Orientador: Flavio Luis Schmidt / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-10T19:44:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ferraz_MarianoBuenoMarcondes_M.pdf: 5652380 bytes, checksum: 42ae9a8aa05a8ec340cd75d6a1da2b75 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: A ervilha em lata é o segundo alimento em conserva mais consumido no Brasil. Praticamente todo o produto comercializado no país é processado a partir de grãos de ervilha seca, desidratada, comercializadas como commodities no mercado internacional. Existe uma necessidade de descrição detalhada de todo o processamento deste alimento para que exista a possibilidade de otimização dos processos envolvidos na produção desta conserva de baixa acidez. O objetivo deste trabalho foi descrever o comportamento de ervilhas (Pisum sativum L., variedade Flávia, cultivadas no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, safra 2004) desidratadas durante o processo de rehidratação, em relação a ganho de massa e volume. Foi determinada, também, a cinética de rehidratação deste alimento. Obtivemos também dados relacionados a textura destas ervilhas após o processamento térmico. Para este experimento, 100g de ervilhas foram hidratadas, em água destilada, à 05ºC, 25ºC, 45ºC, 65ºC e 85ºC, de modo a estabelecermos a cinética de hidratação das ervilhas, e determinar a temperatura ideal para hidratação. O modelo de Peleg apresentou melhor ajuste (R2 = 0,98) e a temperatura mais adequada foi de 25°C. Após o estudo da cinética e da definição da temperatura ideal para hidratação de ervilhas, foram hidratadas em soluções contendo NaCl 2%, CaCl2 0,5%, Ácido Cítrico 0,5% e EDTA 0,5%, além de todas as possíveis combinações entre os aditivos, assim como um grupo controle. Após a hidratação, as ervilhas foram envasadas em latas (73mm de de diâmetro x 85mm altura) e processadas a 121ºC por 15 minutos, resfriadas e avaliadas para determinação do ganho final de massa, volume e a variação da textura. Dentre os aditivos e suas combinações avaliadas, a solução de CaCl2 0,5% gerou o melhor conjunto de respostas, quanto aos parâmetros de ganho de massa e volume, além de uma melhor resposta em relação ao aumento da dureza. A influência deste aditivo foi avaliada em relação a aspectos sensoriais de cor, sabor, aparência geral e textura, além de atitude de compra. A textura foi o parâmetro que gerou maior divisão de opinião, com cerca de 50% dos consumidores aprovaram o aumento na dureza do produto, enquanto 50% dos consumidores desaprovaram o aumento da dureza. Em relação aos outros parâmetros, houve aprovação por 67% dos consumidores. Através dos resultados encontrados, foram estabelecidos alguns parâmetros que poderão ser utilizados na otimização de processos industriais de ervilha em conserva, diminuindo perdas econômicas, além da utilização racional de recursos hídricos, e do aumento na qualidade geral do produto que chega ao consumidor final / Abstract: Canned peas are the second most consumed canned good in Brazil. Pratically all of canned peas commercialized in this country is made from dried grains, marketed internationally as commodities. There is a need for a detailed description of the process as a whole, so the process could be optimized. The goal of this work was to describe the behaviour of dried peas (Pisum sativum, Flavia variety, grown is the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, harvested in 2004) during the rehydration process, in relation to quality parameters such as weight and volume gain, as well as the hydration kinetics of this vegetable. The texture of the peas was also evaluated. For this experiment, 100g of dried peas were rehydrated in distilled water at 05°C, 25°C, 45°C, 65°C and 85°C, se we could establish de rehydration kinetics, as well as the ideal rehydration temperature. This ideal temperature showed to be 25°C, and the rehydration kinetics fits the Peleg model. After detemining the ideal temperature and rehydration kinetics, 100g of dried peas were rehydrated in solutions containing 2%, CaCl2 0,5%, Ácido Cítrico 0,5% and EDTA 0,5%, and also every single combination between these additives, plus a control group, rehydrated with distilled water. After hydration, peas were canned (73mm diameter x 85mm height) and thermically processed at 121°C for 15 minutes, cooled at room temperature and evaluated for determination of final weight and volume gain, as well as texture. Among all the addtives and combinations tested, the CaCl2 0,5% solution showed the best results when all three parameters were analyzed. The influence of this additive was sensory evaluated regarding color, flavor, general appearance, and texture, as well as purchasing possibility. Texture was the parameter that divided consumers. 50% of the consumers approved the hardness of the peas, while 50% did not approved the hardness. Regarding the other parameters, most consumers approved the product. Through these results, is possible to establish some parameters that could be successfully used in the optimization of canned peas processing, minimizing economical losses and leading to a better use of water resources, as well as improving the quality of the final product / Mestrado / Mestre em Tecnologia de Alimentos

FINALIDADE: Defeitos na depuração plasmática de quilomícrons e seus remanescentes (QM) predispõem à doença arterial coronária (DAC). QM ligam-se a seus receptores hepáticos específicos (RLP) e aos receptores de LDL (LDL-r). As estatinas reduzem o LDL-colesterol (LDL-C) e melhoram a depuração plasmática de QM, aumentando a expressão hepática do LDL-r. A ezetimiba (EZE), um bloqueador da absorção do colesterol, também aumenta a expressão de LDL-r nos seres humanos. Este estudo avaliou os efeitos isolados da EZE na depuração plasmatica de QM artificial em pacientes DAC. Também foram testados os efeitos da associação da sinvastatina em dose baixa com EZE em comparação com a máxima dose de sinvastatina sobre depuração plasmática de QM. MÉTODOS: 25 pacientes com DAC estável (idade 61 ± 5 anos), após um período de seis semanas de washout de estatinas, foram randomizados para um ou outro tratamento com 10 mg EZE (grupo 1, n = 13) ou sinvastatina 20 mg (grupo 2, n = 12). Os pacientes evoluíram para 10mg + 20mg de sinvastatina com EZE ou sinvastatina 80 mg, respectivamente. Os estudos cinéticos foram realizados no início e após 6 e 12 semanas de cada braço do tratamento. A emulsão lipídica de QM marcada com 14C-CE (que mede a remoção QM e remanescente) e 3H-TG (que mede a lipólise de QM) foi injetada e amostras de sangue foram coletadas durante 60 minutos para determinar taxas de remoção fracionária de radioisótopos (TFR) por análise compartimental. As comparações foram feitas por analise de medidas repetidas (ANOVA). RESULTADOS: Não houve diferenças nas características clínicas e laboratoriais entre os grupos. As TFR de 14C-CE (1/min) no grupo 1 foram 0,005 ± 0,004, 0,011 ± 0,007 e 0,018 ± 0,004 e no grupo 2 foram 0,004 ± 0,002, 0,011 ± 0,008 e 0,019 ± 0,007, respectivamente, à admissão, 6 e 12 semanas ( p <0,05 e ns, respectivamente, para comparações de tempo e grupo). As TFR de 3H-TG (1/min) no grupo 1 foram de 0,017 ± 0,01, 0,024 ± 0,011 e 0,042 ± 0,013 e no grupo 2 foi de 0,01 ± 0,016, 0,022 ± 0,009 e 0,037 ± 0,011, respectivamente, no início do estudo, 6 e 12 semanas ( p <0,05 e ns, respectivamente, para comparações de tempo e grupo). Mudanças semelhantes também foram encontradas para o LDL-C (mg/dL): 142 ± 22,113 ± 19, 74 ± 17 para grupo1 e 119 ± 22, 92 ± 15 e 72 ± 15 para o grupo 2, respectivamente, na admissão, 6 e 12 semanas (p <0,05 para o tempo e ns para o grupo). CONCLUSÃO: EZE isolada aumentou a remoção do plasma de QM e remanescentes e a associação com a sinvastatina aumentou os seus efeitos. A sinvastatina em dose baixa associada à EZE apresentou efeitos favoráveis semelhantes tanto na depuração plasmática de QM quanto na redução de LDL-C em comparação com 80mg de sinvastatina / PURPOSE: Defects on plasma clearance of chylomicrons and their remnants (CM) predispose to coronary heart disease (CHD). CM bind both to their specific liver receptors (LRP) and to the LDL receptors (LDL-r). Statins reduce LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) and improve the plasma clearance of CM by increasing the expression of hepatic LDL-r. Ezetimibe (EZE), a cholesterol absorption blocker, also increases LDL-r expression in humans. This study evaluated the isolated effects of EZE on the plasma clearance of artificial CM in CHD subjects. We also tested the effects of the association of low dose simvastatin with EZE in comparison with maximal simvastatin dose upon CM plasma clearance. METHODS: 25 stable CHD patients (age 61 ± 5 years, 98%men) after a 6 week statin washout period were randomized for either treatment with EZE 10 mg (group 1, n= 13) or simvastatin 20 mg (group 2 n=12). Patients were progressed to 10mg EZE+ simvastatin 20mg or simvastatin 80 mg, respectively. Kinetic studies were done at baseline and after 6 and 12 weeks of each treatment arm. The CM emulsion labelled with 14C-CE (that measures CM and remnant removal) and 3H-TG (that measures CM lipolysis) was injected and blood samples were collected during 60 minutes to determine radioisotopes fractional catabolic rates (FCR) by compartmental analysis. Comparisons were made repeated measurements ANOVA. RESULTS: There were no differences in clinical and laboratory characteristics between the groups. The 14C-CE FCR (1/min) in group 1 were 0.005±0.004, 0.011±0.007 and 0.018±0.004 and in group 2 were 0.004±0.002, 0.011±0.008 and 0.019±0.007 respectively at baseline, 6 and 12 weeks (p<0.05 and n.s respectively for time and group comparisons). The 3H-TG FCR (1/min) in group 1 were 0.017±0.01, 0.024±0.011 and 0.042±0.013 and in group 2 were 0.01± 0.016, 0.022±0.009 and 0.037±0.011 respectively at baseline, 6 and 12 weeks (p <0.05 and n.s respectively for time and group comparisons). Similar changes were also found for LDL-C (mg/dL):142 ± 22,113 ± 19, 74 ± 17 for group1 and 119 ± 22, 92 ± 15, and 72 ± 15 for group 2 respectively at baseline, 6 and 12 weeks (p<0.05 for time and n.s. for group). CONCLUSION: EZE alone increased the removal from plasma of CM and remnants, the association with simvastatin increased its effects. The low dose simvastatin associated with EZE showed similar favourable effects in both CM plasma clearance and LDL-C in comparison with 80 mg simvastatin

FINALIDADE: Defeitos na depuração plasmática de quilomícrons e seus remanescentes (QM) predispõem à doença arterial coronária (DAC). QM ligam-se a seus receptores hepáticos específicos (RLP) e aos receptores de LDL (LDL-r). As estatinas reduzem o LDL-colesterol (LDL-C) e melhoram a depuração plasmática de QM, aumentando a expressão hepática do LDL-r. A ezetimiba (EZE), um bloqueador da absorção do colesterol, também aumenta a expressão de LDL-r nos seres humanos. Este estudo avaliou os efeitos isolados da EZE na depuração plasmatica de QM artificial em pacientes DAC. Também foram testados os efeitos da associação da sinvastatina em dose baixa com EZE em comparação com a máxima dose de sinvastatina sobre depuração plasmática de QM. MÉTODOS: 25 pacientes com DAC estável (idade 61 ± 5 anos), após um período de seis semanas de washout de estatinas, foram randomizados para um ou outro tratamento com 10 mg EZE (grupo 1, n = 13) ou sinvastatina 20 mg (grupo 2, n = 12). Os pacientes evoluíram para 10mg + 20mg de sinvastatina com EZE ou sinvastatina 80 mg, respectivamente. Os estudos cinéticos foram realizados no início e após 6 e 12 semanas de cada braço do tratamento. A emulsão lipídica de QM marcada com 14C-CE (que mede a remoção QM e remanescente) e 3H-TG (que mede a lipólise de QM) foi injetada e amostras de sangue foram coletadas durante 60 minutos para determinar taxas de remoção fracionária de radioisótopos (TFR) por análise compartimental. As comparações foram feitas por analise de medidas repetidas (ANOVA). RESULTADOS: Não houve diferenças nas características clínicas e laboratoriais entre os grupos. As TFR de 14C-CE (1/min) no grupo 1 foram 0,005 ± 0,004, 0,011 ± 0,007 e 0,018 ± 0,004 e no grupo 2 foram 0,004 ± 0,002, 0,011 ± 0,008 e 0,019 ± 0,007, respectivamente, à admissão, 6 e 12 semanas ( p <0,05 e ns, respectivamente, para comparações de tempo e grupo). As TFR de 3H-TG (1/min) no grupo 1 foram de 0,017 ± 0,01, 0,024 ± 0,011 e 0,042 ± 0,013 e no grupo 2 foi de 0,01 ± 0,016, 0,022 ± 0,009 e 0,037 ± 0,011, respectivamente, no início do estudo, 6 e 12 semanas ( p <0,05 e ns, respectivamente, para comparações de tempo e grupo). Mudanças semelhantes também foram encontradas para o LDL-C (mg/dL): 142 ± 22,113 ± 19, 74 ± 17 para grupo1 e 119 ± 22, 92 ± 15 e 72 ± 15 para o grupo 2, respectivamente, na admissão, 6 e 12 semanas (p <0,05 para o tempo e ns para o grupo). CONCLUSÃO: EZE isolada aumentou a remoção do plasma de QM e remanescentes e a associação com a sinvastatina aumentou os seus efeitos. A sinvastatina em dose baixa associada à EZE apresentou efeitos favoráveis semelhantes tanto na depuração plasmática de QM quanto na redução de LDL-C em comparação com 80mg de sinvastatina / PURPOSE: Defects on plasma clearance of chylomicrons and their remnants (CM) predispose to coronary heart disease (CHD). CM bind both to their specific liver receptors (LRP) and to the LDL receptors (LDL-r). Statins reduce LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) and improve the plasma clearance of CM by increasing the expression of hepatic LDL-r. Ezetimibe (EZE), a cholesterol absorption blocker, also increases LDL-r expression in humans. This study evaluated the isolated effects of EZE on the plasma clearance of artificial CM in CHD subjects. We also tested the effects of the association of low dose simvastatin with EZE in comparison with maximal simvastatin dose upon CM plasma clearance. METHODS: 25 stable CHD patients (age 61 ± 5 years, 98%men) after a 6 week statin washout period were randomized for either treatment with EZE 10 mg (group 1, n= 13) or simvastatin 20 mg (group 2 n=12). Patients were progressed to 10mg EZE+ simvastatin 20mg or simvastatin 80 mg, respectively. Kinetic studies were done at baseline and after 6 and 12 weeks of each treatment arm. The CM emulsion labelled with 14C-CE (that measures CM and remnant removal) and 3H-TG (that measures CM lipolysis) was injected and blood samples were collected during 60 minutes to determine radioisotopes fractional catabolic rates (FCR) by compartmental analysis. Comparisons were made repeated measurements ANOVA. RESULTS: There were no differences in clinical and laboratory characteristics between the groups. The 14C-CE FCR (1/min) in group 1 were 0.005±0.004, 0.011±0.007 and 0.018±0.004 and in group 2 were 0.004±0.002, 0.011±0.008 and 0.019±0.007 respectively at baseline, 6 and 12 weeks (p<0.05 and n.s respectively for time and group comparisons). The 3H-TG FCR (1/min) in group 1 were 0.017±0.01, 0.024±0.011 and 0.042±0.013 and in group 2 were 0.01± 0.016, 0.022±0.009 and 0.037±0.011 respectively at baseline, 6 and 12 weeks (p <0.05 and n.s respectively for time and group comparisons). Similar changes were also found for LDL-C (mg/dL):142 ± 22,113 ± 19, 74 ± 17 for group1 and 119 ± 22, 92 ± 15, and 72 ± 15 for group 2 respectively at baseline, 6 and 12 weeks (p<0.05 for time and n.s. for group). CONCLUSION: EZE alone increased the removal from plasma of CM and remnants, the association with simvastatin increased its effects. The low dose simvastatin associated with EZE showed similar favourable effects in both CM plasma clearance and LDL-C in comparison with 80 mg simvastatin

The main purpose of this work is to investigate the behavior of the recently released by Microsoft company the Kinect sensor, which contains the properties that go beyond ordinary cameras. Normally, in order to create a 3D reconstruction of the scene two cameras are required. Whereas, the Kinect device, due to the properties of the Infrared projector and sensor allows to create the same type of the reconstruction using only one device. However, the depth images, which are generated by the Infrared laser projector and monochrome sensor in Kinect can contain undefined values. Therefore, in addition to other investigations this project contains an idea how to improve the quality of the depth images. However, the base aim of this work is to perform a reconstruction of the scene based on the color images using pair of Kinects which will be compared with the results generated by using depth information from one Kinect. In addition, the report contains the information how to check that all the performed calculations were done correctly. All  the algorithms which were used in the project as well as the achieved results will be described and discussed in the separate chapters in the current report.

Numerous recurrent situations following mixing and pumping of mortars and concretes cause degradation of fluidity and hardening characteristics. Which, in turn, lead to adverse effects on the quality of workmanship and structural defects. Nonetheless, relatively little research on the mixing and pumping energies used for the onsite transport and preparation of mortar or concrete has been directed at the core reasons or mechanisms for changes in technological properties. This dissertation describes and explains the effects of various mixing and pumping parameters on the mortar characteristics in a field trial and on a laboratory scale. Observations using a rheograph revealed that shearing action does exhibit the most pronounced influence on the characteristics of mortars during the pumping. The performed investigations indicate that higher shearing actions, for example, excessive mixing duration and long-distance pumping lead to reduced flowability, accelerated and increased hydration rate, increased early compressive strength and early-age shrinkage. From these findings, the underlying mechanism responsible for acceleration and increase of hydration rate is pinpointed as: the increased dissolution from the active surface area due to the destruction of the protective superficial layers of cement grains, as well as a transition from flocculation to dispersion. The creation of new surfaces leads to further consumption of active super plasticizer in solution phase and to subsequent degrading changes in fluidity (decreasing flowability). The degradation of fluidity and densification of microstructure provoked by the hydration changes do increase the early age shrinkage of mortar.

Numerous recurrent situations following mixing and pumping of mortars and concretes cause degradation of fluidity and hardening characteristics. Which, in turn, lead to adverse effects on the quality of workmanship and structural defects. Nonetheless, relatively little research on the mixing and pumping energies used for the onsite transport and preparation of mortar or concrete has been directed at the core reasons or mechanisms for changes in technological properties. This dissertation describes and explains the effects of various mixing and pumping parameters on the mortar characteristics in a field trial and on a laboratory scale. Observations using a rheograph revealed that shearing action does exhibit the most pronounced influence on the characteristics of mortars during the pumping. The performed investigations indicate that higher shearing actions, for example, excessive mixing duration and long-distance pumping lead to reduced flowability, accelerated and increased hydration rate, increased early compressive strength and early-age shrinkage. From these findings, the underlying mechanism responsible for acceleration and increase of hydration rate is pinpointed as: the increased dissolution from the active surface area due to the destruction of the protective superficial layers of cement grains, as well as a transition from flocculation to dispersion. The creation of new surfaces leads to further consumption of active super plasticizer in solution phase and to subsequent degrading changes in fluidity (decreasing flowability). The degradation of fluidity and densification of microstructure provoked by the hydration changes do increase the early age shrinkage of mortar.