Orientador: Ruy de Quadros Carvalho / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociencias / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T04:04:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lenhari_LucianaCristina_M.pdf: 730869 bytes, checksum: 5b28bc6c04146a4b8cb32f8b13100c68 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: Esta Dissertação de Mestrado discute o papel do conhecimento na economia, a partir da reflexão sobre o argumento amplamente difundido por instituições internacionais multilaterais, especialmente a Organização para a Cooperação e Desenvolvimento Econômico (OCDE) e o Banco Mundial, de que as economias industrializadas estariam caminhando na direção de uma Economia Baseada no Conhecimento (EBC), na qual o conhecimento teria papel de principal insumo produtivo na criação de valor. O objetivo deste trabalho é contribuir para o melhor entendimento desse debate, buscando discutir o conceito de EBC e seus possíveis significados. A preocupação em estudar e entender melhor o papel do conhecimento na economia, justifica-se pela atuação significativa que estas instituições têm na definição das agendas políticas dos países desenvolvidos e em desenvolvimento. O estímulo de estudar esse tema vem de uma certa vulgarização da idéia de que estaríamos numa Terceira Revolução Industrial na qual agora o conhecimento é um elemento essencial para o crescimento. Existe uma Economia Baseada no Conhecimento? Para interpretar essa pergunta e saber quais os possíveis significados do que seria uma EBC, buscar-se-á responder duas questões: 1) há algo novo na relação entre ciência, tecnologia, inovação e crescimento econômico que justifique a proposição de uma nova etapa histórica de desenvolvimento capitalista, uma EBC que se diferencie das fases anteriores do capitalismo? e 2) está em curso uma mudança na estrutura ocupacional e setorial das economias mais industrializadas, onde o peso do conhecimento em alguns setores ou ocupações justificariam a idéia de uma EBC? Para atender os objetivos da pesquisa, optou-se por privilegiar os trabalhos dos Neoschumpeterianos e Evolucionistas (N&E), pelo tratamento dado ao processo de geração e reprodução de conhecimento como insumo para a produção de valor, com foco no entendimento e na importância da Economia do Aprendizado (EA), e de Fritz Machlup, por ser o autor que se dedicou à entender o valor econômico do conhecimento e seu papel nas mudanças macro-estruturais da economia dos Estados Unidos, nos anos 1960/70. O que se pretende é trazer para o debate os elementos que esses autores nos fornecem para entender o papel do conhecimento na economia e, assim responder às questões colocadas. Com base nos estudos empreendidos nesta dissertação, conclui-se que em relação à questão 1, a resposta é não, pois nem as contribuições dos N&E e nem a de Machlup trazem qualquer argumento que corrobore essa questão, pelo contrário, com base nesses autores não há nada que evidencie alguma mudança em que o peso do conhecimento hoje seja mais importante do que foi no início do século passado. Em relação à questão 2, há indicações de que a resposta seja sim. A contribuição desses autores fornecem vários elementos interessantes para pensar essa questão. No caso dos N&E, pode-se mencionar a relação entre mudança técnica e crescimento, a importância da P&D e da concorrência oligopolista baseada em inovação, o tratamento da EA e a dimensão tácita do conhecimento. Em Machlup, pode-se destacar a construção das abordagens pela indústria e pela ocupação e sua preocupação com atividades essenciais na produção e distribuição de conhecimento. Para esses autores é clara a tendência de um aumento na demanda por trabalhadores mais qualificados e aptos a interagir em ambientes onde o conhecimento tem um importante papel na geração de riqueza / Abstract: This master dissertation aims to analyse the role of knowledge in the economy. There is widespread agreement, especially from international multilateral institutions as World Bank and OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) that the industrialised economies are following towards an Economy-based Knowledge (EBC) in that economic growth is driven by the accumulation of knowledge. But what exactly does this mean? In order to contribute to the understanding of this issue, the objective of this dissertation is to discuss the concept and means of Economy-based Knowledge based on theoretical framework revision. The main incentive of studying such theme comes from a certain vulgarisation and simplification of such debate. For instance the one in that we are in the Third Industrial Revolution and that the knowledge is becoming central for the economic growth. Then, the questions addressed on the study are: there is an Economy-based Knowledge? What it means? To analyse such discussion the dissertation will emphasise two main questions: Firstly, what is the novelty in the relationship among science, technology, innovation and economical growth that justify the proposition of a new historical era of capitalist development? The EBC is different from it was in the past? Secondly, there is a change in the features and structure of industrial employment and occupations from the developed economies whose major output is the knowledge that justifies the idea of an EBC? On this dissertation aim, the methodology adopted ¿ essentially a bibliographical revision ¿ focused on two main theoretical frameworks. First, It accomplishes a revision about the Evolutionary and Neo-Schumpeterian approaches (N&E) which emphasise both the knowledge generation and reproduction as an output to value creation and the importance of Learning Economy. Second, the Fritz Machlup approaches. Machlup tried to understand the economical value of the knowledge and its role in the macro-structural changes of United States economy during the in the 1960/70 years. Based on such framework and as regards owner One and Two research questions, we concluded that: neither N&E nor Machlup approaches demonstrate that the knowledge is more important today that is was in the past. There is no evidence about it. In relation to the second questions the answers can be YES. As N&E as Machlup N&E analysis emphasise such question. From the N&E perspective, some topics are detailed such as: the relationship between technical change and economic growth; the importance of the R&D and of the oligopolistic competition based on innovation; the Learning Economy approach and the tacit dimension of the knowledge. From the Machlup perspective, the industry and the occupations/skills are considered in his analysis; Machlup is mainly concern about the essential activities in the production and distribution of knowledge. In both N&E and Machlup approach there is an increasing tendency of more qualified employees with ability to continuously interact in organisations where the knowledge has one of the most important role in the wealth generation / Mestrado / Politica Cientifica e Tecnologica / Mestre em Política Científica e Tecnológica

This thesis focuses on returnee entrepreneurs in a large industrial cluster, Zhongguancun Science Park in Beijing, based on a combined quantitative and qualitative method. Using a hand-collected dataset of returnee entrepreneur-owned 353 SMEs (small and medium enterprises) and local entrepreneur-owned 358 SMEs from Zhongguancun Science Park, the author empirically investigates the role of returnee-firms in technology transfer and knowledge spillovers. The findings suggest returnee entrepreneurs play a significant role in technology transfer and act as a new channel for international knowledge spillovers. It also examines the relationship between the characteristics of returnees and their firms' performance in comparison with non-returnee firms. The results also show that returnee-firms have gained competitive advantage in high-tech industries and perform better than non-returnee firms. Based on eight case studies, the author also compares and contrasts differences and similarities in term of internationalisation process of these two types of firms. It is found that returnee entrepreneurs are the early adopters of internationalisation due to their international background and international networks.

M.Ing. (Engineering Management) / The growing need for customized solutions and faster product delivery obliges the product development industry to develop new strategies that can enable the rapid and flexible design of products. Several design approaches have been developed to address this issue: one such is Knowledge-Based Engineering (KBE), which is a design technique that enables the automation of the design process. This approach consists of using computational intelligence to capture the design rules related to a product family in order to generate automatically customized designs adapted to particular customer requirements. Knowledge-Based Engineering is also used to facilitate the performance of design evaluation activities such as finite element analysis (FEA) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) as part of multi-disciplinary design optimization (MDO). The application of this approach led to impressive results mostly in the automotive and aeronautical industry. Owing to this method, some companies manage to reduce the duration of the design process by 90%. Despite the excellent results obtained through the use of Knowledge-Based Engineering, there are still very few companies that make use of this approach in their design process. The review of the relevant literature showed that the lack of a standard easy-to-use methodology of implementation is one of the major obstacles to the expansion of Knowledge-Based Engineering. The knowledge processing phase constitutes one of the main challenges of the KBE implementation process. This phase consists of extracting and documenting the knowledge embedded in the design team in order to convert it in a programming code. Available methodologies such as MOKA and KNOMAD do not seem to provide easy-to-use methods to represent the design knowledge in a form that makes it easy to be programmed. The lack of a preliminary stage that justifies the adequacy of KBE for a particular design process is also an important gap identified in the literature.This dissertation discusses a detailed method that addresses issues related to knowledge processing and suitability analysis in KBE implementation. The knowledge processing method suggested is based on the Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) which is used widely in the system engineering approach and consists of a very logical classification of the design knowledge. The strength of this method lies in its ability to represent the design knowledge in a form that makes it understandable for both engineers and programmers. Appropriate representation of this sort shortens the duration of the knowledge processing and facilitates the knowledge programming phase. Regarding the rationale for choosing of KBE, a detailed suitability assessment method is proposed.

Magister Economicae - MEcon / The 21st century marked the beginning of an era in which countries became increasingly dependent on information and communication technology (ICT). Technological change has not only become one of the key contributors to economic growth, it is also regarded as an essential element to enhance the general welfare of society (Hu, 2006). Not surprisingly, even governments of developing countries undertake various activities aimed at internalising the positive external impact of technological innovation in order to enhance the development of knowledge-based economies. Examples are the provision of basic information services, such as telephone- and internet services as well as distance learning technologies to make education more generally accessible. Another instrument that recently gained worldwide interest is the development of science parks, also known as information technology (IT) parks, techno parks or cyber parks. The rationale is to promote technological change, regional and/or urban development and to facilitate the diffusion of knowledge and technology through the establishment of knowledge networks. In 2004 there were approximately 600 science parks in the world, 70 percent of which were situated in the United States of America, Europe and Asia, but there is a growing trend towards its establishment in developing countries. However, the financing of such mega-projects in developing countries is especially problematic. A science park can be provided as a pure public project or pure private or through public-private partnerships (PPPs). Pure public financing is usually found in countries that have strong public sectors, such as China and India. On the other hand, in countries with well-developed private sectors they are mostly privately financed. In the case of most developing countries, private sectors are generally not developed enough and the public sectors cannot afford to finance projects of such a nature on a sustainable basis. These countries have no other option but to investigate the possibility of some other variation of a public-private-partnership (PPP) model.The Mozambican government acknowledges the urgency to enhance the development of a knowledge based economy and regards the establishment of a science park as a necessary policy intervention to provide the institutional basis for the diffusion of technological and communication innovation. As a result the country launched its first science park, to be developed in different stages, in 2008. But the real challenge for Mozambique lies in the financing of the park. It was estimated that only the first phase will require about 25 million USD. These funds were secured from the Indian government in the form of a loan. However, the government of Mozambique relies to a large extent on foreign aid to balance the national budget and there are no surplus funds to secure the sustainability of a project of such magnitude. This study firstly explored the economic rationale behind the establishment of a knowledgebased economy and the development of ICT. It then focused on science parks as institutions to secure the diffusion of technological innovation in Mozambique and also on empirical evidence from countries that have benefited greatly from investment in science park projects. The study also investigated the possibility to use a PPP-type of project to finance the science park in Mozambique and pointed out very important determinants for the successful implementation of PPP-projects. The study showed that the government of Mozambique is serious in its efforts to develop a knowledge-based economy although many projects are still in their 'infant' stages. It is strongly recommended that policy makers in Mozambique should study the outcomes of empirical research on various science parks projects in other developing countries. The study shows that Brazil seems to be successful in its use of a PPP for the country's science parks. Policy makers should also pay careful attention to other PPP-projects in Mozambique. Although they are mostly used for infrastructural projects, some failed, while others seem to be functioning efficiently and important lessons can be derived.

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Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) continues to be an open research problem in spite of recent advances in the NLP field, especially in machine learning. WSD for open-class words is well understood. However, WSD for closed class structural words (such as prepositions) is not so well resolved, and their role in frame semantics seems to be a relatively unknown area. This research uses a new method to disambiguate preposition senses by using a combined lookup from FrameNet and TPP databases. Motivated by recent work by Popescu, Tonelli, & Pianta (2007), it extends the concept to provide a deterministic WSD of prepositions using the lexical information drawn from the sentences in a local context. While the primary goal of the research is to disambiguate preposition sense, the approach also assigns frames and roles to different sentence elements. The use of prepositions for frame and role assignment seems to be a largely unexplored area which could provide a new dimension to research in lexical semantics.

The emergence on knowledge-based and innovation-based economy has led to numerous universities restructuring themselves in response to this new economic growth shift. Technology transfer is the process of converting scientific findings into useful products or services for society.The purpose of the study was to identify they key determinants that drives successful commercialisation of university innovations by technology transfer offices.The research took a qualitative methodology wherein open ended questions in the form of narrative inquiry were posed to experts in the field of university technology transfer to explore and understand the critical determinants that drives successful commercialisation of university innovations. From the twelve themes that emerged as determinants for diving successful commercialisation of innovation, buy-in by top management of the university, awareness about technology transfer office, enabling environment and financial stability were considered as highly critical for commercialisation of university innovations by technology transfer offices.A technology transfer office can create many benefits for the university, industry, and the surrounding community, but it requires carefully planned and consistent longterm financial and administrative support. And above all, it requires technology transfer officers that are able and willing to take risks and university top management that support them. / Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS) / unrestricted

Siemens Energy develops, manufactures, and provides service of products utilized for production of green energy. This thesis has been conducted at Siemens Energy in Finspång and the department of steam turbine design. A major part of the work at the department includes service and updates of operating steam turbines located all around the world. The tasks of updating and service are short and require quick answers as the plant is waiting to be started. In order to adapt to the rapid development time required, the department of steam turbine design has developed a CAD automation process for drawing production of steam turbine diaphragms. The automation process is developed in an older CAD system that the department long have relied on. This CAD software and thus the automation process will soon be retired and taken out of service since the company is switching to the modern CAD software NX. This thesis is aimed at investigating the current development process at the department and propose and develop a new CAD automation process in NX for steam turbine diaphragms. The work was initiated by performing an analysis of the current situation where the collection of data constituted a solid ground for the rest of the thesis. The data lay the basis for the creation of a design specification which later served as a starting point for both the search and development of solution proposals regarding CAD automation. During the concept generation, it became clear that the development process embodied the scope of concepts, a form of application programming interface to achieve design automation was considered evident. This implied a more area-focused concept generation leading up to multiple solution concepts. After the generated solutions had been sorted and ranked, the solution to proceed with was based on NX integrated tool Knowledge Fusion to achieve CAD automation in NX. The development of the automation process and associated models utilized theories such as the MOKA methodology, high level cad templates and on explicit reference modeling. Resulting in a CAD automation process with possibilities to deliver both CAD models and technical drawings within a timeframe that reduces development time. It was concluded that the developed CAD automation process and associated models assured quality and reliability of the CAD material produced. Furthermore, the developed solution fit in the existing diaphragm development process and showed potential to significantly reduce the development time of steam turbine diaphragms.

The regulations on emissions from a combustion engine vehicle are getting tougher with increasing awareness on sustainability, requiring the exhaust after-treatment systems to constantly evolve to the changes in the legislation. To establish a leading position in the competitive market, companies must adapt to these changes within a reasonable timeframe. With Scania’s extensive focus on Simulation-driven design, the product development process at Scania is highly iterative. A considerable amount of time is spent on generating a specific model for a simulation from the existing Computer-aided Design (CAD) model and pre-processing it. Thus, the purpose of this thesis is to investigate how design and simulation teams can collectively work to automatically generate a discretized model from the existing CAD model, thereby reducing repetitive work. As an outcome of this project, a method is developed comprising of two automation modules. The first module, proposed to be used by a design engineer, automatically generates a simulation-specific model from the existing CAD model. The second module, proposed to be used by a simulation engineer, automatically discretizes the model. Based on two case study assemblies, it is shown that the proposed method is significantly robust and has the potential to reduce product development time remarkably.

Since the coronavirus pandemic in 2019, millions of people started to use online streaming and entertainment services during the lockdown. Streaming solutions such as OTT and IPTV has grown and boosted the live streaming and non-linear streaming revenue, by using new technologies and innovation such as Artificial Intelligence (AI) to improve the video quality, performance, and security of video streaming services. However, QoS and QoE guarantee and traffic management is still a challenge to many multimedia services and systems provided over the Internet. In this paper the analysis of a proposed user-friendly design will be discussed, describing how it can improve the management and troubleshooting experience. And in what way an AI knowledge-based agent can be used to improve and support the operators daily tasks and challenges. With an usability test, the results showed that the combination of an user-centered interface and AI-technology can improve the productivity in video troubleshooting and prevention of common issues. The user-centered design focuses on the user’s goal and needs, using interactive products to help the user achieve their goal. And the AI would assist the operators to identifying network congestion, stream quality, and much more.