This is chapter 1 of the book (first 25 pages of a book with 392 pages). How can an economy based on something as volatile as knowledge be sustained? The urgency of improving our understanding of a knowledge-based economy provides the context and necessity of this study. In a previous study entitled A Sociological Theory of Communications: The Self-Organization of the Knowledge-based Society (2001) the author specified knowledge-based systems from a sociological perspective. In this book, he takes this theory one step further and demonstrates how the knowledge base of an economic system can be operationalized, both in terms of measurement and by providing simulation models. Loet Leydesdorff (Ph.D. Sociology, M.A. Philosophy, and M.Sc. Biochemistry) reads Science and Technology Dynamics at the Amsterdam School of Communications Research (ASCoR), University of Amsterdam. He has published extensively in science and technology studies about the Triple Helix of university-industry-government relations, scientometrics, systems theory, social network analysis, and the sociology of innovation. He received the Derek de Solla Price Award for Scientometrics and Informetrics in 2003. In 2005, he held â The City of Lausanneâ Honor Chair at the School of Economics, Université de Lausanne, Switzerland. This interdisciplinary study provides both models of the knowledge base of an economy and instruments for its measurement, as applied to the German and Dutch economies in terms of regional and sectorial differences. The simulations introduce a set of algorithms for modeling various forms of anticipation in social networks. The knowledge base of an economy can be specified as a strongly anticipatory dynamic that operates at the supra-individual level.

This article provides an overview of recent developments relating to the application of thesauri in information organisation and retrieval on the World Wide Web. It describes some recent thesaurus projects undertaken to facilitate resource description and discovery and access to wide-ranging information resources on the Internet. Types of thesauri available on the Web, thesauri integrated in databases and information retrieval systems, and multiple-thesaurus systems for cross-database searching are also discussed. Collective efforts and events in addressing the standardisation and novel applications of thesauri are briefly reviewed.

From the early information retrieval systems to recent web search engines, most systems ask user to express their information need in a query. While the online information systems, such as search engines and digital libraries, bring the great opportunity of accessing huge amount of information directly, they also present challenges on users’ competence of formulating good queries. In library, thesauri and classification schemes are not only indexing tools, but also concept consultation tools. Thesauri and classification schemes haven’t fully adapted in to digital library and IR system, because there are not universal concept hierarchies. This essay introduces the ideal of using query-based concept structures to improve subject access to digital libraries. It reports some early work of an ongoing project that explores the usability and effectiveness of query-based concept structures, which naturally connects static knowledge in the information collection and user dynamic information need, as intermediary. Methodologies and experimental designs are laid out. The preliminary results are presented and further research is discussed.

Conference is sponsored by the Library of Congress Cataloging Directorate. / The decade of the 1990s saw the development of a proliferation of metadata element sets for resource description. This paper looks at a subset of these metadata schemes in more detail: the TEI header, EAD, Dublin Core, and VRA Core. It looks at why they developed as they did, major points of difference from traditional (AACR2/MARC) library cataloging, and what advantages they offer to their user communities. It also discusses challenges to implementers of these schemes and possible future developments. It goes on to identify some commonalties among these cases, and to attempt to generalize from these some lessons for developers of metadata element sets. It concludes by suggesting we also look carefully at emerging schemes being developed by publishers in support of electronic commerce and rights management, and think seriously about the implications of commodity metadata upon our traditional bibliographic apparatus.

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Thesauri have been important information and knowledge organisation tools for more than three decades. The recent emergence and phenomenal growth of the World Wide Web has created new opportunities to introduce thesauri as information search and retrieval aids to end user communities. While the number of web-based and hypertextual thesauri continues to grow, few investigations have yet been carried out to evaluate how end-users, for whom all these efforts are ostensibly made, interact with and make use of thesauri for query building and expansion. The present paper reports a pilot study carried out to determine the extent to which a thesaurus-enhanced search interface to a web-based database aided end-users in their selection of search terms. The study also investigated the ways in which users interacted with the thesaurus structure, terms, and interface. Thesaurus-based searching and browsing behaviours adopted by users while interacting with the thesaurus-enhanced search interface were also examined.

This is a preliminary scan of S.R. Ranganathan's Philosophy of Library Classification (1989 Indian reprint edition). Contents include: Conspectus, 8 chapters, and Index: 1. Evolution of classification. 2. Library classification: an artificial language. 3. Library Classification and social forces. 4. Library classification as a transformation and its limitations. 5. Library classification and its symbiosis with library catalogue. 6. Capacity of library classification. 7. Increasing of dimensions and optional facets. 8. Organisation for research in library classification. © Sarada Ranganathan Endowment for Library Science (SRELS). This is a title in the dLIST Classics project; permission for non-profit use granted by SRELS. To purchase print reprints of this work, please visit Ess Ess Publications at http://www.essessreference.com/.

Knowledge organization and concepts, knowledge organization as information policy, groupings as discoveries and constructions, semantics and its "warrant", structural linguistics, compositional semantics and semantic primitives, and universal solutions along with limitations are discussed in a series of 42 slides. "The most important conclusion, ... is that different "paradigms" or conceptualizations in the discourses should be made visible and semantic tools should support the navigation not just between "topics" but also between "views" and interests. If such information is made explicit it might improve the possibilities for internationalization because nobody's vital interests are then threatened." A reference list (of seven references) is included.

A major challenge faced by users during the information search and retrieval process is the selection of search terms for query formulation and expansion. Thesauri are recognised as one source of search terms which can assist users in query construction and expansion. As the number of electronic thesauri attached to information retrieval systems has grown, a range of interface facilities and features have been developed to aid users in formulating their queries. The pilot study reported here aimed to explore and evaluate how a thesaurus-enhanced search interface assisted end-users in selecting search terms. Specifically, it focused on the evaluation of users' attitudes toward both the thesaurus and its interface as tools for facilitating search term selection for query expansion. Thesaurus-based searching and browsing behaviours adopted by users while interacting with a thesaurus-enhanced search interface were also examined