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Applications of Hot Melt Extrusion (HME) in pharmaceuticals have become increasingly popular over the years but nonetheless a few obstacles still remain before wide scale implementation. In many instances these improvements are related to both processing and product performance. It is observed that HME process optimisation is majorly focused on the active pharmaceutical ingredient's (API) properties. Characterising polymeric properties for their suitability in HME should be equally studied since the impact of excipients on both product and process performance is just as vital. In this work, two well-established cellulose ester derivatives: Hydroxy Propyl Methyl Cellulose Acetate Succinate (HPMCAS) and Hydroxy Propyl Methyl Cellulose Phthalate (HPMCP) are studied for their HME suitability. Their thermal, thermodynamic, rheological, thermo-chemical and degradation kinetic properties were evaluated with model plasticisers and APIs. It was found the thermal properties of HPMCP are severely compromised whereas HPMCAS is more stable in the processing zone of 150 to 200 °C. Thermodynamic properties revealed that both polymers share an important solubility parameter range (20-30 MPa P1/2P) where the majority of plasticisers and BCS class II APIs lie. Thus, greater miscibility/solubility can be expected. Further, the processability of these two polymers investigated by rheometric measurements showed HPMCAS possesses better flow properties than HPMCP because HPMCP forms a weak network of chain interactions at a molecular level. However, adding plasticisers such as PEG and TEC the flow properties of HPMCP can be tailored. The study also showed that plasticisers have a major influence on thermo-chemical and kinetic properties of polymers. For instance, PEG reduced polymer degradation with reversal in kinetic parameters whereas blends of CA produced detrimental effects and increased polymer degradation with reduction in onset degradation temperatures. Further, both polymers are observed to be chemically reactive with the APIs containing free -OH, -SOR2RN- and -NH2 groups. Finally, these properties prove that suitability of HPMCP is highly debated for HME and demands great care in use while that of HPMCAS is relatively better than HPMCP in many instances.

Les couches catalytiques avec une structure ordonnée à base de nanoparticules de Pt supportées sur des nanofilaments de carbone verticalement alignés ont montré des performances intéressantes grâce à l’amélioration des propriétés du transport de matière et à une meilleure utilisation du Pt. Des études électrochimiques combinées à une modélisation mathématique ont mis en évidence l’influence du transport de protons sur les processus d’oxydo-réduction, la cinétique et le mécanisme de réduction de l’O2 (ORR), et sur H2O2 qui s’échappe des couches pendant l’ORR. Nous avons montré que (i) les protons sont impliqués dans l’étape limitante de la réaction, (ii) pour un pH ≥ 3, un plateau de courant limité par la diffusion des protons est observé et, (iii) pour un pH ≥ 3, le mécanisme de l’ORR implique non seulement les ions hydroniums mais aussi les molécules d’eau. L’intégration de ces couches catalytiques dans des PEMFCs haute température a ensuite été étudiée. Les performances obtenues sont légèrement plus basses que celles des couches conventionnelles. Un travail d’optimisation reste donc à accomplir pour améliorer les performances. / Ordered catalytic layers based on vertically aligned carbon nanofilaments with Pt nanoparticles demonstrate high efficiency for oxygen transport and Pt utilization in the catalytic layer. Electrochemical studies combined with mathematical modeling confirm the influence of the proton transport on surface red-ox processes, the kinetics and the mechanism of the O2 reduction (ORR), and on the H2O2 escape. We show that (i) protons are involved in the rate-determining step of the O2 reduction, (ii) for pH ≥ 3, a plateau corresponding to the diffusion-limited current of protons is observed and, (iii) for pH ≥ 3, the mechanism of the ORR involves not only the hydronium ions but also water molecules. The integration of these catalytic layers in high temperature PEMFCs was then studied. The performance is slightly lower than that for conventional layers. An optimization work is required to improve the performance.

Applications of Hot Melt Extrusion (HME) in pharmaceuticals have become increasingly popular over the years but nonetheless a few obstacles still remain before wide scale implementation. In many instances these improvements are related to both processing and product performance. It is observed that HME process optimisation is majorly focused on the active pharmaceutical ingredient's (API) properties. Characterising polymeric properties for their suitability in HME should be equally studied since the impact of excipients on both product and process performance is just as vital. In this work, two well-established cellulose ester derivatives: Hydroxy Propyl Methyl Cellulose Acetate Succinate (HPMCAS) and Hydroxy Propyl Methyl Cellulose Phthalate (HPMCP) are studied for their HME suitability. Their thermal, thermodynamic, rheological, thermo-chemical and degradation kinetic properties were evaluated with model plasticisers and APIs. It was found the thermal properties of HPMCP are severely compromised whereas HPMCAS is more stable in the processing zone of 150 to 200 °C. Thermodynamic properties revealed that both polymers share an important solubility parameter range (20-30 MPa P1/2P) where the majority of plasticisers and BCS class II APIs lie. Thus, greater miscibility/solubility can be expected. Further, the processability of these two polymers investigated by rheometric measurements showed HPMCAS possesses better flow properties than HPMCP because HPMCP forms a weak network of chain interactions at a molecular level. However, adding plasticisers such as PEG and TEC the flow properties of HPMCP can be tailored. The study also showed that plasticisers have a major influence on thermo-chemical and kinetic properties of polymers. For instance, PEG reduced polymer degradation with reversal in kinetic parameters whereas blends of CA produced detrimental effects and increased polymer degradation with reduction in onset degradation temperatures. Further, both polymers are observed to be chemically reactive with the APIs containing free -OH, -SOR2RN- and -NH2 groups. Finally, these properties prove that suitability of HPMCP is highly debated for HME and demands great care in use while that of HPMCAS is relatively better than HPMCP in many instances.

La cinétique lente de la réduction de l’oxygène (ORR) est en grande partie responsable de la perte d’énergie de nombreux systèmes de conversion tels que les piles à combustible. Parmi les possibles catalyseurs de l’ORR, les oxydes de type pérovskite sont des candidats prometteurs en milieu alcalin. La présente thèse est consacrée à l’étude de l’activité, du mécanisme et de la stabilité de pérovskites à base de Co et Mn pour l’ORR. Grâce aux techniques d’électrode tournante à disque et disque-anneau (R(R)DE), les études de l’ORR et des transformations d’HO2- sur les couches minces de pérovskite/carbone dans une solution de NaOH ont montré qu’O2 est réduit en OH- via un mécanisme « en série » avec formation d’HO2- intermédiaire. Pour des quantités d’oxyde suffisantes, HO2- est ensuite réduit, ce qui résulte en un mécanisme apparent de 4 électrons. Dans ces électrodes, le carbone joue un double rôle. Il augmente l’activité électrocatalytique en améliorant le contact électrique et il est impliqué dans le mécanisme de l’ORR en catalysant la réduction d’O2 en HO2-, surtout pour les pérovskites à base de cobalt qui sont considérablement moins actives que celles à base de Mn. Néanmoins, l’électrocatalyse de l’ORR semble dégrader les sites actifs des pérovskites. / The sluggish kinetics of the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is largely responsible for the energy losses in energy conversion systems such as fuel cells. Among possible inexpensive catalysts for the ORR, perovskite oxides are promising electrocatalysts in alkaline media. The present thesis is devoted to the investigation of the ORR activity, mechanism and stability of some Co and Mn-based perovskites. The rotating (ring) disk electrode (R(R)DE) studies of the ORR and the HO2- transformations on perovskite/carbon thin layers in NaOH electrolyte prove that O2 is reduced to OH- via a “series” pathway with the HO2- intermediate. For high oxide loadings, the formed HO2- species are further reduced to give a global 4 electron pathway. In these electrodes, carbon plays a dual role. It increases the electrocatalytic activity by improving the electrical contact and it is involved in the ORR mechanism by catalyzing the reduction of O2 into HO2-, especially for Co-based perovskites which display lower reaction rates than Mn-based perovskites.