tool in the war against terrorism. In response to international criticism that a November 2002 targeted killing operation in Yemen violated human rights standards, the US asserted that the right to life was suspended during war. While this assertion is prima facie incorrect, many legal experts, scholars and authors agree in principle that a military response to international terrorism -- along with the concomitant dilution of the right to life -- is not only appropriate, but also complies with international law. However, the modern jus ad bellum limit the circumstances in which a state may lawfully resort to armed force. A fulsome understanding of international humanitarian law and the characteristics of groups such as Al Qaeda reveals that international law does not permit states to employ their military forces to responde to the international crime of international terrorism.

The United States has justified targeted operations against suspected terrorists as a legitimate tool in the war against terrorism. In response to international criticism that a November 2002 targeted killing operation in Yemen violated human rights standards, the US asserted that the right to life was suspended during war. While this assertion is prima facie incorrect, many legal experts, scholars and authors agree in principle that a military response to international terrorism -- along with the concomitant dilution of the right to life -- is not only appropriate, but also complies with international law. However, the modern jus ad bellum limit the circumstances in which a state may lawfully resort to armed force. A fulsome understanding of international humanitarian law and the characteristics of groups such as Al Qaeda reveals that international law does not permit states to employ their military forces to responde to the international crime of international terrorism.

The central objective of this work is to present an analysis of the asymptotic conformal Killing vectors in asymptotically-flat space-times of general relativity. This problem has been examined by two different methods; in Chapter 5 the asymptotic expansion technique originated by Newman and Unti [31] leads to a solution for asymptotically-flat spacetimes which admit an asymptotically shear-free congruence of null geodesics, and in Chapter 6 the conformal rescaling technique of Penrose [54] is used both to support the findings of the previous chapter and to set out a procedure for solution in the general case. It is pointed out that Penrose's conformal technique is preferable to the use of asymptotic expansion methods, since it can be established in a rigorous manner without leading to the possible convergence difficulties associated with asymptotic expansions. Since the asymptotic conformal symmetry groups of asymptotically flat space-times Are generalisations of the conformal group of Minkowski space-time we devote Chapters 3 and 4 to a study of the flat space case so that the results of later chapters may receive an interpretation in terms of familiar concepts. These chapters fulfil a second, equally important, role in establishing local isomorphisms between the Minkowski-space conformal group, 90(2,4) and SU(2,2). The SO(2,4) representation has been used by Kastrup [61] to give a physical interpretation using space-time gauge transformations. This appears as part of the survey of interpretative work in Chapter 7. The SU(2,2) representation of the conformal group has assumed a theoretical prominence in recent years. through the work of Penrose [9-11] on twistors. In Chapter 4 we establish contact with twistor ideas by showing that points in Minkowski space-time correspond to certain complex skew-symmetric rank two tensors on the SU(2,2) carrier space. These objects are, in Penrose's terminology [91, simple skew-symmetric twistors of valence [J. A particularly interesting aspect of conformal objects in space-time is explored in Chapter 8, where we extend the work of Geroch [16] on multipole moments of the Laplace equation in 3-space to the consideration. of Q tý =0 in Minkowski space-time. This development hinges upon the fact that multipole moment fields are also conformal Killing tensors. In the final chapter some elementary applications of the results of Chapters 3 and 5 are made to cosmological models which have conformal flatness or asymptotic conformal flatness. In the first class here we have 'models of the Robertson-Walker type and in the second class we have the asymptotically-Friedmann universes considered by Hawking [73].

Superintegrable systems are classical and quantum Hamiltonian systems which enjoy much symmetry and structure that permit their solubility via analytic and even, algebraic means. The problem of classification of superintegrable systems can be approached by considering associated geometric structures. To this end, we invoke the invariant theory of Killing tensors (ITKT), and the recursive version of the Cartan method of moving frames to derive joint invariants. We are able to intrinsically characterise and interpret the arbitrary parameters appearing in the general form of the Smorodinsky-Winternitz superintegrable potential, where we determine that the more general the geometric structure associated with the SW potential is, the fewer arbitrary parameters it admits. Additionally, we classify the multi-separability of the Tremblay-Turbiner-Winternitz (TTW) system. We provide a proof that only for the case k = +/- 1 does the general TTW system admit orthogonal separation of variables with respect to both Cartesian and polar coordinates. / A study towards the classification of superintegrable systems defined on the Euclidean plane.

<p>&nbsp / </p> <p>&nbsp / </p> <p align="left">In my thesis entitled &lsquo / African Tradition and Modernity in Zakes Mda&rsquo / s <i><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">The Heart of Redness&rsquo / </font></font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">, I analyze the way Western modernity and African traditions interact in Mda&rsquo / s novel. I suggest that both modernity and tradition interact to produce a hybrid culture. This will become apparent in my analysis of the way Mda depicts the cattlekilling episode and the effects of Nongqawuse&rsquo / s prophecy, and also in the novel&rsquo / s contemporary characters. Mda shows the development of an African modernity through the semi-autobiographical figure of Camagu who is not slavishly indebted to Western ideas of progress, but is a hybrid of African values and a modern identity.</font></font></i></p> <p align="left">&nbsp / </p>

Hedersrelaterat våld har inga gränser. Det sker inte endast i ett land, av ett folk med en specifik etnicitet, kultur eller religion. Hedersrelaterat våld existerar världen runt, även i Sverige. Mordet på Fadime Sahindal fick internationell uppmärksamhet och folk var i chock, speciellt den svenska regeringen som länge försökte förneka våldets existens i vårt avlånga jämställda land. Hedersrelaterat våld är en kategori av våld som i de flesta fall drabbar unga kvinnor som vägrar att infinna sig i familjens eller släktens normer och regler. Forskningens syften är att jämföra det hedersrelaterade våldet i Sverige och Turkiet samt att undersöka förklaringarna till fenomenet. Målet är även att undersöka rättsväsendet i de båda länderna gällande hedersrelaterat våld och titta på hur olika organisationer arbetar för att motverka att fler kvinnor blir utsatta för våldet. Feministisk teori är ett verktyg som genomgående har använts i undersökningen och materialet är hämtat både från biografier och intervjuer som genomförts både i Sverige och i Turkiet. Regeringarna i både Sverige och Turkiet måste tydligt ta bättre ansvar för hedersproblematiken och inte lägga det i händerna på hjälporganisationerna. I Turkiet finns det alldeles för få kvinnoorganisationer för kvinnor utsatta för hedersrelaterat våld och i Sverige är boendena överfyllda och kvinnor blir nekade skyddat boende på grund av för få platser. Även polis och socialstyrelsen har fått kritik för deras otillräckliga arbete inom hedersproblematiken. Målet är att det inte skall finnas kvinnojourer, men i dagens läge verkar det som att det bara behövs fler. Det är något som inte stämmer, både i Sverige och i Turkiet. / Honor-related violence has no boundaries. It does not only occur in a particular country or is associated with one specific ethnicity, culture or religion. Honor-related violence exists around the world, even in Sweden. The murder of Fadime Sahindal received international attention and people were in shock, especially the Swedish government which for a long time had tried to deny that such violence existed in our long-standing country of equality. Honor-related violence is a category of violence which in most cases affects young women who refuse to assimilate to their families’ or relatives’ norms and rules. The research objectives are to compare honor-related violence in Sweden and Turkey as well as investigating the reasons for the phenomenon. The aim also includes investigating the judiciary system in both countries regarding honor-related violence and looks at how different organizations work to counter more women from becoming victims of honor-related violence. Feminist theory is a tool which has been used consistently in the investigation and the analyzed information was taken from biographies and interviews which were conducted in Sweden and Turkey. The governments of Sweden and Turkey must clearly take more responsibility for the honor-related violence problem rather than leaving the problem in the hands of charitable organizations. In Turkey, there are far too few women organizations for women exposed to honor-related violence while in Sweden, shelters are overflowing and women are denied accommodation because of too few places. Even the police and authorities have received criticism for their inadequate work towards dealing with honor-related violence. The aim should be for creating a society where there is no need for women shelters; however, with the current situation, it seems that even more are needed. There is certainly something wrong occurring both in Sweden and Turkey.

Morality of abortion is a topic that tends to prompt heated politic debates. Setting politics aside, it is useful for one to contemplate certain questions if they wish to understand the complex moral dilemmas which abortion poses. One can philosophize and grapple with some of the following questions: Does the human embryo have moral status? Is the human embryo a person? Is it owed the same rights to life protection that a human baby or human adult have? Do we have a strong reason not to harm it? These questions often do not have definitive yes or no answers which apply universally to all cases yet; exploring them will allow one to gain a better understanding of one’s position on the issue of morality of abortion. If one’s intuition tells them that it is morally wrong or morally permissible to kill an early human embryo therefore, ending its potential to experience a future life similar to ours, grappling with these philosophical questions pertaining to the ethics of killing will provide insight that will either validate or contradict these intuitions. This thesis examines morality of abortion by analyzing theories proposed by Don Marquis and Elizabeth Harman in effort to get a sense of what characteristics are necessary for an entity to experience significant levels of harm, be granted moral status and have a strong reason not to be killed. These characteristics help one determine whether or not it is morally permissible to end the life of a developing human organism such as a human embryo.

This thesis is about the relationship between place, memory and geopolitics. It examines public memorial sites in Cambodia dedicated to the victims of the genocide of 1975 to 1979. Scant attention has been paid to the geographies of Cambodia’s post-1979 reconstruction period. Where commentators have noted the existence of Cambodia’s dedicated spaces of memory they have characterised these sites as culturally and politically inauthentic or marginal (as ersatz religious monuments, or as political ‘propaganda’). Against these accounts, I contend that Cambodia’ s memorials are central to, and productive of, cultural, national and transnational politics of the past and present. Like many other late twentieth-century contexts, the Cambodian case demonstrates the link between the texts and practices of geopolitics and discourses of traumatic memory. The dissertation examines how various tropes of memory enact an imaginative topography of Cambodia, both locally and transnationally. I do this by analysing four memorial sites and practices: the development of the Choeung Ek ‘killing field’ site (Phnom Penh); tourism to Cambodia’s genocide sites as a popular geopolitical practice; and the global circulation and reception of photographs of Khmer Rouge victims. It is argued that these sites and practices of memory have been central to Cambodia’s redevelopment as well as constitutive of the geopolitics of Cambodia’s e-entry into an international state system.

This study examined people’s attitudes towards killing bugs and their bug-killing behaviour in the context of nature vs. nurture explanations of bug killing. Previous research shows that exposure to genetic (i.e., nature) explanations could have undesirable effects on people’s attitudes and behaviour, compared to the exposure to experiential(i.e., nurture) explanations. Genetic explanations for killing may affect attitudes towards killing and killing behaviour, because they suggest that killing behaviour is predetermined or programmed by nature. Such explanations may also be used by individuals to overcome guilt and dissonance from prior killing or killing in which they are about to participate. This study tested the idea that exposure to genetic explanations for bug killing would lead people to view killing bugs as more morally acceptable, as well as lead them to kill more bugs. A sample of university students was randomly assigned into three conditions, in which they read either genetic or experiential explanations for why people kill bugs or read a neutral passage. The study utilised a procedure in which participants were led to believe that they were killing bugs (although in actuality no bugs were killed), to observe their killing behaviour in a self-paced killing task. Half of the participants were also asked to kill a bug prior to the self-paced killing task. Results showed that participants who read genetic explanations viewed bug killing as more morally acceptable, compared to participants who read experiential explanations, and this occurred particularly among those who engaged in the prior killing task. However, no similar effects emerged for the number of bugs killed, though there was a positive correlation between the moral acceptance of bug killing and the number of bugs killed. Implications of genetic explanations with respect to aggression and killing are discussed.

The use of unmanned combat aerial vehicles (UCAV) is relativity new with the first known lethal strike taking place in 2001. Few systems are operational but many are in development. The use of UCAVs is debated and many claim that UCAVs make it casual for the pilots to kill, and the pilots are not able to differentiate the ethics of what they do from those of a video game. When researched it is found that some factors regarding the use of UCAVs may make a pilot less reluctant to execute a remote lethal strike, yet it does not make it casual. The pilots know that what they do has real world implications and what they see on their screens are real people. Contrary to some people’s beliefs, UCAV pilots may have a greater connection with their victim as well as a greater reluctance towards killing compared to bomber pilots. / Användandet av bestyckade obemannade flygande farkoster (UCAV) är relativt nytt. Det första kända fallet där en UCAV:s vapensystem nyttjats för att döda skedde 2001. Få system är operativa men flera är under utveckling. Användandet av UCAV:er är debatterat. Flera hävdar att hur de nyttjas leder till att piloten blir likgiltig till att döda och att piloten inte kan skilja på det piloten gör och att spela ett tv-spel. När ämnet studerats så har det visat sig att flertalet av de faktorer som spelar in i användande av UCAV:er gör det lättare för piloter at övervinna det motstånd en person känner till att ta en annans liv. Dock så blir piloten inte likgiltig till det. Piloterna är medvetna om att deras handlingar har en påverkan på den riktiga världen och vad de ser på sina skärmar är riktiga människor. I motsatts till vad vissa tror så har UCAV piloter en större koppling till de piloterna dödar samt upplever ett större motstånd till att döda än bombpiloter. / <p>SA skriven i Tjeckien vid University of Defence i Brno genom ERASMUS.</p>