Reviewing the whole development history of management and the era background, we can find that the theories and practices of management are always continuing changing and improving. In addition, each industry starts to promote and apply the theories and practices of management to the operation of its individual industry with the changes or evolvements of the all industries in the outside environment. With the coming of knowledge economy in the 21st century, here comes the birth of ¡§knowledge management,¡¨ and it also becomes the focus of the active implementation in each industry and business enterprise. First, knowledge management is actively implemented in business enterprises, bringing great effects and positive influences just like what Peter Drucker said in 1965¡X¡§knowledge¡¨ is going to replace tangible assets such as machines, facilities, capital, materials, and labors, and becomes the most important key element of production in business enterprises. Besides, ¡§knowledge workers¡¨ will also replace the traditional labors and become the most efficient instrument which brings great benefits to business enterprises. Likewise, a hospital itself is an organization, too. In fact, the medical staffs in hospitals such as physicians and nurses are right the knowledge workers who are able to drive knowledge management. Moreover, the implementation of knowledge management in healthcare organizations or hospitals is still in the beginning phase. For this reason, the study will explore the realization and practice of knowledge management between middle level managers and basic level nurses. With regard to the implementation of knowledge management, the study is going to explore the practices and comparisons between the middle level managers and the basic level nurses in terms of knowledge acquisition, knowledge creation, knowledge storage, knowledge spread, and knowledge application, and to explore the outcomes of the implementation of knowledge management between these two levels under the enabling factors of knowledge management. Through the analyses and comparisons of the interview cases, here are the results and findings of the study: 1. The knowledge that the middle level managers and basic level nurses mainly value is the professional knowledge and skills of nursing. Then the concepts of services and the access environment and safety of patients are also concerned. 2. With regard to the implementation of knowledge management, the middle level managers and the basic level nurses both think that there is no specific or fixed one person who is responsible for the implementation of knowledge management but all people who work together to implement knowledge management according to their individual responsibility and accountability; that is, knowledge management is achieved by the division of labor. 3. As to the process and enabling factors of knowledge management exerted by the middle level managers and the basic level nurses, here are the outcomes: (a) In terms of knowledge acquisition, for the basic level nurses in the units, the most sources of collected knowledge are from books, periodicals, magazines, and rarely theses; for the middle level managers, almost the same as the basic level nurses. However, there are still some differences. For example, the vice director in charge of academic affairs thinks e-mails are also one of the sources of collected knowledge; the other vice director in charge of clinical practices, the head nurses in the units are also one of the sources of collected knowledge. (b) In terms of knowledge creation, both the middle level managers and the basic level nurses think that there is the mechanism of rewards in the hospital, such as the points of reward money and the reward money for new ideas. Furthermore, there are the competition reward money for QCC projects and the reward money for research proposals as well. Nevertheless, there is no cooperation in research between the nursing units in the hospital and other outside institutes or organizations, but there is cooperation relationship between the hospital and the nursing schools. For instance, the hospital is open for the nursing practicum of nursing students. (c) In terms of knowledge storage, both the middle level managers and the basic level nurses think the knowledge stored in the nursing department and units is paper-oriented and documentation-oriented. The paper documentation is usually keyed in and saved in the Word files of computers. However, part of knowledge is possibly not presented through the paper documentation and not saved in so-called ¡§knowledge base¡¨ but then stored in personal brain through the oral sharing. (d) In terms of knowledge spread, there is one difference in the priority of the same ways frequently used to spread knowledge between the middle level managers and the basic level nurses. For example, the basic level nurses think the priority of the frequent ways used to spread knowledge in the units is informally oral dialogs, ward-checking, ward or morning meetings, and educational on-the-job training; the middle level managers, the priority of the frequent ways used to spread knowledge is educational on-the-job training, ward or morning meetings, seminars or studying clubs, and ward-checking. The best mechanism of knowledge spread in the units, both the middle level managers and the basic level nurses think, is educational on-the-job training. Meanwhile, there are also the small library rooms as the mechanism of knowledge spread in the units, but the effect of the library rooms is not that ideal in the viewpoints of the basic level nurses. (e) In terms of knowledge application, both the middle level managers and the basic level nurses think that they can effectively use the knowledge base composed of documentation and paper to find the information they need in short time, and the QCC projects are conducive to the quality improvement. In addition, both of them also think the knowledge and skills learned from the on-the-job training for the whole hospital employees and for the unit nurses can be applied to daily work. (f) In terms of the enabling factors of knowledge management, both the middle level managers and the basic level nurses think that the nursing department and the units encourage knowledge sharing and mutual discussion among employees. More than half of the basic level nurses think that the head nurses in the units offer them enough encouragement and support; the two vice directors as the middle level managers, their director offers them enough encouragement and support. Meanwhile, the majority of the basic level nurses think the ideal environment of knowledge development and the ideal welfare system of compensation management will make them be more delighted to share their knowledge and skills. However, the middle level managers think the support from the director, good leadership and positive approvals will make them be more delighted to share knowledge and skills. Moreover, most of the basic level nurses agree that the head nurses in the units will consider offering different courses of training to different employees according to their needs. The two vice directors as the middle level managers also think that the nursing department will also considering offering different courses of training to different employees according to their needs. Finally, the study proposes four suggestions to the case hospital, such as (1) improving the installation and application of knowledge flat-top building, (2) reinforcing the motivation and incentive of the mechanism of rewards, (3) opening the training courses of upgrading information ability for the nurses, and (4) adding one specific worker who is only responsible for knowledge management.

Tracking and capturing tacit knowledge of individuals in a way that can be leveraged by a company is one of the fastest growing challenges in knowledge management. In addition, the dynamism and changing role of today’s economy brings with it many challenges left with organizations to face. As employee turnover is caused by many uncontrollable factors, this paper aims at exploring how organizations can reduce its negative impact by creating and retaining critical knowledge, rather than suggesting ways in which employee turnover can be reduced.

As more and more convenience technology brings to human’s life by breaking through the obstacles of geography and psychology, e-health is being accepted by increasing number of people. It shows great potential to decrease the gap between the needs and satisfaction. However, the potential of e-health is far from being noticed. Knowledge shows inevitable advantages in different domains and of course the same in the health care industry. There are many different aspects that can be investigated and improved to reach the purpose, but in this dissertation, we aims to explore how to achieve a better knowledge transfer and sharing among e-health service-providers in order to create high-quality services that will be delivered to the patients. In general, U-CARE community is the one case that studied in this dissertation to explore how to identify knowledge transfer & sharing practices and what techniques can be used to improve it in the context of e-health. A theoretical framework from Etienne Wenger is applied here to help the author understand community well. Further analysis and discussion are based both on existing theories derived from literature review and empirical data obtained in interviews. The main contribution from the author and conclusion in this dissertation are summarized in a format of framework concerning useful techniques and methods (shown in Figure 9), which involves knowledge transfer and sharing practices related to formal/informal meetings, face-to-face communication, coordinator, online platform, IT tools, change management, documentation management, tracking of requirements & decisions, library of FAQ and personalization. The transferred and shared knowledge investigated in this dissertation is “back-office” data, not directly related to patient data, so the protection of patient personal privacy is not a consideration in this dissertation.

Knowledge organization and concepts, knowledge organization as information policy, groupings as discoveries and constructions, semantics and its "warrant", structural linguistics, compositional semantics and semantic primitives, and universal solutions along with limitations are discussed in a series of 42 slides. "The most important conclusion, ... is that different "paradigms" or conceptualizations in the discourses should be made visible and semantic tools should support the navigation not just between "topics" but also between "views" and interests. If such information is made explicit it might improve the possibilities for internationalization because nobody's vital interests are then threatened." A reference list (of seven references) is included.

In the new economy, innovation is regarded as one of the solutions for almost every organisation to survive in the new business era. Universities, especially in terms of research activities, are no difference since they strive for novelties which potentially lead to innovation. An experienced researcher in the university has continually created tacit knowledge in a specific domain, but typically found it difficult to share this tacit knowledge among other researchers for the problem solving purpose. To overcome this problem and to better stimulate knowledge sharing activities among university researchers, Knowledge Management and Knowledge Engineering, particularly KADS, are utilised in this paper to assist a group of different domain researchers in putting their experiences together. In this way, each researcher can make explicit his or her tacit knowledge into KADS task, inference and domain knowledge models. The structured knowledge models captured from different researchers can then be merged together. In this paper, the research in Knowledge Management is selected as a case study, and the results show that the relevant tacit knowledge has been made explicit from a researcher and allow other researchers to share the knowledge as well as to add their own knowledge. Hence, their common research theme is effectively created, and also maintained by a group of researchers.

This dissertation is about the nature and epistemic significance of remembering. Recent philosophical work has exploited the constructive nature of memory to weaken its relationship to knowledge. Against this, I argue that memory's constructive nature actually helps us to understand memory as a source, and remembering a species, of knowledge. I provide a positive account of remembering facts, objects, and events. In light of this account, I offer philosophical insights concerning memory's relation to other epistemic sources. / text

A guide to the mindset needed to perform competent knowledge work.

The salient feature for the analysis of leadership roles for information professionals is the emergence and more importantly the permanence of KM, Knowledge Management.

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Aimed at students of library and information science, this paper is introductory in nature and provides basic information about the relationship between knowledge organization systems, ontologies and the World Wide Web architecture known as the Semantic Web. The Web is expected to be gradually populated by content with formalized semantics that will enable the automation of content organization and its retrieval. As implied by its name, the Semantic Web will assume a higher level of connectivity which is going to be based on resource content and meaning while the information organization will predominantly be automatic i.e. based on machine to machine (m2m) information services. This is the reason why the Semantic idea is closely related to the development of ontologies (a simple explanation of an ontology and ontology languages is given based on relevant literature). Traditional knowledge organization systems (KOS) such as classifications and thesauri have been deployed for resource organization and discovery on the Internet and have become de facto standards in resource discovery. KOS tools are likely to become even more important with the Semantic Web, providing they can be exposed and shared using ontologically orientated standards.